Corbicula an annotated bibliography 1774 2005

Havlik, M. E. and L. L. Marking. 1984. Effects of contaminants on naiad mollusks (Unionidae): A review. American Malacological Bulletin 3(1):106 107. [Abstract]

The literature contains numerous reports on uptake in shell, storage in tissues, and elimination of contaminants, but information on toxic effects of contaminants to naiad molluscs is limited. Contaminants appear to have destroyed naiad populations and entire beds in some instances directly by toxic effects or indirectly by eliminations of food organisms or host fish. Fry of fish infected with 20 35 naiad glochidia were more sensitive than uninfected fish when exposed to toluene, naphthalene, and crude oil. Manganese seems to be the element that is most readily taken up and stored in tissues; some reports indicate tissue concentrations of thousands of ppm and suggest that the element is important in metabolism. Zinc and cadmiumn also accumulate at high levels in tissues. Concentrations of contaminants that were toxic to naiad molluscs were 16 ppm of arsenic trioxide, 18.7 ppm of copper, 10 ppm of copper sulfate, 700 ppm of phenol, 11 ppm of potassium, 1000 ppm of Thimet or Satox, and 5 ppm of ammonia. In long term exposures, concentrations as low as 25 ppb were lethal to naiades. Although few specific impacts of contaminants on naiades are evident in the literature, circumstantial evidence leaves little doubt that contaminants are responsible for decreases in population density, range and diversity. Few long term toxicity tests have been done to assess sublethal effects or effects on growth and reproduction. The assignment of individual stresses responsible for the disappearance of naiad molluscs in contaminated areas is difficult or impossible with existing information. Rarely have individual components been quantitatively and qualitatively correlated with the composition and size of the naiad fauna, especially for contaminants. More often than not, two or more factors work in combination to produce the total stress that adversely affects populations of naiad molluscs. The exotic, Corbicula, can live in some environments that are no longer inhabited by the unionid species, and Corbicula seem to be more resistant than native species to stresses related to contaminants in the environment, and residues in soft tissue indicate recent or present contamination while residues in shell material indicate exposure to contaminants in the past.

Hayami, I. 1958. A review of the so called Liassic "Crenoids" in Japan. Japanese Journal of Geology and Geography 29(1 3):11 27.

Various Liassic (Jurassic) pelecypods formerly referred to Cyrena, Corbicula, Polymesoda or Astarte have been restudied and identified as follows: Crenotrapezium kurumense (gen. et sp. nov.), Crenotrapezium kurigate (sp. nov.), Eomiodon lunulatus (Yokoyama), Eomiodon vulgaris (sp. nov.), Yokoyamina (?) sp. indet. The specimens occur in the Kuruma group and are referred to the family Arcticidae (= Cyprinidae). Apparently no representatives of the true Corbiculidae occur in the Liassic of eastern Asia.

Hayashi, K. 1956. Histological studies on the gonad of Corbicula sandai Reinhardt. Bulletin of the Department of Arts and Sciences of Shiga University 5:33 40.

Hayashi, K. 1957. Distribution of Corbicula sandai in Seta River, Shiga Prefecture. Venus, Japanese Journal of Malacology 19:238 247. [Japanese with English summary]

The results of collection of mussels and bottom materials in Seta River between the vicinity of the Seta Iron Bridge and the Boat House of Kyoto University, and at Kinugawa, Katatacho, Shiga Prefecture revealed Corbicula sandai to be the Chief bivalve component of benthic samples taken in 5 of 10 stations.

Hayashi, K. 1961. Sulphur compounds detection in the soft parts of cultured Corbicula sandai Reinhardt (The second Report). Memoirs of the Biological Institute, Shiga University 11:55 65.

Hayashi, K. 1962. On the environment for the existence of Corbicula sandai Reinhardt in the Seta River. Memoirs of the Biological Institute, Shiga University 12:51 56.

Hayashi, K. 1972. Ecological studies on the useful Mollusca in Lake Biwa (Part 1). Venus, Japanese Journal of Malacology 31(1):9 34. [Japanese with English summary]

see below.

Hayashi, K. 1972. Ecological studies on the useful Mollusca in Lake Biwa (Part 2). Venus, Japanese Journal of Malacology 31(2):71 101. [Japanese with English summary]

This report deals with the results of investigations on habitats, reproduction, growth, intestinal contents and other biological aspects of 13 useful species living in Lake Biwa, and studies on the age determination of Corbicula sandai, chiefly based on materials taken during the period from August 1962 to January 1964. Distribution and density of molluscs by depth and by bottom texture were studied as well as by habitat categorizing into 3 different kinds, 1. those of Corbicula sandai, 2. those of Cistaria and Anodonta, and 3. those of Unio, Inversidens, and Lanceolaria. All bivalves under study, except C. sandai have glochidial stages in their postembryonic development. Their breeding seasons are also variable by species. Sex ratio of the 13 species is presumably uniformly 1:1. Corbicula sandai and Hyriopsis are very similar in their growth. The former species begins to grow in April and attains the maximum growth rate in June before it declines by October. The latter begins to grow in March reaching a maximum rate in June and abruptly decreasing in September. Unio shows a different type of growth from them as it continuously grows through the winter. A method of age determination of Corbicula sandai by using the shell length and its relation to winter rings was applied to 4000 specimens. In the intestinal contents of 3 bivalves, humus was commonly found in large quantities and was considered to be the source of nutrition for these species. The important species in the gut were diatoms (Stephanodiscus, Melosira and Navicula).

Hayashi, K. and M. Endo. 1956. On the food materials of Corbicula sandai Reinhardt. Bulletin of the Department of Arts and Sciences of Shiga University 5:41 45.

Hayashi, K., S. Higashi and M. Oyama. 1963. On the results of collection of principal molluscs in Lake Biwa. Memoirs of the Faculty of Education, Shiga University of Natural History, Natural Science 13:31 51.

Hayashi, K. and S. Otani. 1967. Stomach contents of a freshwater clam, Corbicula sandai, from Lake Biwa. Venus, Japanese Journal of Malacology 26(1):17 24.

The results of the microscopical and quantitative observations on the contents of the digestive organs of Corbicula sandai in April, August, October and December revealed that in April and August, the contents filled up more than one third of the digestive organs, while none of them can be observed in October. About 37% (weight ratio of dried materials) of the contents of food masses were organic matter. 62 70% (area ratio) of the digestive organ contents were humus, mud, and sand, 2 3% were spicules of freshwater sponges, and 29 36% were animals and plants. Corbicula sandai stomach contents were comprised of 23 genera of diatoms, 6 genera of Chlorophyceae, 1 genera of Cyanophyceae and 1 genus of protozoan.

Hayashi, Y. 1956. On the variation of Corbicula due to environmental factors. Venus, Japanese Journal of Malacology 19:54 61. [Japanese with English summary]

Generally, the lateral teeth angle is constant in any parts of the Midori River, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan, and ranges between 105 and 130 degrees. However, the sculpture and coloration of Corbicula spp. is variable and are determined by the salinity of the water. In the mixed zone of fresh and salt water, the coloration of Corbicula is yellowish or greenish yellow as well as that of young clams in freshwater and ornamentation is variable from "Corbicula leana Prime type" to "Corbicula japonica var. martensi Clessin type". Thus, ornamentation may be useful in geological surveys to determine the nature of the water's salinity.

Hayashi, Y. S. 1987. Some properties of glutamate dehydrogenase from the brackish water bivalve Corbicula japonica (Prime). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 114(2/3):111 122.

Three tissues (gills, mantle, and foot) of the Corbicula japonica were examined for the activity of L glutamate dehydrogenase (GluDH). Activities in the glutamate  deaminating direction were sufficiently high to account for the ammonia excretion rate during low salinity adaptation. GluDH was partially purified from the gills which showed the highest activity among the three tissues examined, and its enzymological properties were investigated. The activity in the glutamate forming direction was about nine times as high as that in the glutamate deaminating direction. However, apparent K_m values for ammonia (31 mM) and alpha ketoglutarate (3.8 mM) were much higher than the tissue levels of ammonia (0.67 ìmol/kg wet gill tissue) and alpha ketoglutarate (0.13 ìmol/g wet gill tissue). In contrast, tissue level of L glutamate (3.43 ìmol/g wet gill tissue) exceeded the apparent K_m values for L glutamate (1.6 mM). Therefore, GluDH seems to operate in vivo in the glutamate deaminating direction.

Hayashi, Y. S. 1993. Alanine aminotransferase from gill tissue of the brackish-water bivalve Corbicula japonica (Prime): Subcellular localization and some enzymatic properties. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 170(1):45-54.

Subcellular localization and some enzymatic properties of alanine aminotransferase (A1AT, EC 2.6.1.2) were investigated with regard to salinity-related changes in amino acid metabolism. Activities of A1AT were detected in both the cytosolic (cA1AT) and mitochondrial (mA1AT) fractions prepared from the gill tissue of the brackish-water bivalve Corbicula japonica. The cA1AT and mA1AT were partially purified and characterized with respect to their pH-dependency and K_m values for the respective substrates in both directions of the A1AT reaction, pyruvate-forming and alanine-forming. These two enzymes differed from each other in the ratios of the pyruvate-forming vs. the alanine-forming activity and K_m values for glutamate. The K_m values for alanine were smaller than its intracellular concentration indicating that both the mA1AT and cA1AT may be physiologically functional in the pyruvate-forming direction. The A1AT is indicated to be involved in low salinity-induced decrement of intracellular alanine concentration.

Hayashi, Y. S., E. Hashimoto, and O. Matsushima. 1985. Some properties of L glutamate dehydrogenase from gills of the brachish water bivalve Corbicula japonica. Zoological Science (Tokyo) 2(6):914.

Hayashi, Y. S., O. Matsushima, H. Katayama, and K. Yamada. 1986. Activities of the three ammonia forming enzymes in the tissues of the brackish water bivalve Corbicula japonica. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B Comparative Biochemistry 83(4):721 2 724.

Activities of the three ammonia forming enzymes, glutamate dehydrogenase, AMP deaminase and serine dehydrase (SerDH), were measured in tissues of gill, digestive diverticula, mantle and foot muscle of Corbicula japonica. High levels of SerDH activity were detected in gill and digestive diverticula, while activity levels of the other two enzymes were low. The results suggest that SerDH is significant in amino acid degradation in this species.

Hayden, F. V. 1860. Geological sketch of the estuary and fresh water deposits of the Bad Lands of the Judith River, with some remarks upon the surrounding formations. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series 11:123 138.

Hayward, D. G., M. X. Petreas, J. J. Winkler, P. Visita, M. McKinney and R. D. Stephens. 1996. Investigation of a wood treatment facility: Impact on an aquatic ecosystem in the San Joaquin River, Stockton, California. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 30(1):30-39.

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and metals were monitored in the river sediments near the McCormick and Baxter (MCB) wood treatment facility, Stockton, CA. Transplanted clams and resident fish species were used to assess bioavailability. The highest PCDD and PCDF contamination in sediments were confined to an area next to the facility and an area in the nearby Stockton harbor (DK location). Pentachlorophenol (PCP) wood treatment at MCB was the most probable source of the contamination. PCBs contaminated a wider area of the Stockton Ship Channel and harbor. Metal concentrations were uniformly low except for the metalloid arsenic in the Old Mormon Slough and lead and zinc near boat docks in the Stockton harbor. Despite high mortality rates, clams (Corbicula fluminea) bioaccumulated PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs. In clams, PCBs and 2,3,7,8 TCDD were much closer to equilibrium with the sediments than were higher chlorinated PCDDs and PCDFs. All fish were at background levels for 2,3,7,8 TCDD. All fish had lower lipid adjusted PCDD/F and PCB concentrations in the skinned muscle than in the whole fish. PCBs in fish were above background levels for United States river systems. Although high contamination exists in the river near this superfund site, adverse effects on the aquatic community could not be demonstrated.

Hazel, C. R. and D. W. Kelley. 1966. Zoobenthos of the Sacramento San Joaquin Delta. California Department of Fish and Game, Fish Bulletin 133:113 133.

Heagler, M. G., D. E. Ventre and A. McIntosh. 1988. Long term acclimation of Corbicula fluminea to salt water. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 9th Annual Meeting, Arlington, Virginia, 13-17 November.

Heard, W. H. 1964. Corbicula fluminea in Florida. The Nautilus 77(3):105 107.

Corbicula fluminea was collected on 20 May 1963 in the Apalachicola River west of Chattahoochee, Gadsden County, Florida. On 10 August 1963, C. fluminea was collected from the Withlacoochee River at the south edge of Inglis, Levy County, Florida.

Heard, W. H. 1966. Further records of Corbicula fluminea (Müller) in the southern United States. The Nautilus 79(4):142 143.

Heard, W. H. 1977. Freshwater Mollusca of the Apalachicola drainage. Florida Marine Research Publications 26:20 21.

A checklist of the Mollusca of the Apalachicola River drainage is presented. Local extinctions of native bivalve species are noted and the concomitant appearance of Corbicula manilensis (Philippi) is noted. The mechanism of the replacement is unknown.

Heim, A., E. Baumberger and H. G. Stehlin. 1928. Die subalpine Molasse des Westlichen Vorarlberg. Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zurich 73(1 2):1 64.

Includes a detailed description of the stratigraphy (freshwater and marine) of Oligocene and Miocene beds of the Alps, and records from them: from the Stampien, the pelecypods Cyrena semistriata, Cardium thunense, and Cardium greseri, the gastropods Melanopsis hantkeni and Ericia antiqua, and the shark Lamna cf. rupeliensis; from the Aquitanian, freshwater mussels and freshwater and land snails and a stonewort; from the Miocene, pelecypods, gastropods and a shark; and from Silvana freshwater and land snails.

Heinsohn, G. E. 1958. Life History and Ecology of the Freshwater Clam, Corbicula fluminea. Master of Science Thesis, University of California (Berkeley). 64 pp.

The marsupial stages of Corbicula fluminea are described and notes that clams in the marsupium typically reach juvenile stages. Occasional release of trochophores and veligers represent aborted broods. The bivalve is hermaphroditic and capable of self fertilization and has a high fecundity. The fouling of water systems is also noted and a discussion of other habitat preferences presented. C. fluminea was found intertidally in waters with a salinity of 5 7 ppt.

Hemming, J. M. and W. T. Waller. 2004. Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos toxicity to the freshwater Asiatic Clam, Corbicula fluminea Müller, and the Estuarine hooked mussel, Ischadium recurvum Rafinesque. Florida Scientist 67(1):1-8.

Henager, C. H., Sr., P. M. Daling and K. I. Johnson. 1985. Bivalve Fouling of Nuclear Power Plant Service Water Systems. Vol. 3. Factors that may intensify the safety consequences of biofouling. U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission NUREG/CR 4070. 51 pp.

The safety and economic consequences of bivalve (Corbicula fluminea, Crassostrea virginica, and Mytilus edulis) fouling in raw water systems at nuclear power plants are presented. Events that could cause a normal fouling situation to become more critical are listed and descriptions of scenarios in which bivalve fouling could cause unsafe or unwanted conditions, such as transients and shutdowns, are listed. Several fouling events that have occurred at various nuclear plants are briefly reviewed, and recommendations are made to aid in the detection and control of bivalve fouling.

Henager, C. H., K. I. Johnson, and T. L. Page. 1983. Engineering Factors Influencing Corbicula Fouling in Nuclear Service Water Systems. NTIS DE83015991. 20 pp.

See Johnson, K. I. et al. 1986.

Henderson, J. 1907. Scientific expedition to northeastern Colorado. Paleontology: Account of collections made. University of Colorado Studies 4:149 152.

Corbicula macropistha White, 1878, Corbicula berthoudi White 1882, Corbicula cardinaeformis White, 1877, Corbicula cleburni White, 1877, Corbicula fracta (Meek, 1870), and Corbicula obesa White, 1878, are reported from the Laramie Cretaceous, Cow Creek, Colorado.

Henderson, J. 1907. Topographic development of Chalk Bluffs and Pawnee Buttes. Proceedings of the Colorado Scientific Society 8:247 256.

Henderson, J. 1910. Fossil invertebrates from northwestern Colorado. University of Colorado Studies 7:146 149.

Henderson, J. 1920. The nomenclature and systematic position of some North American fossil and recent mollusks. Part II. The Nautilus 33:118 122.

Henderson, J. 1921. The Cretaceous formations of northeastern Colorado. Bulletin of the Colorado Geological Survey 19:7 57.

Henderson, J. 1935. Fossil and non marine Mollusca of North America. Geological Society of America, Special Paper No. 3. vii + 313 pp.

A bibliography and synonymy for fossil species of Corbicula in North America are provided for the following species: Corbicula annosa (Conrad, 1868), Corbicula arkansaensis (Hill, 1888); Corbicula augheyi White, 1882, Corbicula berthoudi White, 1882, Corbicula cardiniaeformis White, 1878, Corbicula cleburni White, 1878, Corbicula cornelliana Harris, 1897, Corbicula cytheriformis (Meek and Hayden, 1860), Corbicula densata (Conrad, 1843), Corbicula dowlingi McLearn, 1926, Corbicula durkeei (Meek, 1969), Corbicula emacerata Whitfield, 1885, Corbicula fracta fracta (Meek, 1870), Corbicula fracta crassiuscula Meek, 1872, Corbicula gabbiana Henderson, 1920, Corbicula macropistha White, 1878, Corbicula nebrascensis (Meek and Hayden, 1856), Corbicula nucalis (Meek, 1870); Corbicula obesa White, 1878, Corbicula obliqua Whiteaves, 1885, Corbicula occidentalis (Meek and Hayden, 1856), Corbicula pikensis Hill, 1888; Corbicula planumbona Meek, 1875, Corbicula powelli White, 1876, Corbicula pugetensis White, 1889, Corbicula sookensis (Clark and Arnold, 1925), Corbicula subelliptica subelliptica (Meek and Hayden, 1856), Corbicula subelliptica moreauensis (Meek and Hayden, 1856), Corbicula subtrigonalis (Meek, 1870); Corbicula truncata Prime, 1865, Corbicula umbonella `Meek' White, 1883, and Corbicula willisi White, 1889.

Henley, W. F. and R. J. Neves. 1999. Recovery status of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in the North Fork Holston River, Virginia. American Malacological Bulletin 15(1):65-73.

To determine the degree of recovery of mussels from mercury (Hg) contamination in the North Fork Holston River (NFHR) downstream of the Superfund site at Saltville, Virginia (NFHRM 80.3), 19 sites were sampled using catch-per-unit-effort (no./h) sampling method and 3 sites were surveyed with quadrats (0.25 m²). Nine species of live freshwater mussels were observed in the river, and juveniles were noted at 5 sites (30 juveniles of 4 species). The first mussel assemblage, as defined by numerous animals of multiple species, was located at NFHRM 59.9, approximately 20.4 river miles downstream of Saltville. The greatest number of species was observed at NFHRM 11.0 (5 species), while the greatest mussel density (2.6 mussels/m super(2)), the greatest number of juveniles (11), and the greatest species richness of juveniles (3 species) were observed at NFHRM 13.5. Random catch-per-unit-effort at surveyed sites, as well as the number of juvenile species observed, were correlated to total Hg, but not methylmercury content, as measured in Corbicula fluminea from proximate sites. Based on the appearance of multiple species and age classes, as well as the presence of juvenile mussels, recovery of freshwater mussels begins to occur roughly 20 river miles downstream of the Hg contaminated Superfund site at Saltville.

Henry, R. P. and D. G. Saintsing. 1983. Carbonic anhydrase activity and ion regulation in three species of osmoregulating bivalve molluscs. Physiological Zoology 56(2):274 280.

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in the gill and mantle tissue of Rangia cuneata, Ligumia subrostrata and Corbicula fluminea increases when the animals are subjected to osmotic stress; there is no such increase in either adductor muscle or visceral mass. A 12 hr. exposure to CA inhibitor acetazolamide impairs the animals' ability to maintain blood Na⁺ and Cl  concentrations at normal levels above ambient, with blood Cl  being lowered more than Na⁺. In L. subrostrata Na⁺ influx is lowered and Cl  efflux is raised by acetazolamide. CA is important in the ion regulatory process, probably in generating H⁺ and HCO₃  from CO₂, which act as counterions in Na⁺ and Cl  uptake, respectively. The flux data indicate that the role of the enzyme in the specific mechanisms of individual ion transport needs further investigation.

Heqi, Z., S. Liangdong and X. Siguang. 1983. On the freshwater molluscas from Chongquing Region. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Malacology 1:69 72. [Chinese with English summary]

27 species of freshwater molluscs are reported from Chongquing (Sichuan) Province. Among them are Corbicula fluminea (Müller), Corbicula largillierti (Philippi), and Corbicula aurea Heude. Corbicula aurea and Corbicula largillierti are reported for the first time in Sichuan Province.

Heron, A. M. 1915. Gypsum in Dholpur State. Records of the Geological Survey of India 45(1):82 83.

Heurn, W. C. van and E. M. M. Paravicini. 1922. Conchylienfauna der Gajo Landen. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederland Indie 82:20 33.

Hidaka, K., T. Ohe and K. Fujiwara. 1972. Studies on Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticide residues in corbiculae. Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan 13(6);523 529.

Residue measurements were studied for PCB and organochlorine pesticides in Corbicula sandai from Lake Biwa in an attempt to estimate when PCB contamination occurred in the lake. Samples taken from 15 stations in 1963 were preserved in formalin and samples from another 9 stations in 1971 were frozen while awaiting examination. Corbicula sandai tissues were blended with n hexane in a Waring blender. The fat extract was cleaned by the twin dry column method of Holden et al. An electron capture gas chromatograph with electron capture detector was used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of residues. Quantitative analysis PCB was accomplished by comparison of the area under the curve of 2 major eluters with a Kanechlor 500. DDE was determined by difference of the area on gas chromatogram before and after oxidation according to the modified method of Westoo et al. PCB, BHC, DDT and dieldrin were detected for all samples in both 1963 and 1971. Residue levels in 1963 were as follows: PCB (0.04   2.4 ppm), total BHC (0.013   0.075 ppm), total DDT (0.031   0.140 ppm), dieldrin (0.001   0.004 ppm) [all on fresh tissue basis]. Levels in 1971 were as follows: PCB (0.06   1.10 ppm), total BHC (0.087   0.25 ppm), total DDT (0.038   0.093 ppm), dieldrin (0.002   0.004 ppm). PCB detected in all samples was similar to Kanechlor 500 in individual gas chromatograms.

Higashi, S. 1961. Physiological chemistry of the fresh water bivalves. III. On the terminal oxidase system of a fresh water cockle Corbicula sandai. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 27(3):282 286.

The effects of inhibitors on the endogenous respiration of various tissues and the identification of cytochromes in various tissues were studied. The respiration of gill, mantle and adductor muscle tissues was inhibited by 5 x 10⁴M cyanide or 10 ³ azide and inhibition was reversed by the addition of 5 x 10 ³ methylene blue. In a gas mixture of 95% CO and 5% 0₂, the oxygen uptake of the gill and mantle tissues was inhibited by about 50% in the dark and the inhibition was completely reversed by light. Cytochrome oxidase activity of gill and mantle tissue was measured manometrically. The absorption band of reduced cytochrome b was detected in all tissues examined, but the bands corresponding to cytochromes a and c were not detected at room temperature. Feeble bands of cytochromes a and c appeared at liquid air temperature. It is concluded that the respiration of Corbicula sandai tissues is mediated through the cytochrome system.

Higashi, S. 1965. The respiration of the principal mollusks of Lake Biwa ko. Venus, Japanese Journal of Malacology 23:229 237.

The oxygen consumption of Hyriopsis schlegelii, Cistaria plicata, Corbicula sandai, Unio biwae, and Heterogen longispira, was studied in relation to varying water temperature and the shell length of individual animals. Observed respiration was considered basal and not active. Oxygen consumption of all molluscs examined decreased as shell length increased. Daily periodicity of oxygen consumption was observed. In C. sandai and Unio biwae, the oxygen consumption increased from midnight to approximately 6:00 A.M.

Higashi, S. 1965. Basal metabolism of principle mollusks of Lake Biwa ko. Venus, Japanese Journal of Malacology 24:152 155. [Japanese]

Respiration in Corbicula sandai (shell length = 3 cm) was measured at 0.05 calories/day during the summer and 0.01 calories/day during winter.

Higashi, S. and K. Hayashi. 1964. On the larvae of fresh water bivavles in the Lake Biwa ko. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 30:227 233.

The breeding habits and larvae of Corbicula sandai in Lake Biwa are discussed.

Higashi, S. and H. Okumoto. 1982. Acrosomal changes in Corbiculidae spermatozoa. Memoirs of the Faculty of Education Shiga University Natural Science 32:113 118. [Japanese with English summary]

Corbicula sandai is discussed.

Higashi, S. and H. Okumoto. 1984. Effects of calcium and anion on the acrosomal changes of Corbiculidae spermatozoa. Memoirs of the Faculty of Education Shiga University Natural Science 34:41 46. [Japanese with English summary]

A comparative study of the morphological changes and evolutionary implications of calcium induced acrosomal changes in the spermatozoa of Corbicula leana, Corbicula japonica, and Corbicula sandai.

Hill, R. T. 1888. Neozoic geology of southwestern Arkansas. Arkansas Geological Survey. pp. 1 136.

Hill, R. T. 1889. A preliminary annotated check list of the Cretaceous invertebrate fossils of Texas. Bulletin of the Texas Geological Survey 4.

Hill, R. T. 1893. Paleontology of the Cretaceous formations of Texas   The invertebrate paleontology of the Trinity Division. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 8:9 40.

Hill, W. and A. Knight. 1981. Food preference of the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) in the Sacramento San Joaquin Delta. Estuaries 4(3):245. [Abstract]

Comparisons of Sacramento San Joaquin Delta water and the gut contents of Corbicula fluminea were made to elicit differential treatment of suspended particle types by the clam. Phytoplankton in general were selectively retained; the ratio of algal pigment to total particulate matter in the stomach of C. fluminea was two to three times higher than the corresponding ratio in Delta water. Some preliminary sorting of particulate matter occurred on the gills or labial palps, but the stomach was the major site of selection. Suspended sediment ingested by the clam had a relatively short residence time in the gut as compared to phytoplankton, but may have been retained long enough for lysis of adhering bacteria. Analysis of phytoplankton in the clam stomach showed significantly higher proportions of Melosira sp. and Scenedesmus sp. than the surrounding water. Examination of pseudofeces indicated that the relatively high proportions of these algae did not result from selection on the gills or labial palps, but were a function of stomach dynamics.

Hillis, D. M. and R. L. Mayden. 1985. Invasion of the Asiatic clam Corbicula (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) into the New World tropic. Southwestern Naturalist 30(3):454 456.

The presence of Corbicula sp. populations in several streams in northern Mexico is discussed. It is believed that man was not the agent of introduction into these waters.

Hillis, D. M. and J. C. Patton. 1982. Morphological and electrophoretic evidence for two species of Corbicula (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) in North America. American Midland Naturalist 108(1):74 80.

Two syntopic color forms of the Asiatic clam genus Corbicula which have become established in the lower Brazos River system in Texas were examined electrophoretically and morphologically. One form has a white nacre with purple highlights (the "white form") and the other form has a deep purple nacre (the "purple form"). The two forms have fixed allelic differences at six of 26 genetic loci and are remarkable in that both forms are homozygous at every locus. The two forms also differ in number of annuli and in shape of the shell (as determined by principal components analysis). Differences in ecological niche preference and in seasonal enzyme production are noted. In view of these data, a single species concept proposed recently by Britton and Morton (1979) for North American populations of Corbicula cannot be justified. Two names (C. fluminea and C. fluminalis) that are applied to widely distributed Asian species may be applicable to the two North American species; however, conflicting morphological, reproductive and distributional data prohibit assigning either of these names (or any others) to the two introduced species until revisionary work is carried out on the genus Corbicula throughout its native range.

Hislop, S. 1859. Description of fossil shells from the above described deposits. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society (London) 16:166 182.

Ho, T. Y. 1959. A list of edible mollusks of Taiwan. Report of the Institute of Fishery Biology 1(3):42 47.

Hoagland, K. E. 1984. Setentia: Use of the terms protandry, protogyny, and hermaphroditism in malacology. American Malacological Bulletin 3(1):85 88.

The terms protandry, protogyny, and hermaphroditism have distinct and precise meanings to theoretical ecologists, reproductive biologists, and evolutionary biologists. However, some malacologists have used these terms in other ways, causing the theoretical workers to misunderstand and misapply the reproductive patterns of molluscs. "Protandry" should be used to describe animals that change sex from male to female without reverting to male at a later time. Likewise, protogyny involves a single sex change, from female to male, and is rare in the Mollusca. Only evidence obtained from the study of individual animals can be accepted as proof that sex change occurs. Age  or size specific sex ratio data are circumstantial evidence requiring further substantiation. Evidence for some form of sequential hermaphroditism in species of Corbicula is circumstantial; at different times, Corbicula fluminea has been called both protandrous and protogynous.

Hoagland, K. E. 1986. Unsolved problems and promising approaches in the study of Corbicula.