Corbicula an annotated bibliography 1774 2005

Ibadov, T. R. 1972. Studies of fresh water fauna in the upper Tertiary sediments of Azerbaidzhan SSR. Doklady Akademii Nauk Azerbaidzhanskoi S.S.R. 28(1):39 42. [with English and Azerbian summaries]

Upper Tertiary sediment of Azerbaidzhan (USSR) contain a rich freshwater fauna. In the upper Pliocene marine fossils are found together with such freshwater elements as Unio, Anodonta, Sphaerium, Cyrena, Corbicula, Dreissena, Melanopsis, Melanoides, and Neritina.

Icho, S. and Y. Oshima. 1938. Yobai Tokuhon (Textbook of Clam Culture), Sugiyama Shoten (Sugiyama Book Co.). pp. 1 289.

Ida, T. and A. Hamada. 1975. On the metabolism of Corbicula japonica under aerobic condition. Aquiculture 23(3):111 114. [Japanese]

Ida, T. and T. Yasukawa and S. Yamada. 1978. On the identification of the small bivalves, Corbicula japonica Prime and C. sandai Reinhardt. Aquiculture 26(3):102 106. [Japanese]

Ihebe, N. and T. Yokoyama. 1976. General explanation of the Kobiwako Group   ancient lake deposits of Lake Biwa. IN: Paleolimnology and Lake Biwa and the Japanese Pleistocene, Vol. 4, S. Horie, Ed. Contribution No. 158. pp. 31 51.

Ihering, H. von. 1907. Mollusques fossiles du Tertiarie et du Cretace superieur de l'Argintine. Annals de Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Buenos Aires 3, 7:xiii + 611 pp.

Ikematsu, W. and M. Kammakura. 1975. Ecological studies of Corbicula leana Prime I. On the reproductive season and growth. Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Miyazake 22:185 195. [Japanese. English translation available through NTIS (ORNL tr 4590)]

Ikematsu, W. and S. Shigaki. 1976. Ecological studies of Corbicula leana Prime   2. Reproduction. Aquiculture 24(2):68 74.

Ikematsu, W. and S. Yamane. 1977. Ecological studies of Corbicula leana Prime   III. On spawning throughout the year and self fertilization of the gonad. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 43(10):1139 1146. [Japanese with English summary]

The question of whether Corbicula leana, a freshwater hermaphroditic bivalve known to spawn during March and November, spawns in the winter season was investigated. Incubated young were found within the inner demibranchs in some individuals collected in a culture pond in Kobayashi City (Japan) on December 19, 1975, February 24, 1976, and March 25, l976. In February, 17 of the 150 specimens were incubating young and the number of young in each individual ranged between 32   870. Histological observation of the gonads (ovotestes) during June 1975 and April 1976 revealed that all the individuals observed held mature gametes regardless of the time of collection. Percentage of the maturation stage oocytes measuring > 130 ìm in long axis in all occytes more than 15   10 x 25   30 ìm varied widely from individual to individual independently of the seasons: for instance, 9.9   21.2% in April, 5.7   18.0% in August. Percentage in an individual fixed immediately before spawning began was 33.7%. Corbicula leana as a population may spawn throughout the year although individuals may spawn out of step. Self fertilized ova in cleavage were present in the gonads.

Inaba, Y., N. Hamada-Sato, T. Kobayashi, C. Imada and E. Watanabe. 2003. Determination of D- and L-alanine concentrations using a pyruvic acid sensor. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 18(8): 963-971.

The concentrations of D- and L-alanine in bivalves are useful as indicators of environmental pollution. Amino acid oxidase with a low substrate specificity catalyzes the oxidation of various amino acids. Among the various amino acids, pyruvic acid can be generated from alanine only by the catalytic oxidative reaction of this oxidase. Therefore, in this study, the concentrations of D- and L-alanine were determined from the concentration of pyruvic acid, which was determined from the consumption of oxygen based on the oxidative reaction of pyruvate oxidase. From this point of view, there is a very strong possibility that biosensors utilizing enzymes with a low substrate specificity can be developed. The results obtained were as follows. (1) The optimum conditions for the use of pyruvic acid sensor were as follows: temperature of 25^oC, pH of 6.8, flow rate of 0.1 ml/min, thiamin diphosphate concentration of 1.5 mM, and injection volume of 50 μl. (2) D-Alanine and L-alanine optimally reacted with D- and L-amino acid oxidase at 30^oC, pH 8.2, for 30 min and at 37^oC, pH 7.8, for 90 min, respectively. (3) The linear relationships between the concentrations of D- and L-alanine and the output of the sensor were obtained at 3.56- 106.8 μg of D-alanine and 5.34-71.3 μg of L-alanine. (4) The concentrations of D- and L-alanine in Meretrix iusoria, Patinopecten yessonsi, and Corbicula leana obtained by the proposed assay were in good agreement with those determined by a conventional method.

Inagaki, C., S. Maruyama and H. Fukuda. 1964. The nutritional evaluation of shijimi (Corbicula atrata). 1. Effect of Shijimi in liver of carbontetrachloride poisoned rats. Japanese Journal of Food and Nutrition (Eiyo To Shokuryo) 17:208 211. [Japanese]

Inagaki, C., H. Kanemitsu and T. Kitajima. 1965. The nutritional evaluation of shijimi (Corbicula atrata). II. The effect of Shijimi in liver of rats fed unbalanced amino acid diets. Japanese Journal of Food and Nutrition (Eiyo To Shokuryo) 17:357 361. [Japanese]

A description of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) is given with notes on the distribution of the species in California and Washington.

Ingram, W. M. 1959. Asiatic clams as potential pests in California water supplies. Journal of the American Waterworks Association 51:363 370.

The distribution of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) is given for California. Its infestation of the Coachella Valley Water District and the Metropolitan Water District are discussed as is the infestation at the Tracy Pumping Plant of the Delta Mendota Canal. A review of the life cycle and ecology are presented with a discussion of potential molluscicides and human exploitation of the species.

Ingram, W. M. and A. F. Bartsch. 1960. Operator's identification guide to animals associated with potable water supplies. Journal of the American Waterworks Association 52:1521 1550.

The general morphology and ecology of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) is presented with a discussion of its association with potable water supplies.

Ingram, W. M., L. Keup and C. Henderson. 1964. Asiatic clams at Parker, Arizona. The Nautilus 77:121 124.

Inoue, T. and T. Kanamatsu. 1973. Poly acrylamide gradient gel disc electrophoretic apparatus and analysis of protein. Zoological Magazine (Tokyo) 82:336.

Inoue, T. and T. Kanematsu. 1974. A study on amylase isozymes using a poly acrylamide gradient gel disc electrophoretic apparatus. The Physico Chemical Biology (Chiba) 18:198 230.

Inoue, T. and K. Nagaike. 1979. Physicochemical properties of the alpha amylase isozymes isolated from the crystalline style of Corbicula japonica. Bulletin of Tokyo Gakugei University (Mathematics and Natural Science) 31:201 209.

The enzymology of isolated from the crystalline style of Corbicula japonica is presented.

Inza, B. 1994. Etude en ecotoxicologie experimentale de la bioaccumulation du cadmium et des derives du mercure par un mollusque filtreur d'eau douce (Corbicula fluminea) [Study of experimental ecotoxicology of cadmium and mercury compounds bioaccumulation by a freshwater filter Corbicula fluminea (Mollusca)]. Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation, Ecole Doctorale des Sciences Biologiques et Medicales, Universite de Bordeaux 1, (France). 187 pp. 1996.

Les travaux de recherche sont bases sur l'etude experimentale des processus de bioaccumulation et de transfert des metaux-traces (cadmium, mercure inorganique, methylmercure) par un mollusque filtreur d'eau douce: Corbicula fluminea. La premiere phase de ce travail a repose sur la contamination de Corbicula fluminea au sein de systemes experimentaux composes d'un biotope mixte (colonne d'eau/sediment). Les etudes, realisees dans le cadre de plans factoriels d'experience, ont permis la prise en compte d'un nombre important de facteurs ecotoxicologiques: niveaux et sources de contamination (colonne d'eau ou sediment), duree d'exposition, temperature et pH. Elles ont ete completees par une analyse de la cinetique de la decontamination. La seconde phase du programme de recherche a ete consacree a la conception et la realisation de systemes plurispecifiques, afin d'analyser les incidences d'une structure plurispecifique a l'egard des reponses ecotoxicologiques de Corbicula fluminea et d'accroitre la representativite des modeles ecotoxicologiques en reference aux processus complexes se deroulant en milieu naturel.

Inza, B., R. Maury-Brachet, J. M. Laporte, A. Boudou and F. Ribeyre. 1995. Experimental study of cadmium, inorganic mercury and methylmercury contamination of the freshwater mollusc Corbicula fluminea. Fifth SETAC-Europe Congress: Environmental Science and Vulnerable Ecosystems, Copenhagen, Denmark, 25-28 June.

Inza, B., F. Ribeyre and A. Boudou. 1998. Dynamics of cadmium and mercury compounds (inorganic mercury or methylmercury): Uptake and depuration in Corbicula fluminea. Effects of temperature and pH. Aquatic Toxicology 43(4):273-285.

The kinetics of cadmium, inorganic mercury and methylmercury bioaccumulation and decontamination were studied in the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea). The contamination phase was studied over a 14-day period, and the decontamination phase over 30 days. A further analysis of the decontamination kinetics of Cd and MeHg was carried out over a 120-day period. Combinations of two modalities, of temperature 12 and 24^oC, and of pH 6.0 and 8, enabled us to quantify the actions of these two abiotic factors and also their interactions on metal depuration. During the exposure period, the concentration changes as a function of time clearly revealed a plateau tendency for the cadmium, and this was apparent as from time 4 days; in the case of the Hg(II), however, the trend was almost linear. Against these two results, the methylmercury revealed no pronounced saturation phenomenon, despite very high mercury concentrations in the soft body parts. After 30 days of decontamination, no loss of Cd or Hg was observed in the molluscs previously contaminated with Cd or with MeHg. When this study was continued for 120 days, however, we observed decontamination rates of 25% for the Cd and 40% for the MeHg. For the inorganic mercury, the average decrease in burdens measured in the soft body parts was 30% after 30 days decontamination. The temperature and pH factors had no significant effect on the decontamination processes at the organism or at the organs levels, despite the wide differences between the modalities of the two factors (12 and 24^oC, pH 6.0 and 8.0).

Inza, B., F. Ribeyre, R. Maury-Brachet and A. Boudou. 1997. Tissue distribution of inorganic mercury, methylmercury and cadmium in the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) in relation to the contamination levels of the water column and sediment. Chemosphere 35 (12):2817-2836.

The comparative experimental study of inorganic mercury (HgII), methylmercury (MeHg) and cadmium (Cd) bioaccumulation in the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea was based on a 14 days' exposure to the water column or sediment compartments, as initial contamination sources. For each contaminant and exposure source, a five-point concentration range was set up in order to quantify the relationships between the contamination pressure and bioaccumulation capacity, at the whole soft body level and in five organs: gills, mantle, visceral mass, kidney and foot. Hg and Cd bioaccumulation at the whole organism level was proportional to the metal concentrations in the water column or sediment. For similar exposure conditions, the average ratios between the metal concentrations in the bivalves - [MeHg]/[HgII] and [MeHg]/[Cd] - were close to 10 and 5 for the sediment source and 8 and 15 for the water column source. Metal distribution in the five organs revealed strong specificities, according to the different contamination modalities studied: kidney and gills were clearly associated with Cd exposure, mantle and foot with MeHg exposure and the visceral mass with inorganic Hg exposure.

Iqbal, M. W. A. 1969. Mega fauna from the Ghazij Formation (lower Eocene) Quetta Sharig area, west Pakistan. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Pakistan 5:1 32.

Corbicula tangica sp. nov. is described from the lower Eocene Ghazij formation, Quetta Shahriganea, west Pakistan.

Iredale, T. 1943. A basic list of the fresh water Mollusca of Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 10(2):188 230.

All bivalves referred to the genus Corbicula Mühlfeldt occurring in Australia have been referred to the genus Corbiculina Dall, 1903. The following new combinations are reported and described: Corbiculina angasi (Prime, 1864) (p. 193), Corbiculina australis (Deshayes, 1830) (p. 193), Corbiculina debilis (Gould, 1850) (p. 193), Corbiculina faba (Bullen, 1904) (p. 193), Corbiculina baronialis (Prime, 1870) (p. 193), Corbiculina minor (Prime, 1861) (p. 193), Corbiculina prolongata (Prime, 1861) (p. 193), Corbiculina ovalina (Deshayes, 1855) (pp. 193 194), Corbiculina deshayesii (Smith, 1882) (p. 194), and Corbiculina desolata (Tate, 1887) (p. 194). Other new species of Corbiculina [believed to be synonymous with Corbicula by others] are: Corbiculina finkeana sp. nov. (p. 193), Corbiculina mussoni sp. nov. (p. 194), Corbiculina permena sp. nov. (p. 194), Corbiculina maroubra sp. nov. (p. 194) and Corbiculina esculenta sp. nov. (pp. 194 195).

Iredale, T. 1943. Guide to the freshwater shells of New South Wales. Australian Naturalist (Sydney) 11(4):85 95.

Iritani, N., E. Fukuda and K. Inoguchi. 1979. Effect of feeding the shellfish Corbicula japonica on lipid metabolism in the rat. Atherosclerosis 34(1):41 48.

Rats were maintained for 2 weeks on 3 different diets, a basal diet, l containing 0.1% cholate, and 1 containing 0.1% cholesterol and 0.1% cholate. Each dietary group was divided into subgroups whose diet contained 0, 5 or 10% (dry weight) of minced Corbicula japonica. Feeding C. japonica to the rats significantly reduced the increase of cholesterol levels for those on the cholesterol diet. Though C. japonica contains several sterols, sterols other than cholesterol were almost not absorbed. Serum and liver triglyceride levels were significantly reduced by feeding C. japonica meat in all the dietary groups. Activities of glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme and acetyl CoA acrboxylase were reduced by feeding C. japonica. The results suggest that C. japonica is hypolipidemic food.

Iritani, N., E. Fukuda, K. Inoguchi, M. Tsubosaka and J. Tashiro. 1980. Reduction of lipogenic enzymes by shellfish triglycerides in rat liver. Journal of Nutrition 110(8):1664 1670.

Ishibashi, R. 2000. All maternal chromosomes are extruded as two first polar bodies in the androgenetic clam Corbicula leana--cytocholasin B treatment. Genetics in Aquaculture VII, Townsville, Australia, 15-22 July.

Ishibashi, R. and A. Komaru. 2003. Biwako Yodogawa suikei, Yamatogawa suikei ni okeru Taiwansijimi no syutsugenjoukyou [Invasion of Corbicula fluminea into the Lake Biwa-Yodo river system]. Venus: Japanese Journal of Malacology 62(1-2):65-70. [Japanese with English summary]

Corbicula samples were collected and observations made in the Lake Biwa-Yodo river system and Yamato river system to determine whether invasion of the exotic Corbicula fluminea has occurred. In the Lake Biwa-Yodo river system, C. fluminea has invaded, and the indigenous C. leana has disappeared in the Yodo River. C. fluminea consisted of diploids and triploids. These samples were hermaphrodites and produced non-reductional sperm, suggesting androgenetic reproduction. We could not find C. fluminea in the Yamato river system, and only the indigenous C. leana exists. The present study suggests that the invasion of exotic C. fluminea may result in the extinction of the indigenous C. leana.

Ishibashi, R., A. Komaru, K. Ookubo and M. Kiyomoto. 2002. The second meiosis occurs in cytochalasin D-treated eggs of Corbicula leana even though it is not observed in control androgenetic eggs because the maternal chromosomes and centrosomes are extruded at first meiosis. Developmental Biology 244(1):37-43.

The hermaphroditic freshwater clam Corbicula leana reproduces by androgenesis. In the control (androgenetic development), all maternal chromosomes and maternal centrosomes at the meiotic poles were extruded as the two first polar bodies, and subsequently, second meiosis did not occur. But, in C. leana eggs treated with cytochalasin D (CD) to inhibit polar body extrusion, the second meiosis occurred. At metaphase-I, the spindle showed the typical bipolar structure and two spheroid centrosomes were located at its poles. All the maternal chromosomes were divided at anaphase-I, but they were not extruded as polar bodies due to the effects of CD. After completion of first meiosis, the maternal centrosomes split into four. At the second meiosis, twin or tetrapolar spindles were formed and two groups of maternal chromosomes divided into four sets of chromosomes. After the second meiosis, the spindle disassociated and the four maternal centrosomes disappeared. Four groups of maternal chromosomes transformed into the four female pronuclei. Male and female pronuclei became metaphase chromosomes of the first mitosis. The present study clearly indicates that typical meiosis systems still proceed in androgenetic triploid C. leana. It was concluded that the androgenetic form may have arisen from the meiotic form.

Ishibashi, R., K. Ookubo, M. Aoki, M. Utaki, A. Komaru and K. Kawamura. 2003. Androgenetic reproduction in a freshwater diploid clam Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae). Zoological Science 20(6):727-732.

Two shell color types of the exotic bivalve Corbicula fluminea were collected in Kyoto city, Japan. DNA microfluorometry revealed that both types were diploids with non-reductional spermatozoa. Maternal chromosomes were found to be extruded as two polar bodies at the first meiosis, and the second meiosis could not be observed. Only the male pronucleus was present in the egg cytoplasm and became metaphase chromosomes at the first mitosis. The present study indicates that the diploid C. fluminea in Japan has the same mode of androgenetic reproduction as the triploid C. leana.

Ishikawa, T. and Y. Tsuruta. 2001. Study on spatial difference of the growth rate of Corbicula japonica in Lake Ogawara from a hydraulic standpoint. 3rd International Symposium on Environmental Hydraulics, Tempe, Arizona, 5-8 December.

Ishimichi, M. and A. Baba. 1964. Chemical properties of a glycogen like substance obtained from the boiled extract of Corbicula sandai. Reports of Shiga Prefectural Junior College 5:41 46.

Islam, A. and H. A. Hameed. 1982. Some epizoic algae from southern Iraq. Bulletin of the Basrah Natural History Museum 5:109-115.

Descriptions are given of some epizoic algae collected from the shells of some turtles (Mauremys caspica) and molluscs (Corbicula fluminalis, Theodoxus jordani and Melanoides tuberculata) from southern Iraq. The following 7 species were collected: Basicladia chelonum, Cladophora glomerata, C. profunda, Lola implexa, Oedogonium, Lyngbya lutea, and Nodularia.

Isom, B. G. 1968. The naiad fauna of Indian Creek, Madison County, Alabama. American Midland Naturalist 79(2):514 516.

Six of 11 naiad species found in Indian Creek, Madison County, Alabama, are of Cumberlandian origin as defined by Ortmann, 1924. Naiads of Indian Creek are restricted to rather localized habitat between mile 7.75 and 9.0 due to pollution downstream and substratum conditions upstream. Cursory examination of Indian Creek in November 1966 indicated the naiad fauna may be terminal. There has been some silting of the habitat, apparently due to highway construction upstream. The only other change noted since 1964 has been an increase in the Corbicula manilensis population.

Isom, B. G. 1971. Effects of Storage And Mainstream Reservoirs On Benthic Macroinvertebrates In The Tennessee Valley. IN: Reservoir Fisheries And Limnology, Special Publication No. 8, American Fisheries Society (Washington, D.C.). pp. 179-191.

Although the literature analyzing benthic macroinvertebrates in the Tennessee Valley over the past 50 years is limited, there are sufficient studies for comparison with postimpoundment research. Virtually all benthic fauna have been eliminated from storage impoundments in the valley, but some seasonal colonization of shallow overbank areas has occurred. Below mainstream impoundments the benthic fauna includes mussels and residual populations of Pleuroceridae. The short plankton-to-fish food chain is characteristic. The seasonally low oxygen tension below some impoundments may limit benthic fauna. recent decline of mussel populations is attributed to impoundment and overharvest. Few Unioninae but significant numbers of Anodontinae and Lampsilinae have colonized postimpoundment mud-sand shallows. the decline of unionidae may have been caused by fish-host association changes. Habitat alterations as a result of impoundments are associated with decline of snail populations in the upper Tennessee River drainage and of Pleuroceridae throughout the valley. The Asiatic clam (Corbicula manilensis) accidentally introduced, although somewhat of a pest, is utilized by a number of faunal associates. it has been the most successful invader of impoundments on the Tennessee River and some of its tributaries.

Isom, B. G. 1971. Evaluation and control of macroinvertebrate nuisance organisms in freshwater industrial supply systems. Abstracts, 19th Annual Meeting, Midwest Benthological Society.

Isom, B. G. 1971. Mussel fauna in Fort Loudon Reservoir, Tennessee River, Knox County, Tennessee, in December 1970. Malacological Review 4:127 130.

Four species of Unionidae and Corbicula manilensis were found as compared with 64 species of mussels reported by Ortmann (1918). Loss of native endemic mussel fauna is evidently due to periodic insufficient dissolved oxygen as a result of organic enrichment entering the upper reservoir. The Fort Loudon habitat is similar to that containing Anodonta suborbicularis and Lasmigona complanata in the Chickamauga Reservoir. These species may eventually become established in Fort Loudon Reservoir.

Isom, B. G. 1972. Mussels of the unique Nickajack Dam construction site, Tennessee River. Malacological Review 5:4 6.

Seventeen species of unionid mussels and Corbicula manilensis were collected from the dam site. Seventy six percent of the mussel species collected were those reported by Ortmann (1925) in the area of Tennessee River Mile 415.

Isom, B. G. 1973. Mussels of the Elk River Basin in Alabama and Tennessee   1965 1967. American Midland Naturalist 89(2):437 442.

Collections of mussels were made in the Elk River basin during 1965 1967. Thirty species of mussels not previously reported from this drainage were collected in addition to 18 species reported by Ortmann (1925). Also collected was Corbicula manilensis. Twenty six Cumberlandian and 35 species of Ohioan or unknown origin comprise the total mussel fauna reported for Elk River. Species of Cumberlandian origin reported by Ortmann have declined and species usually associated with larger rivers have increased. Tims Ford Dam (closed December 1970) will undoubtedly significantly affect the mussel fauna of Elk River.

Isom, B. G. 1974. Mussels of the Green River, Kentucky. Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science 35(1 2):55 57.

Seventy seven species of unionid mussels and Corbicula manilensis are listed from the Green River, Kentucky, and an additional species from a nearby pond. These data further confirm the conclusions of Ortmann (1926) and Clench and van der Schalie (1944) that the mussels in the Green River belong to either the Ohioan or the interior basin or are of unknown origin. No mussels of Cumberlandian origin were found in the river.

Isom, B. G. 1976. Biofouling   state of the art in controlling Asiatic clams Corbicula manilensis (Philippi) and other nuisance organisms in power plants. Abstracts, North American Benthological Society.

A discussion of the findings of a world literature survey and the author's experience in controlling Corbicula manilensis in power plants, hydrotechnical installations, and industrial water systems, is presented. Presently, heated water and continuous low level chlorination are the only two methods available for control of C. manilensis in potable water systems. Either of these methods, combined with screens, traps, and good maintenance, offer the best opportunity for control. Comments are also presented on molluscicides for clam control in non potable water supplies.

Isom, B. G. 1978. Final report bromine chloride bioassay on Asiatic clams (Corbicula manilensis Philippi). Tennessee Valley Authoirty, Division of Environmental Planning, Water Quality and Ecology Branch (Muscle Shoals, Alabama). I-WQ-78-11. 10 pp.

Isom, B. G. 1986. Historical review of Asiatic clam (Corbicula) invasion and biofouling of waters and industries in the Americas. IN: Proceedings of the Second International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. American Malacological Bulletin Special Edition No. 2. pp. 1 5.

Severe biofouling problems with Corbicula were first reported in the United States in 1956. Clam infestations were reported in 1961 in irrigation canals, and numerous reports of clams biofouling irrigation canals in the west have appeared in subsequent years. The first verified excursion of Asiatic clams beyond the Rocky Mountain barrier occurred when they were discovered in the Tennessee River in 1959. Since that time, there have been numerous reports of range extensions into other river systems, including headwater streams. Clams have caused severe biofouling problems in water intakes, pumps, and industrial and power plant cooling water (heat rejection) systems. The current range extension of Corbicula "leana" and "fluminea" to Argentina, in South America, was reported in 1981.

Isom, B. G., C. F. Bowman, J. T. Johnson, and E. B. Rodgers. 1986. Controlling Corbicula (Asiatic clams) in complex power plant and industrial water systems. IN: Proceedings of the Second International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. American Malacological Bulletin Special Edition No. 2. pp. 95 98.

A plan for controlling Corbicula sp. was developed by an interdisciplinary team within the Tennessee Valley Authority during the 1970's. This plan, which is now in place, has proven very effective in controlling Asiatic clams over the past three years. Basis for the plan include knowledge of the life history of Corbicula, including size of benthic veligers at spawning and timing of spawning events. A combination of straining with a 1/32 inch (0.8 mm) media, chemical injection, and general "housekeeping" has practically eliminated clam problems. Perhaps even this success could be enhanced and made more economical with more research on optimization/ minimization of chemical concentration and selection of period(s) for application of controls.

Isom, B. G. and C. Gooch. 1986. Rationale and sampling designs for freshwater mussels Unionidae in streams, large rivers, impoundments, and lakes. American Society for Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication 894:46 59.

Isom, B. G., C. Gooch, L. T. Neill and J. Moses. 1978. Acute Thermal Effects on Asiatic Clams (Corbicula manilensis Philippi). Report No. I WQ 78 12, Tennessee Valley Authority, Division of Environmental Planning, Special Projects and Research Program, Water Quality and Ecology Branch (Muscle Shoals, Alabama).

Isom, B. G. and P. G. Yockley. 1968. The mussel fauna of Duck River in Tennessee, 1965. American Midland Naturalist 80(1):34 42.

Corbicula manilensis has a wide range in the Duck River Basin and was found at 10 stations on the Duck River between river miles 71 and 242.3.

Isom, B. G., P. G. Yockley and C. H. Gooch. 1973. Mussels of the Elk River basin in Alabama   1965 1967. American Midland Naturalist 89(2):437 442.

Issel, A. 1874. Molluschi Borneensi, illustrazione delle specie terrestri e d'acqua dolce raccolte nell'isola di Borneo dai Signori G. Doria e O. Beccari. Annali Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria (Genova) 6:366 478.

Itaska, O. 1966. Biochemistry of shellfish lipid V. Occurrence of 4 0 methylgalactose in Corbicula glycolipid. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo) 60(1):52 55.

The nature of neutral sugar components of the Corbicula sandai glycolipid, GL 3, eluted with chloroform methanol (1:1 v/v) from the silicic acid column was investigated. A new sugar, 4 0 methylgalactose, was found in C. sandai glycolipid and identified by gas chromatography.

Itasaka, O. 1966. Biochemistry of shellfish lipid VI. Occurrence of 3 0 methylfucose in Corbicula glycolipid. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo) 60(4):435 438.

The neutral sugar components of Corbicula glycolipid, GL 2, were investigated and the presence of 3 0 methylfucose, xylose, mannose, and glucose was shown by gas chromatography analysis. It was found that GL 2 and GL 3 has a high hemagglutination inhibition activity with eel serum.

Itasaka, O. 1968. Biochemistry of shellfish lipids VII. Occurrence of mannose 6 phosphate in Corbicula glycolipid. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo) 63(3):347 350.

The phosphate component of Corbicula glycolipid, GL 3, was isolated from an acid hydrolyzate of the glycolipid by column chromatography on Dowex 1, formate form, and was identified as mannose 6 phosphate by gas chromatography after treatment with alkaline prosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1, E. coli) and by periodic oxydation. No other phosphorylated sugar was detected.

Itasaka, O. and T. Hashimoto. 1961. The lipids of fresh water mussels. VI. Phosphalidylpeptide from Corbicula sandai. Memoirs of the Faculty of Education of Shiga University of Natural History 11. [Japanese]

Itasaka, O. and T. Hori. 1979. Studies on glycosphingolipids of fresh water bivalves 5. Structure of a novel ceramide octa saccharide containing mannose  6 phosphate found in the bivalve Corbicula sandai. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo) 85(6):1469 1482.

A ceramide octasaccharide containing mannose 6 phosphate was isolated from the freshwater bivalve Corbicula sandai by solvent fractionation, followed by two types of silicic acid column chromatography and QAE (quarternary ammonium ethyl) Sephadex column chromatography. The structural analysis involved the following steps: gas liquid chromatography of the component sugars, fatty acids and long chain bases; degradation with CHl and HF to elucidate the sugar sequence; permethylation analysis coupled with gas chromatography   mass spectrometry to identify the positions of the glycosidid linkages between the sugar units; chromium trioxide oxidation to determine the anomeric configuration; and Smith degradation to determine the site of linkage of the ethanolamine residue. The structure of this novel glycolipid is presented. Fucose was initially linked in the sugar chain. This is the first example of internal fucose in a glycolipid. The ceramide moiety consisted of normal saturated fatty acids, among which stearic acid was predominant, and contained C16  and C18 4 sphingine as the major long chain bases.

Itasaka, O., T. Hori, K. Sasahara, Y. Wakabayashi, F. Takahashi, and H. I. Rhee. 1984. Analysis of phospho sphingo lipids and phosphono sphingo lipids by high performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo) 95(1): 1671 1675.

A simple and efficient method for the separation of phosphosphingolipids including phosphonosphingolipids (from several species of shellfish including Corbicula sandai) by high performance liquid chromatography is described. A mixture of authentic lipids consisting of sphingomyelin, ceramide phosphorylethanolamine, ceramide 2 aminoethylphosphonate, and ceramide N methylaminoethylphosphonate was completely separated using a silica gel (Zorbax SIL) column with acetonitrile methanol water 72:40:10 (v/v) as eluting solvent. The elution of these sphingolipids was monitored directly with an ultraviolet spectromonitor at 207 nm. The practical limit of detection of each sphingolipid was about 0.2 ìg or 0.3 nmol. Using this method, it was found that from one to four different phosphono  and/or phosphosphingolipids in freshwater shellfish can be routinely identified and reproducibly quantified.

Itasaka, O., M. Kosuga, M. Okayama and T. Hori. 1983. Characterization of a novel ceramide octasaccharide isolated from whole tissue of a freshwater bivalve, Corbicula sandai. Biochemica et Biophysica Acta 750(3):440 446.

A novel glycosphingolipid containing 2 mannose residues, provisionally named GL 1, was isolated from whole tissues of Corbicula sandai and structures determined. GL 1 seems to be a biosynthetic precursor of glycosphingolipid 2 (GL 3), because they have an identical octasaccharide structure, except for the presence of an aminoethylphosphoryl residue in GL 3. In contrast to GL 3, GL 1 has a more complex ceramide pattern. This suggests that GL 1 as isolated is not a degradation product of GL 3; it can be presumed that the restricted molecular species of GL 1 which has the same ceramide constitution as GL 3 may be utilized preferentially for GL 3 biosynthesis.

Itasaka, O., Y. Okamura, T. Hori, K. Hashimoto and Y. Ohysama. 1971. On the water quality of Lake Biwa, the Seta River and some rivers in Otsu City and the heavy metal content of bottom matters of Lake Biwa. Memoirs of the Faculty of Education of Shiga University of Natural History 21:12 23. [Japanese with English summary]

The transparency of the water in the northern part of Lake Biwa has fallen to 3/5 and total N (> 0.2 ppm) has risen, which means that the upper water here is heavily polluted. The heavy metal (Hg, Cd, and Pb) content of the sediments of Lake Biwa indicates that the sediments of Hama otsu and Niono hama are polluted by heavy metals. The accumulation of calcium in the freshwater bivalve Corbicula sandai increased 1 ppm/yr with the age of the shellfish.

Itasaka, O., M. Sugita, M. Kawashima and T. Hori. 1980. Distribution of some shellfish in the Seta River, Japan. Memoirs of the Faculty of Education of Shiga University of Natural Sciences 30:9 24.

Distribution of shellfish were investigated to estimate the state of eutrophication in the Seta River. Corbicula sandai, which is an index species of the alpha oligotrophic zone, decreased to 1.3% of the density in 1960, while the population of Sinotaia histrica, an index species of the alpha mesoaprobic zone, increased 12 times during the last 12 years. S. histrica comprises > 95% of all shellfish. Almost all the S. histrica are living in a limited area of the river. The state of the Seta River is estimated to be alpha mesoaprobic from the viewpoint of the distribution of the shellfish.

Itasaka, O., M. Sugita, K. Ohmi, H. Yoshizaki, K. Takeda and T. Hori. 1976. The structure of a new ceramide heptasaccharide containing mannose 6 phosphate (GL 3) found in bivalve shellfish. Memoirs of the Faculty of Education of Shiga University of Natural History 26:8 17. [Japanese with English summary]

Itasaka, O., M. Sugita, Y. Okumura and T. Hori. 1970. On the water quality of Lake Biwa ko and the inhabitability of the bivalve, Corbicula sandai, in the Seta River. Memoirs of the Faculty of Education of Shiga University of Natural Science 20:18 34. [Japanese with English summary]

Water quality of Lake Biwa ko and the Seta River was investigated three times during July to September, 1970. Parameters observed were water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, K MnO₄ consumption, total nitrogen, NH₃ N, NO₃ N, NO₂ N, SiO₂, total phosphorus, PO₄ P and transparency. The present investigation showed that the southern part of the lake was transformed into a eutrophic state in a few years. The survey of bivalve distribution in the Seta River has been continued since 1960. The population density of Corbicula sandai during the decade has decreased to about 0.1 /m².

Itasaka, O., M. Sugita, H. Yoshizaki and T. Hori. 1976. Determination of the anomeric configuration of Corbicula ceramide di  and trihexide by chromium trioxide oxidation. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo) 80(5):935 936.

The anomeric configuration of Corbicula ceramide dihexose and ceramide trihexose were determined by chromium trioxide oxidation. The structure of these lipids are presented. The results are compatible with those obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis reported previously.

Ito, S., H. Yamashita and T. Inoue. 1975. Biochemical studies of alpha amylase isozyme of Mollusca. Zoological Magazine (Tokyo) 84(4):355.

Ituarte, C. F. 1981. Primera noticia acerca de la introduccion de pelecipods asiaticos en el area rioplatense (Mollusca: Corbiculidae) [Introduction of Asiatic clams in the La Plata River area. Its first record.]. Neotropica 27(77):79 82. [Spanish with English summary]

The first record of the genus Corbicula is referred for Argentina and South America. Two species of the genus are present, tentatively assigned to Corbicula leana and Corbicula fluminea, which occupy exclusively the littoral sandy bottoms from San Isidro to Magdalena districts. Some spatial relationships with local malacofauna are considered in order to establish a possible detrimental impact on native bivalves.

Ituarte, C. F. 1984. Aspectos biologicos de las poblaciones de Corbicula largillierti Philippi (Mollusca: Pelecypoda) en el Rio de la Plata [Biological aspects of the populations of Corbicula largillierti (Mollusca: Pelecypoda) in the Rio de la Plata between Uruguay and Argentina]. Revista del Museo de la Plata, Seccion Zoologia 13(143):231 247.

Some aspects of the population dynamics of Corbicula largillieri are described. The life span of this bivalve is approximately 24-30 months. The species is a functional hermaphrodite. The female and male tissues are not clearly segregated in the visceral mass. The development of the female portion of the gonad is greater than the male portion. Two main annual spawning periods are described, one corresponding to spring and the other to summer. Some peculiarities of the incubation process are included.

Ituarte, C. F. 1984. El fenomino de incubacion branquial en Neocorbicula limosa (Maton, 1809) (Mollusca: Pelecypoda). Neotropica 30(83):43 54. [Spanish with English summary]

Ituarte, C. F. 1985. Growth dynamics in a natural population of Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia Sphaeriacea) at Punta Atalaya, Rio de la Plata, Argentina. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 20(4):217 226.

Annual growth of Corbicula fluminea has been estimated by following the shift in size frequency peaks based upon shell lengths. Normal curves were fitted to mean length for each generation, or age group. The study was based upon monthly and bimonthly samples taken from a natural population at Punta Atalaya, Rio de la Plata, Argentina, colonized in September 1982. The age length relationship was determined using the Von Beralanffy's equation. The growth of C. fluminea slows markedly during the fall winter period, April to August. Theoretical growth curves were calculated for spring summer and fall winter seasons; the equations corresponding to each seasonal growth rate are respectively: L₁ = 31.6(1   e ^0.1268t) and L₁ = 21.0(1   e ^0.0727t). Growth rate diminishes with increasing shell length and age. Water temperature seems to be a determining factor for the occurrence of differential seasonal growth rates. Reproduction in C. fluminea occurs once a year at Punta Atalaya, and settlement of juveniles takes place in September. The estimated life span has been calculated to be 36 months.

Ituarte, C. F. 1994. Corbicula and Neocorbicula (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) in the Parana, Uruguay, and Rio de La Plata Basins. The Nautilus 107(4):129-135.

Iwamori, M., M. Sugita and T. Hori. 1971. Biochemistry of shellfish lipids. Part 10. Isolation and characterization of ceramide N acylaminoethyl phosphonate and its partial synthesis. Memoirs of the Faculty of Education of Shiga University of Natural Sciences 21:24 30. [Japanese with English summary]

The naturally occurring N aceyl derivatives of glycerophospho lipid (e.g., N acylphosphatidylethanolamine from plant seeds and N acylphosphatidylserine from sheep blood) is established but so far as is known in the case of the derivatives of sphingolipid, no such substance was previously reported. A large amount of sphingolipid fractions was prepared from the bivalve Corbicula sandai, and separated by Florisil column chromatography, followed by preparative thin layer charomatography. A notable phospholipid which was negative with ninhydrin reagent, and gave a fast moving spot on thin layer chromatography was obtained. The lipid was practically free from sugar and glycerol, and on hydrolysis liberated only aminoethylphosphonic acid as phosphorus component. Quantitative analyses of P, N, fatty acid and sphingosine base was in a ratio of 1:2:2:1. The lipid was ceramide N (acyl)aminoethylphosphonate (N acyl CAEP). The component fatty acids of N acyl CAEP consisted mainly of palmitic and stearic acids, but no unsaturated ones were detected. The partial synthesis of N acyl CAEP was studied by using CAEP from the bivalve as a starting material and comparative examinations were made concerning the chemical nature of the N acyl derivatives with that of the isolated one. Similar results were obtained from IR spectra, motilities, on TLC and resistance against phospholipase.

Izumi, T., Y. Itoh, K. Yagita T. Endo and T. Ohyama. 2004. Brackish water benthic shellfish (Corbicula japonica) as a biological indicator for Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in river water. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 72(1):29-37.

Izzatullaev, Z. 1980. Bivalve mollusks of the family Corbiculidae in central Asia. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 59(8):1130 1136. [Russian with English summary]

Some data are given on the ecology and biology of the Corbiculidae and the limits of their distribution in Middle Asia are established. Of five species of corbiculids in Central Asia, 2 are referred to Corbiculina Dall, 1903, and are ovoviviparous: Corbiculina tibetensis (Prashad) and Corbiculina ferghanensis (Kursalova et Starobogatov) [both referred from Corbicula]. The other three species are apparently oviparous and belong to Corbicula Mühlfeldt, 1811, i.e. Corbicula cor (Lamarck), Corbicula fluminalis (Müller) and Corbicula purpurea Prime. A key is provided for the genera and species of Central Asian corbiculids.