Corbicula an annotated bibliography 1774 2005

In this investigation Asiatic clams, Corbicula fluminea, and fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, were simultaneously exposed to industrially contaminated river sediments. A simple kinetics model and physicochemical estimation methods were applied to bioaccumulation of PCB as total di- and total tri-chlorobiphenyls. Results show that residues measured after a short exposure period together with elimination rate constants (k₂) estimated from octanol/water partition coefficients (K_ow) can be used to approximate steady-state nonequilibrium tissue concentrations (C subscripts ss). Furthermore, normalization of residue data on tissue lipid content made comparisons of bioaccumulation between these dissimilar species possible.

McIntosh, M. B. 1981. A study of the uptake, retention, and release of Mirex in the Asian clam Corbicula manilinses [sic], under continuous flowing conditions. Master of Science Thesis, University of Southern Mississippi (Hattiesburg). iv+48 pp.

McIntyre, D. O. 1993. Monitoring for bioconcentratable contaminants using the asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14th Annual Meeting: Ecological Risk Assessment: Lessons Learned?, Houston, Texas, 14-18 November.

The Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, is an introduced species which has a widespread distribution throughout most of the U.S. The Asiatic clam is a rugged organism available by collection from locally abundant populations or through commercial suppliers, and is a suitable species for use in laboratory or in situ exposure studies. Laboratory and field studies have employed caged Asiatic clams to monitor a variety of bioconcentratable contaminants. Data from two different studies are presented that utilized the Asiatic clam to (1) assess all possible bioconcentratable contaminants from a municipal/industrial effluent in a laboratory exposure; and (2) assess mercury and DDT/DDD/DDE bioconcentration in a small stream using in situ exposures. The laboratory assessment of the effluent found four residues in the clams compared to only one in bluegill sunfish. Mercury and DDT/DDD/DDE accumulated in the clams exposed in situ in the small stream to near steady-state conditions after 40 to 50 days of exposure.

McLearn, F. H. 1926. New species from the Coloradoan of lower Smokey and lower Peace Rivers, Alberta, Canada. Canadian Department of Mines, Geological Survey Bulletin 42:117 126.

Corbicula dowlingi sp. nov. is described (p. 125) and figured (pl. 23, figs. 1, 2) from the Dunvegan Cretaceous, Smokey River, Canada.

McLeod, M. J. 1983. Electrophoretic variation in Corbicula. American Malacological Bulletin 1:96. [Abstract]

McLeod, M. J. 1986. Electrophoretic variation in North American Corbicula. IN: Proceedings of the Second International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. American Malacological Bulletin Special Edition No. 2. pp. 125 132.

An electrophoretic study of 16 populations of Corbicula has revealed genetic variation in all but two populations. This study used starch gel electrophoresis to analyze 14 enzymes encoded by 21 loci. There was a high degree of similarity between most populations at most loci. There were, however, some loci, notably CAT, where eastern and western populations had a different allele at greatest frequency. There were also unique alleles, present at relatively high frequencies, in single populations. These data suggest (1) the possibility of multiple introductions of Corbicula into this country and, (2) the existence of several genetic races within any given population. There is also evidence for two species of Corbicula in this country. These data have possible importance to the success of control measures.

McLeod, M. J. and D. M. Sailstad. 1980. An electrophoretic study of Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) in the Catawba River. Bulletin of the American Malacological Union 1980:17 19.

A single population of Corbicula fluminea was studied using starch gel electrophoresis. The population was sampled regularly for one year. A small amount of genetic variation was observed at 3 of the 7 loci examined. This variation was organized as very low heterozygosity and moderate polymorphism. This pattern is consistent with the suggestion that C. fluminea is self fertilizing. No differences in banding patterns were found between individuals of different size classes or between those collected at different times of the year. This is the first report of electrophoretic variation in Corbicula from the United States.

McMahon, R. F. 1977. Shell size frequency distribution of Corbicula manilensis Philippi from a clam fouled steam condenser. The Nautilus 91(2):54 59.

Specimens and empty whole and half shells of Corbicula manilensis were collected from the inlet (cold water) box, condenser tubes and outlet (warm water) box of a clam fouled steam condenser of an electric generator utilizing raw water from Lake Arlington, Texas. Size frequency distributions of length, height, and width of shells removed from these three sections indicated that the clams were not growing in the condenser but had been carried into it with intake currents from an external population in the intake embayment and tunnel. It appears that the condenser tubes acted as a sieve becoming fouled only with shells of an approximate size to become lodged in the tubes while smaller specimens passed through and larger shells were retained in the inlet box. It is suggested that increasing tube inside diameter to 29.0 mm or more will allow even the largest specimens of C. manilensis to pass through condensers and thereby avoid fouling problems with this species.

McMahon, R. F. 1979. Response to temperature and hypoxia in the clam Corbicula fluminea (Müller). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 63A(2):383 388.

Respiratory response to temperature was determined for specimens of Corbicula fluminea. Oxygen uptake increases with temperature through 25^oC in clams acclimated to 10, 20, or 30^oC but is severely depressed above it. Clams acclimated to 10^oC respond to hypoxia as strict oxygen conformers while 20 and 30^oC acclimated clams are less strict conformers. Respiratory adaptation to high temperatures and hypoxia are not as well developed in C. fluminea as other freshwater bivalve species, reflecting a more recent penetration of freshwater, and limiting its eventual distribution in North America.

McMahon, R. F. 1979. Tolerance of aerial exposure in the Asiatic freshwater clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller). IN: Proceedings of the First International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. Texas Christian University Research Foundation (Ft. Worth). pp. 227 241.

Specimens of Corbicula fluminea were exposed to air at about 20 and 30^oC under high and low relative humidities (R.H.) to determine rates of water loss and tolerance to prolonged emergence. On emergence, water accounted for a mean of 37.41% of the total wet weight (shell + tissue + water weight). Mean external mantle cavity water was 50.45% and tissue water 49.55% of total water weight (mantle cavity water + tissue water weight).

Emerged specimens of Corbicula fluminea gape periodically only in high R.H. exposing the mantle edges, a behavior that may allow direct uptake of oxygen from air. Rate of water loss was greatest at 30^oC and low R.H. at 7.2% of total water weight per day, followed by rates of 4.46%/day at 20^oC and low R.H., 2.8%/day at 30oC and high R.H. and 1.1%/day at 20^oC and high R.H. Corbicula fluminea is relatively intolerant to prolonged emergence compared to other freshwater bivalve species. Mean tolerance values were 26.8 days emergence at 20^oC and high R.H., 13.9 days at 20^oC and low R.H., 8.3 days at 30^oC and high R.H. and 6.7 days at 30^oC and low R.H.

The mean per cent of total water weight lost at death in low R.H. was similar to the mantle cavity water weight at 52% and 62.8% at 30^oC and 20^oC, respectively, indicating death probably resulted from desiccation. In high R.H. these values were only 25.2% of total water at 30^oC and 22.9% at 20^oC, suggesting death in these conditions was not a result of desiccation but of the accumulation of metabolic wastes.

Because Corbicula fluminea is relatively intolerant of prolonged emergence and usually restricted shallow, near shore habitats in lentic environments, periodic reservoir draw downs and subsequent exposure or resident populations to air could be one means of controlling clam densities where C. fluminea has become a serious pest species.

McMahon, R. F. 1982. The occurrence and distribution of the introduced Asiatic freshwater clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller) in North America: 1924 1982. The Nautilus 96(4):134 141.

The distribution and dispersal of Corbicula fluminea in North America were examined on the basis of all available published reports of new populations from 1924 through 1982. The dispersal of C. fluminea in North America has proceeded from two epicenters of artificial introduction, the first a result of an introduction from southeast Asia into the northwestern United States, and the second from a population in the Ohio River (probably a result of introduction of specimens from populations earlier established in the western United States). The dispersal from these two sites has been marked by a progressive invasion of adjacent drainage systems, high downstream rates of dispersal and inability to breach barriers to dispersal such as mountain ranges. The very high natural dispersal powers of C. fluminea appear to be associated with its invasive nature and have been previously overlooked as the basis for this species' extraordinarily rapid invasion of North American fresh waters.

McMahon, R. F. 1983. Ecology of an invasive pest bivalve, Corbicula. IN: The Mollusca, Vol. 6, Ecology, W. D. Russell Hunter, Ed. Academic Press (New York). pp. 505 561.

The introduction and dispersal of Corbicula fluminea in the United States is presented and discussed with notes on the taxonomy of the species and its potential as a pest species. The physiological ecology of C. fluminea is reviewed with regard to adaptations to lotic habitats, salinity and osmoregulation, temperature, and aerial exposure. The ecological aspects of its life history are reviewed with regard to reproduction, fertilization, incubation, spawning, growth, life span, life cycle bioenergetics, and life history tactics. Control measures are reviewed for natural habitats and in industrial facilities. The future use of C. fluminea is also reviewed.

McMahon, R. F. 2002. Evolutionary and physiological adaptations of aquatic invasive animals: r selection versus resistance. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59(7):1235-1244.

Invasive species have been characterized as tolerant of environmental extremes. This hypothesis was evaluated for invasive aquatic species in North America, particularly Asian clams, Corbicula fluminea, and zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha. Both species have rapid growth, early maturity, short life spans, and elevated fecundity, allowing rapid population recovery after reductions by rarefractive, environmental extremes. Extensive resistance capacities offer little adaptive value to invasive, r-selected species, because population reductions occur in their unstable habitats regardless of degree of stress tolerance. Thus, both species have relatively poor physiologic resistance, depending instead on elevated growth and fecundity for rapid population recovery. In contrast, native North American bivalve species are often adapted to stable habitats where perturbation is infrequent (i.e., freshwater unionoidean bivalves). They are characterized by slow growth, extended life spans, and low effective fecundities, slowing population recoveries (K-selected), and have evolved extensive resistance adaptations to avoid extirpation during environmental extremes. Review of resistance adaptations in other North American aquatic invaders revealed poorer or equivalent physiological tolerance relative to taxonomically related native species, suggesting that extensive physiological tolerance is not required for invasive success.

McMahon, R. F. and D. W. Aldridge. 1976. Respiratory response to temperature and low oxygen tension in Corbicula manilensis Philippi. 39th Annual Meeting, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 1 2. [Abstract]

Specimens of Corbicula manilensis were collected during Autumn, 1975, from Lake Arlington, Texas, and acclimated to 10, 20, and 30^oC. Oxygen uptake rates were monitored with oxygen electrodes at five degree intervals from 5^oC through 50^oC. Three stocks had the same pattern of respiratory response to temperature with oxygen uptake rates increasing from 5^oC to maximum values at 20 25^oC followed by a sharp decline at 30^oC. This decline was marked by withdrawal of the siphons and foot and partial closing of the valves. Above 30^oC oxygen uptake rates rose slowly until the clams became temperature stressed at 40 45^oC. Lethal temperatures in all three stocks fall between 45 and 50^oC. Below 30^oC, C. manilensis has a normal pattern of temperature acclimation. Above 30^oC no significant difference in rates were detected. Between 5 and 20^oC 010's were 2.44, 3.14, and 1.96 for the 10, 20, and 30^oC acclimated stocks, respectively. C. manilensis is extremely oxygen dependent with oxygen uptake rates at an oxygen tension of 70% being only 7.1 45 5% of those recorded at full oxygen saturation. Below 70% oxygen, uptake rates remain stable at low levels. This inability to maintain adequate oxygen uptake rates at lower oxygen tensions may account for the presence of this species for well oxygenated substrata.

McMahon, R. F., B. N. Shipman and D. P. Long. 1993. Laboratory Efficacies of Nonoxidizing Molluscicides on the Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) and the Asian Clam (Corbicula fluminea). IN: Zebra Mussels: Biology, Impacts, and Control. Lewis Publishers (Boca Raton, Florida). pp. 575-598.

The efficacies of three nonoxidizing, molluscicidal agents against zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha), were investigated including: an aromatic hydrocarbon, 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole (TCMTB); a cationic polyquaternary ammonium compound, poly(oxyethylene(dimethyliminio)ethylene(dimethyliminio) ethylene dichloride) (PQ1); and a cationic polyquaternary ammonium compound, 1,1'-(methyliminio)bis(3-chloro-2-propanol) polymer cross-linked with N,N,N',N'tetramethyl-1,2-ethanediamine (PQ2). TCMTB and PQ1 were also tested against Asian clams, Corbicula fluminea. Samples of adult zebra mussels were statically exposed to TCMTB and PQ1 at 20^oC; and samples of adult Asian clams, to TCMTB and PQ1 at 25^oC in continually aerated medium. Juvenile and adult zebra mussels were exposed to PQ2 at 20^oC. TCMTB was lethal to zebra mussels at concentrations ≥0.5 mg manufactured product/kg and to Asian clams at concentrations ≥0.125 mg manufactured product/kg. PQ1 was lethal to zebra mussels and Asian clams at concentrations ≥0.5 and 0.25 mg manufactured product/kg, respectively. Lethal concentrations of PQ2 were ≥3 mg manufactured product/kg for both juvenile and adult zebra mussels. Juvenile zebra mussels were significantly less tolerant of PQ2 than adults at 5, 7, and 9 mg/kg. As TCMTB ≥1 mg/kg or PQ1 ≥2 mg/kg induced 100% mortality in zebra mussels and Asian clams more rapidly than exposure to 0.3-0.5 mg/kg residual chlorine (336-505 hr), they may be effective molluscicides for control of bivalve macrofouling in raw water systems. PQ2 proved less toxic to zebra mussels than either TCMTB or PQ1. However, as PQ2 is a registered flocculent in potable water treatment systems at ≤5 mg manufactured product/kg, it has potential as a control agent for zebra mussels and Asian clams in municipal water treatment facilities.

McMahon, R. F. and C. J. Williams. 1981. Aerial oxygen consumption in the introduced freshwater clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller). American Zoologist 21(4):983. [Abstract]

Corbicula fluminea displays a unique mode of aerial gas exchange. While other freshwater species respire across closed valves, the valves of C. fluminea are parted and the mucus sealed mantle edges exposed directly to air. This behavior is alternated with longer periods of valve closure (mean mantle exposure = 49.1 min, mean valve closure = 426.2 min). Aerial oxygen consumption rate (V0₂) at 20^oC with valves shut averaged 0.049 microliters oxygen/(mg.hr). During mantle edge exposure it was 0.876 microliters oxygen/(mg.hr). Over the entire exposure period it averaged 0.057 microliters oxygen/(mg.hr) or 21.8% of aquatic V0₂.

Aerial VO₂ during mantle edge exposure is 3.4 times the aquatic rate, indicating that oxygen is not absorbed directly into body fluids. Rather, mantle respiratory gasses appear to be exchanged with the external atmosphere across the mantle edge renewing pallial oxygen stores before valve reclosure and reducing evaporative water loss. C. fluminea has a short freshwater fossil history and is intermediate between freshwater and estuarine bivalves in many aspects of its biology. Its mode of aerial respiration is similarly intermediate between the aerial gaping of marine species and the direct diffusion of gasses across the shell in freshwater species.

McMahon, R. F. and C. Williams. 1982. Revaluation of growth rate, life-span and life-cycle in the introduced Asiatic bivalve mollusc, Corbicula fluminea (Müller). 33rd Annual American Institute of Biological Sciences Meeting, University Park, Pennsylvania, 8-12 August.

McMahon, R. F. and C. J. Williams. 1984. A unique respiratory adaptation to emersion in the introduced Asian freshwater clam, Corbicula fluminea (Lamellibranchia: Corbiculacea). Physiological Zoölogy 57(2):274 279.

When exposed to air, Corbicula fluminea periodically consumes oxygen across exposed mantle edge tissues sealed together by hardened mucus. This behavior alternates with longer periods of valve closure (mean mantle edge exposure = 49 min; mean valve closure time = 426 min). At 20^oC, aerial oxygen uptake rates were very reduced during valve closure periods, averaging 0.03 microliters oxygen (mg dry flesh.hr), whereas during mantle edge exposure they averaged 0.88 microliters oxygen/(mg dry flesh.hr). Total aerial oxygen consumption was approximately 21% that of normal aquatic values in this species. This aerial respiratory behavior appears to be an adaptation to prolonged emersion, allowing both maintenance of substantial levels of aerobic metabolism and minimal evaporative water loss. Corbicula fluminea has a relatively short fossil history in fresh water, and many of its physiological adaptations appear to be intermediate between those of estuarine bivalves and the more highly evolved freshwater species. Its mode of aerial oxygen consumption is unique among bivalve molluscs and appears to be an adaptation that is similarly intermediate between the continual aerial gaping behavior of estuarine and intertidal species and the direct exchange of respiratory gasses across continually closed valves, characteristic of certain freshwater unionid and sphaeriid bivalves.

McMahon, R. F., and C. J. Williams. 1986. A reassessment of growth rate, life span, life cycles and population dynamics in a natural population and field caged individuals of Corbicula fluminea (Müller) (Bivalvia: Corbiculacea). IN: Proceedings of the Second International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. American Malacological Bulletin Special Edition No. 2. pp. 151 166.

A population of Corbicula fluminea in the Clear Fork of the Trinity River, Tarrant County, Texas, was sampled bimonthly from 10 September 1980 through 20 December 1982. Growth rates of caged and free living marked individuals were also monitored. The high growth rates, attenuated life spans, high fecundity, high proportion of immature individuals in the population, and ability to rapidly recover from catastrophic declines in density characteristic of the Clear Fork C. fluminea population are all life history traits associated with optimalization of reproduction and survival to maturity in highly unstable habitats. Such characteristics also account for this species' rapid spread through North American drainage systems and its nature as a biofouler of industrial raw water systems.

McMahon, R. F., and C. J. Williams. 1986. Growth, life cycle, upper thermal limit and downstream colonization rates in a natural population of the freshwater bivalve mollusc, Corbicula fluminea (M:uller), receiving thermal effluents. IN: Proceedings of the Second International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. American Malacological Bulletin Special Edition No. 2. pp. 231 239.

Quantitative bimonthly to monthly samples of Corbicula fluminea were collected from March 1981, through December 1982, from a power station's discharge canal receiving thermal effluents. Population density peaks occurred in the spring and fall, maximum density was 21, 930 clams/m². The population was completely eliminated at summer water temperatures >36^oC, the apparent absolute upper lethal limit of this species. The population became reestablished in the fall by passive hydrological transport of juveniles through the plant's steam condensers from an endemic intake population. Recolonization occurred only after temperature fell below 30^oC, suggesting that higher temperatures may inhibit successful settlement by young individuals. Recolonization was rapid, ranging from 319 clams/m²/day in 1981 to 522 clams/m²/day in 1982.

McMichael, D. F. 1952. The shells of rivers and lakes   II. The Australian Museum Magazine 10:397 401.

McMichael, D. F. and T. Iredale. 1959. The land and freshwater Mollusca of Australia. Monographiae Biologicae 8:224 245.

Bivalves belonging to the families Sphaeriidae and Corbiculidae are abundant and widespread, occurring nearly everywhere in ponds and streams. They also show a good deal of morphological variation which has resulted in the naming of many species (seventeen Corbiculina and fourteen sphaeriids) but possibly only a few widespread species actually exist. Corbiculina is not known so far from southwestern Australia.

McMillan, N. F. and T. Pain. 1974. A survey of the Mollusca of Lake Chad Central Africa. Revue de Zoologie Africaine 88(2):311 328.

Mollusca collected in 1966 from Lake Chad are listed and discussed. Living material of the following was obtained from the first time: several planorbids, Succinea sp., ancylids, and Caelatura sp., and has been studied in detail.

Corbicula tchadiensis von Martens, 1903, is amended (p. 323) and is reported as abundant at Malamforti in 1966. It is also reported from the River Yobe at Yo. It was found in abundance as a subfossil at Malamfatori and in dunes west of the lake. The systematics of African species of Corbicula are briefly discussed.

McMurray, S. E;., G. A. Schuster and B. A. Ramey. 1999. Possible decline in reproduction in a freshwater unionid (Mollusca: Bivalvia) community in the Licking River at Butler, Kentucky. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 60(2):67-72.

In the Licking River at Butler, Pendleton County, Kentucky, glochidia, fishes, and unionids were collected to analyze recruitment in an historically diverse unionid community. Only 14 unionid glochidia and 50 juvenile Corbicula fluminea, were collected with drift nets. No fishes collected had any evidence of glochidial infestation. A small percentage of the unionids collected (13.5%) had gills modified as marsupia. Sex ratios, stage of gametogenesis, and marsupial contents of two target species (Actinonaias ligamentina and Elliptio dilatata) were determined in the laboratory. Actinonaias ligamentina was found to exhibit a 1:1 male-to-female ratio; E. dilatata had a ratio statistically different from 1:1. Causal factors for this possible decline in reproduction were unclear.

Medler, S. 1998. Comparative Structure and Function of Intrinsic Gill Muscles in Freshwater Bivalve Molluscs. Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation, The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College (Baton Rouge). 112 pp. [see Dissertation Abstracts International Part B: Science and Engineering 59(6):2621.]

The lamellibranch gill is used for various vital functions ranging from food capture to ion regulation. The foundation for many of these functions is the transport of water through the gill. This dissertation examines the organization of intrinsic gill muscles and the associated connective tissue in the freshwater bivalve Dreissena polymorpha with comparisons made to Corbicula fluminea and Toxolasma texasensis. Gill muscles can be divided into two groups: those associated with the connective tissue sheets that underlie external and internal gill epithelia; and those encased in connective tissue bands oriented perpendicular to the bases of gill filaments. The sets of muscles are oriented to serve complementary functions of drawing filaments together and of reducing ostial openings, thus affecting water flow through the gill. The supportive tissue in the gills of each of the three species is composed of a similar extracellular matrix with interspersed muscle fibers. These matrices consist of a periodic acid Schiff-positive tissue supported by small collagen fibrils as determined by morphological and biochemical examination. The ultrastructure of the muscle fibers associated with the connective tissue corresponds with a known type of smooth muscle. The gill muscles of D. polymorpha contract in response to acetylcholine and FMRFamide but relax with serotonin application. External calcium is required for muscle contraction and a proper balance between NaCl and KCl is critical for the maintenance of maximal responsiveness. Acclimation to hyperosmotic conditions is dependent in part on the activity of a ouabain-sensitive Na[+]/K[+] ATPase. The gills of all three species show a common relationship between live gill area and dry body mass. Each of the animals have comparable ostial dimensions and possess the ability to control these dimensions through muscular tone. The similarity in structure and apparent function of the intrinsic gill muscles in each of the species examined suggests that the muscles are an important, conserved feature of the bivalve gill.

Medler, S. and H. Silverman. 1997. Muscular regulation of interfilament distance and ostial dimension in three species of freshwater bivalves. Journal of Shellfish Research 16(1):338-339.

Interfilament and ostial dimensions are important factors related to water flow across bivalve gills. Models for water movement often use a fixed estimate of these passages to estimate pump rate and interfilament water flow velocity. Yet, there is evidence that these flow passageways can change in shape and area over time in living gills. The organization of gill connective tissue and intrinsic musculature suggests that muscular control of interfilament distance and ostial area is possible in the three species examined here. Toxolasma texasensis (a freshwater unionid), Corbicula fluminea, and Dreissena polymorpha all have an intrinsic muscular system antagonized by a connective tissue skeleton. Specific musculature is organized such that contraction causes a change in interfilament distance and ostial area. The muscle-connective tissue arrangement in all three species is fundamentally similar. Video recordings of living excised gills reveal dynamic alteration of ostial size and shape in response to acetylcholine, FMRFamide, and serotonin. For D. polymorpha, exogenous acetylcholine and FMRFamide have excitatory effects while serotonin relaxes the musculature. These studies indirectly suggest a role for muscular regulation of water flow through the bivalve gill.

Medler, S. and H. Silverman. 1998. Extracellular matrix and muscle fibers in the gills of freshwater bivalves. Invertebrate Biology 117(4):288-298.

The supportive tissue in the gills of three species of freshwater bivalves (Corbicula fluminea, Dreissena polymorpha, and Toxolasma texasensis) is composed of a similar extracellular matrix with interspersed muscle fibers. These matrices consist of a periodic acid Schiff-positive tissue supported by small collagen fibrils as determined by morphological and biochemical examination. The periodicity observed in fibrils and the electrophoretic migration patterns are consistent with other collagens. The ultrastructure of the muscle fibers associated with the connective tissue corresponds with a known type of smooth muscle. The high degree of similarity between the tissues of these species suggests a similar, conserved function.

Medler, S. and H. Silverman. 2001. Muscular alteration of gill geometry in vitro: implications for bivalve pumping processes. Biological Bulletin 200(1):77-86.

In bivalves, water-pumping potential is determined both by ciliary activity and by the geometry of the system of passageways that acts as a conduit for water flow. Smooth muscles intrinsic to the gills of eulamellibranch bivalves possess the anatomical organization needed to regulate the dimensions of these water passageways. The tone of these muscles can be controlled experimentally using excitatory neurotransmitters to elicit muscle contraction and by removing Ca⁺⁺ from the Ringer's solution to induce muscular relaxation. These experimental methods were used to investigate the effects of smooth muscle tone on the gill dimensions of two freshwater bivalves, Dreissena polymorpha and Corbicula fluminea, and one marine bivalve, Mercenaria mercenaria. In addition, endoscopic observations were made from the suprabranchial chamber of a freshwater unionid, Lampsilis anodontoides. Contraction of gill muscles led to a significant reduction in interfilament width, internal ostial area, and the cross-sectional area of the water tubes. Endoscopic observation from minimally disturbed L. anodontoides revealed rapid constriction of the water tubes upon contraction of the muscles of the gill and gill axis. Taken together, these data support the idea that alteration of smooth muscle tone in the gill provides a mechanism for controlling water-pumping activities.

Meek, F. B. 1869. A preliminary list of fossils collected by Dr. Hayden in Colorado, New Mexico and California, with descriptions of a few new species. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 2:425 431.

Meek, F. B. 1870. Preliminary paleontological report consisting of lists of fossils, with descriptions of some new types. U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories (Hayden Survey), 4th Annual Report. pp. 287 318.

Meek, F. B. 1970. Description of fossils collected by the U. S. Geological Survey under the charge of Clerence King, Esq. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 22:56 64.

Meek, F. B. 1871. Collections from Missouri, Wyoming, Texas, etc. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 23:178 184.

Meek, F. B. 1871. Preliminary lists of the fossils collected by Dr. Hayden's Exploring Expedition of 1871, in Utah and Wyoming Territories, with descriptions of a few new species. United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories (Hayden Survey), 5th Annual Report. pp. 373 377.

Meek, F. B. 1873. Preliminary paleontological report, consisting of lists and descriptions of fossils, with remarks on the ages of the rocks in which they were found, etc. United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories (Hayden Survey), 6th Annual Report. pp. 431 541.

Meek, F. B. 1875. Notes on some fossils from near the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, west of Greeley and Evans, Colorado, and some others from about two hundred miles farther eastward, with descriptions of a few new species. Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories (Hayden Survey), Second Series, 1(1):39 47.

Meek, F. B. 1876. A report on the invertebrate Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils of the upper Missouri Country. United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories (Hayden Survey), Monograph 9. 626 pp.

Corbicula nebrascensis (Meek and Hayden, 1856) is reported and figured (pl. 43, figs. 2a, b) from the Judith River and the base of the Fort Union group, Moreau River, Dakota. Corbicula cytheriformis (Meek and Hayden, 1860) is reported and figured (pl. 40, fig. 5) from the Cretaceous, Bad Lands of the Judith River and the mouth of Musselshell River, Montana, as well as near Ft. Benton and 25 miles below Ft. Benton. Corbicula occidentalis (Meek and Hayden, 1856) is reported and figured (pl. 40, fig. 6) from the Cretaceous of the Bad Lands of Judith River, Montana. Corbicula (Leptesthes) subelliptica (Meek and Hayden, 1856) is referred to the subgenus (p. 523) and figured (pl. 43, fig. 9) and reported from the Judith River and Fort Union Lignite series, Cherry Creek, Dakota, and Crow Creek, Colorado. Corbicula (Leptesthes) subelliptica moreauensis (Meek and Hayden, 1856) comb. nov. is described (p. 524) and figured (pl. 43, figs. 1 2) from Judith River and Fort Union Lignite series, Moreau River, Dakota.

Meek, F. B. 1877. Paleontology. United States Geological Exploration to the 40th Parallel (King Survey). Report, Vol. 4, Part 1:1 197.

Meek, F. G. and F. V. Hayden. 1856. Descriptions of new species of Acephala and Gastropoda from the Tertiary formations of Nebraska Territory, with some general remarks on the geology of the country about the sources of the Missouri River. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 8:111 126.

Meek, F. B. and F. V. Hayden. 1856. Descriptions of new fossil species of Mollusca collected by Dr. F. V. Hayden in Nebraska territory; together with a complete catalogue of all the remains of Invertebrata hitherto described and identified from the Cretaceous and tertiary formations of that region. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 8:265 286.

Meek, F. B. and F. V. Hayden. 1860. Descriptions of new organic remains from the Tertiary, Cretaceous and Jurassic rocks of Nebraska. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 12:175 185.

Meek, F. B. and F. V. Hayden. 1860. Systematic catalogue, with synonymy, etc., of Jurassic, Cretaceous and tertiary fossils collected in Nebraska by the exploring expeditions under the command of Lieut. G. K. Warren, of U. S. Topographical Engineers. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 12:417 432.

Meijer, T. and R. C. Preece. 2000. A review of the occurrence of Corbicula in the Pleistocene of North-West Europe. Geologie en Mijnbouw 79(2-3):241-255.

Shells belonging to the bivalve genus Corbicula occur commonly in Pleistocene interglacial deposits in NW Europe. These have usually been identified as C. fluminalis, a modern species described from the Euphrates River, although the veracity of this specific attribution remains equivocal. Corbicula has nowadays a southern distribution, and laboratory studies indicate that it is thermophilous. It is also tolerant of brackish water, one of several attributes that make this an effective colonizer. In NW Europe, Corbicula is known from the Lower Pleistocene but is absent from the Cromerian Complex, occuring again in the three interglacials following the Anglian/Elsterian. It appears to be unknown from the last interglacial, except as derived fossils.

Meister, A. 1997. Lebenszyklus, Autoekologie und Populationsoekologie der Koerbchenmuscheln Corbicula fluminea und Corbicula fluminalis (Bivalvia, Corbiculidae) im Inselrhein [Life cycle, autecology and population ecology of the Asiatic clams Corbicula fluminea and Corbicula fluminalis (Bivalvia, Corbiculidae) in the river Rhine]. Umweltplan. Arbeits-Umweltschutz 238. Doctoral Dissertation, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt 170 pp.

Melville, J. C. and J. H. Ponsonby. 1898. A contribution towards a checklist of non marine molluscan fauna of South Africa. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 3(3):166 184.

Corbicula africana and Corbicula oliphantensis are reported from Cape Colony and Transvaal, South Africa, respectively.

Melville, J. C. and R. Standen. 1907. Notes on a collection of terrestrial and fluviatile Mollusca, made in northeastern Rhodesia, during 1905, by Mr. Sheffield A. Neave, M.A., B.Sc. Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society 51(2):1 16.

Melleville, M. 1843. M'emoires des sables tertiare ... Paris. (Paris).

Menke, C. T. 1827. Synopsis Methodica Molluscorum

Menke, C. T. 1830. Synopsis Methodica Molluscorum

Merricks, T. C. 2003. Ecotoxicological evaluation of hollow fill drainages in low order streams in the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia and West Virginia. Master of Sciene Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Blacksburg).

Merrill, A. S. 1970. Symposium on commercial marine molluscs of the United States. Bulletin of the American Malacological Union 1970:9 11.

The total world molluscan shellfish catch for 1967 included 55,000 tons of Corbicula and unionids (catch figures are not separated into individual species). The dominant country harvesting Corbicula and unionids was Japan which accounted for 42,000 tons.

Metcalf, A. L. 1966. Corbicula manilensis in the Mesilla Valley of Texas and New Mexico. The Nautilus 80(1):16 20.

Metcalf, A. L. and R. Smartt. 1972. Records of introduced mollusks: New Mexico and western Texas. The Nautilus 85(4):144 145.

Milam, C. D. 1996. Relating threshold responses of Corbicula fluminea to assess damage in resident mussel populations of the Ohio River basin. Master of Science Thesis, Arkansas State University. xiii+165 pp.

Milam, C. D. and J. L. Farris. 1998. Risk identification associated with iron-dominated mine discharges and their effect upon freshwater bivalves. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17(8):1611-1619.

The controlled release of a partially treated mine-water discharge dominated by iron was evaluated for impact on the aquatic community during July and August of 1993 in southeastern Ohio. The discovery of an endangered mussel species, Lampsilis abrupta, prompted further validation of a lowest observable effect concentration for the discharge as it was diluted by the Ohio River. In-stream monitoring detected no significant postrelease responses among individuals of the surrogate species Quadrula quadrula from sites above and below the release. To evaluate the effects of the mine water on bivalve mollusks, laboratory simulation of the controlled release conditions using artificial streams and 30 daily renewals of mine water revealed that cellulolytic activity of Corbicula fluminea was reduced in mine-water exposures as low as 1.25% (0.19 mg Fe[II]/L). Recovery was evaluated for 30 d after initial exposure and indicated that specific response thresholds for siphoning and bioconcentration were apparent for the bioavailable form of iron and that enzyme activity for exposed Corbicula could return to prestress conditions. Bivalve responses to this threshold limit for the iron-dominated mine effluent were compared to other standardized test responses (acute and chronic effects using Daphnia pulex, Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Pimephales promelas) and resulted in support of criteria for the bioavailable form of iron at 0.37 mg ferrous iron/L.

Miller, A. 1998. An Analysis of Freshwater Mussels (Unionidae) Along Luxapalila Creek, Mississippi. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station AD-a357 631 (Vicksburg, Mississippi). 24 pp.

In 1997 divers and waders were used to search for freshwater mussels in Luxapalila Creek between Steens, MS, and Waterworks Road bridge (River Mile 6.2). The purpose was to obtain information that could be used to assess the effectiveness of reasonable and prudent measures and their terms and conditions to reduce impacts to mussels caused by downstream channelization. In addition, results would be used to determine the likelihood of future losses (or incidental take) of federally listed mussel species in the project area. Luxapalila Creek is within the range of the following endemic mussels: Pleurobema perovatum (ovate clubshell mussel) and Plearobema decisum (southern clubshell mussel), listed as endangered; and Medionidus acutissimus (Alabama moccasinshell mussel) and Lampsilis perovalis (orange-nacre mucket mussel), listed as threatened Fifteen species of bivalves, including Corbicula fluminea (Asian clam), were collected. Two federally listed endemic species were found: live specimens of L. perovalis and shells of P. decisum. The most abundant living species were Quadrula asperata (Alabama orb) and Lampsilis straminea claiborensis (southern fatmucket), which comprised 44.3 and 19.3 percent of the fauna. The third most abundant species, Lampsilis ornata (southern pockethook), comprised slightly more than 10 percent of the collection, and the remaining 12 species (including C. fluminea) each comprised less than 6 percent of the fauna. The species list for this creek is now 25. When these results were compared with findings from a study conducted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in1992, it was determined that there have been few recent changes in the mussel community.

Miller, A. C. and J. L. Harris. 1987. Survey for Molluscs in the White River near Newport, Arkansas, 1986. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station (Vicksburg, Mississippi), WES/MP/EL-87-5. [NTIS No. AD-A182 973/8/GAR].

A survey for live molluscs and shells was made in the White River, near Newport, Arkansas. Molluscs were collected at 12 dredged material disposal sites. Twenty-four species of unionid molluscs, in addition to the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, were collected alive and seven additional species were found only as shells. The existing fauna is dominated by thick-shelled species, Uadrula pustulosa, Fusconaia ebena, Ellipsaria lineolata, Obovaria olivaria, and Obliquaria reflexa. The mussel fauna in this reach of the river has been stressed by maintenance dredging and to some extent by commercial harvesting and hypolimnetic reservoir releases upriver. However, evidence of recent recruitment was found for 10 species of unionids, many of which were collected in close proximity to previously dredged areas.

Miller, A. C. and P. D. Hartfield. 1988. Mussels of the East Fork of the Tombigbee, River, Monroe and Itawamba Counties, Mississippi. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station (Vicksburg, Mississippi). WES/MP/EL-88-8 [NTIS AD-A197 129/0/GAR]

The purpose of this study was to collect freshwater mussels and shells to evaluate the effects of various proposed water management measures on the freshwater mussels. Twenty-eight species of mussels, in addition to the exotic Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminae, were collected in nine reaches of the East Fork of the Tombigbee River, Monroe and Itawamba Counties, Mississippi, in September 1987. Seventeen species, including C. fluminea, were collected alive, and 12 species were found only as shells. The mid and lower reaches were characterized by pool-riffle sequences, exposed gravel shoals, and a rich fauna dominated by Amblema plicata and Megalonaias gigantea. A fresh shell of Epioblasma penita, listed as endangered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service, was found near the confluence of Bull Mountain Creek.

Miller, A. C. and B. S. Payne. 1991. Investigation of Freshwater Mussels (Unionidae) in the Tennessee River below Kentucky Lock and Dam. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station (Vicksburg, Mississippi), WES/TR/EL-91-8. [NTIS AD-A240 265/9/GAR]]

A survey to assess community characteristics, density, population demography of dominant species, and the likelihood of finding endangered species of freshwater mussels (Unionidae) was conducted in the lower Tennessee River. Data were collected to analyze environmental impact of construction and operation of a second lock at Kentucky Lock and Dam, RM 22.4. Twenty-three species and 4,768 freshwater mussels were obtained in 287 qualitative collections. The bivalve fauna was dominated by two thick-shelled species, Amblema plicata (39.43 percent) and Fusconaia ebena (39.41 percent). Six species comprised 1 to 10% of the collection, and 15 species made up less than 1% of the collection. No Federally listed endangered species were found. Species diversity was moderate, and evenness was low Unionid density at six sites in the area to be dredged ranged from 9.2 to 128.0 individuals per square meter. Corbicula fluminea density ranged from 6.0 to 26.4 individuals per square meter, which was considerably less than values reported in this river reach in 1969. The total commercial value of four species (A. plicata, Megalonaias nervosa, F. ebena , and Quadrula quadrula) within the area the will be dredged was estimated at $101,707. Total density of snails ranged from 8.0 to 86.8 individuals per square meter; the fauna was dominated by Pleurocera canaliculatum, with lesser numbers of Lithasia armigera and L. verrucosa. Impacts due to construction and operation of the second lock can be partially offset by creating submerged habitats with dredged materials along an eroding bank downriver of the lock and dam.

Miller, A. C. and B. S. Payne. 1991. Phase 2 Studies: Impacts of Commercial Navigation Traffic on Freshwater Mussels at the W.H. Zimmer Station, 1989-90 Baseline Studies. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station (Vicksburg, Mississippi), WES/TR/EL-91-12.

Qualitative and quantitative baseline data were obtained at nine and six sites, respectively, at a mussel bed located on the Ohio River near the W. H. Zimmer Station, in July 1989 and September 1990. This information, in conjunction with data to be collected after the power plant has operated for at least 1 year, will be used to assess the effects of coal deliveries by barge on freshwater mussels. Total species richness (24) was similar to that at other large-river mussel beds. Average unionid density ±SD) at RM 444.4 and RM 444.6 (36.7 ± 45.9 + 14.8 individuals/sq m, respectively) was slightly less than typical value at similar habitats. The unionid fauna consisted almost entirely of thick-shelled species and was dominated by Pleurobema cordatum, Quadrula metanevra, and Quadrula pustulosa. The assemblage was characterized by an equitable distribution of species with no clear dominants. Corbicula fluminea (1,227.7 ± 274.2 and 915.2 ± 155.5 individuals/m² at RM 444.4 and 444.6, respectively) outnumbered unionids, although there was no evidence of competition (either in terms of density or biomass) between native and nonnative bivalves. Population of dominant unionids consisted of large numbers of intermediate-sized individuals and moderate to low numbers of juveniles and adults. All had multiple age classes and showed evidence of moderately strong recruitment by several recent year classes.

Miller, A. C., B. S. Payne, and D. W. Aldridge. 1986. Characterization of a bivalve community in the Tangipahoa River, Mississippi. The Nautilus 100(1):18 22.

On 5 July 1983, a quantitative collection of bivalves was made at the Tangipahoa River in southern Mississippi. Although river water was extremely soft and the substratum and water quality were good, a diverse and healthy mollusc community was found. In addition to Corbicula, five species of unionids (Fusconaia flava, Quadrula pustulosa, Elliptio crassidens, Tritogonia verrucosa, and Villosa sp.) were taken. Numerically, Corbicula (8.93/m²) outnumbered total unionids (1.24/m²). However, the dominant feature of the benthic biomass were the unionids with a total tissue dry mass of 1704.5 mg/m² as compared with 1015.0 mg/m² for Corbicula.

Miller, A. C., B. S. Payne, and T. Siemsen. 1986. Description of the habitat of the endangered mussel Plethobasus cooperianus. The Nautilus 100(1):14 18.

A total of 26 species of unionids, in addition to Corbicula, were collected at a mussel bed on the Ohio River near Olmstead, Illinois. The bed was dominated by Corbicula (1475/m², 128.2 g/m² of Tissue Dry Mass, TDM) and Fusconaia ebena (66.0/m²; 39.7 g/m² TDM) although eight other unionids, Amblema plicata, Elliptio dilatatus, Leptodea fragilis, Ligumia recta, Megalonaias gigantea, Pleurobema cordatum, Potamilus alatus, and Truncilla donaciformis were also judged common. In addition, three live specimens of the Orange footed Pimpleback Mussel, Plethobasus cooperianus, federally listed as endangered, were indentified. All appeared healthy and were adult sized, ranging in total shell length from 68 to 74 mm. While there are no records of recent recruitment for P. cooperianus, it appears that this mussel bed, which contains a diverse community of bivalves in addition to a dense population of Corbicula, provides good habitat for this endangered species.

Miller, A. C., L. Rhodes and R. Tippet. 1984. Changes in the naiad fauna of the Cumberland River below Lake Cumberland in central Kentucky. The Nautilus 98(3):107 110.

A survey for live mussels was conducted below Wolf Creek Dam, miles 460.8 to 393.2, on the Cumberland River, Kentucky, on 21 23 October 1982. The purpose of the study was to determine if mussel recruitment had taken place following completion of the dam in 1952. The only live bivalves found were Corbicula fluminea, Cumberlandia monodonata and Cyclonaias tuberculata. Physical and chemical factors which include very cold (less than 20^oC throughout the year), nutrient poor release waters from Lake Cumberland plus turbulent flow and fluctuating water levels contribute to conditions unsuitable for maintenance of reproducing populations of naiad molluscs in this portion of the river.

Miller, G. H., J. T. Hollin and J. T. Andrews. 1979. Aminostratigraphy of UK Pleistocene deposits. Nature (London) 281:539 543.

Ratios of D alloisoleucine to L isoleucine were determined on freshwater molluscs (Corbicula fluminalis) from 13 interglacial sites in southeast England and on marine molluscs (Macoma sp., Mya sp., and Arctica sp.) and foraminifera from 10 sites in East Anglica. The sequences include: the Ipswichian, then either 1 or 2 interglacials that may be younger than the classical Hoxnian, the Pleistocene Crags, and the Pliocene Coralline Crag.

Miller, L. G. 1979. A Benthic Macroinvertebrate Faunal Investigation in Kentucky Lake and Barkley Lake, Kentucky. Master of Science Thesis, Murray State University (Murray, Kentucky). 90 pp. [Also published as NTIS PB300635]

Kentucky Lake and Barkley Lake exhibit several factors in common concerning their benthic macroinvertebrate communities. Both reservoirs are inhabited by faunas that are typical of mainstream, flow through reservoirs. Biomass is largely dominated by Hexagenia bilineata with chironomids, oligochaetes, and molluscs (Sphaerium and Corbicula) also contributing major portions. Environmental factors (substratum, wave action, current, dissolved oxygen, temperature) and biological factors (behavior of ovipositing females, migration) were important factors influencing benthic macroinvertebrate distribution in both reservoirs. Seasonal trends in total numbers and biomass reflected insect life and fish predation. Barkley Lake differed from Kentucky Lake in producing greater numbers of benthic organisms, particularly dipterans. Despite the difference in total numbers, both reservoirs appeared to produce a nearly equal amount of biomass. Differences in benthic productivity and relative abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates in Kentucky Lake and Barkley Lake may be related to the amount and type of detritus which is a function of reservoir age and drainage basin characteristics.

Miller, R. C. and F. A. McClure. 1931. The fresh water clam industry of the Pearl River. Lingnan Science Journal 10(2/3):307 322.

The aquaculture of Corbicula manilensis in the Pearl River, Canton, China is described with reference to methods of collecting the clams, clam culture beds, feeding the clams, the retail trade, the manufacture of lime from the shells, and biology and conservation.

Miller, S. A. 1880. Mesozoic and Caenozoic geology and paleontology. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History 3:9 32.

Cyrena intermedea (Meek and Hayden, 1856) is now Corbicula nebrascensis Miller (p. 25) and is reported from Moreau River. Corbicula? nucalis (Meek, 1870) is reported from the Dakota Cretaceous, 12 miles southwest of Salina, Kansas. Cyrena occidentalis Meek and Hayden, 1856 is referred to Corbicula occidentalis (Meek and Hayden, 1856) (p. 21) and is reported from the Bad Lands of the Judith River. Cyrena moreauensis Meek and Hayden, 1856 is referred to Corbicula moreauensis (Meek and Hayden, 1856) (p. 21) and is reported from the Moreau River.

Miller, S. A. 1880. Mesozoic and Caenozoic geology and paleontology. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History 3:79 118.

Miller, S. A. 1880. Mesozoic and Caenozoic geology and paleontology. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History 3:165 202.

Miller, S. A. 1880. Mesozoic and Caenozoic geology and paleontology. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History 3:245 288.

Miller, W. A., E. R. Atwill, I. A. Gardner, M. A. Miller, H. M. Fritz, R. P. Hedrick, A. C. Melli, N. M. Barnes and P. A. Conrad. 2005. Clams (Corbicula fluminea) as bioindicators of fecal contamination with Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in freshwater ecosystems in California. International Journal for Parasitology. 35(6):673-84.

This study evaluated clams as bioindicators of fecal protozoan contamination using three approaches: (i) clam tissue spiking experiments to compare several detection techniques; (ii) clam tank exposure experiments to evaluate clams that had filtered Cryptosporidium oocysts from inoculated water under a range of simulated environmental conditions; (iii) sentinel clam outplanting to assess the distribution and magnitude of fecal contamination in three riverine systems in California. Our spiking and tank experiments showed that direct fluorescent antibody (DFA), immunomagnetic separation (IMS) in combination with DFA, and PCR techniques could be used to detect Cryptosporidium in clam tissues. The most analytically sensitive technique was IMS concentration with DFA detection of oocysts in clam digestive gland tissues, which detected 10 oocysts spiked into a clam digestive gland 83% of the time. In the tank experiment, oocyst dose and clam collection time were significant predictors for detecting Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in clams. In the wild clam study, Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected in clams from all three study regions by IMS-DFA analysis of clam digestive glands, with significant variation by sampling year and season. The presence of C. parvum DNA in clams from riverine ecosystems was confirmed with PCR and DNA sequence analysis.

Mills, H. B., W. C. Starrett and F. C. Bellrose. 1966. Man's effect on the fish and wildlife of the Illinois River. Illinois Natural History Survey Biological Notes No. 57:1 25.

Minato, M. 1950. On some Paleogene fossils in Hokkaido. Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 56(655):157 159.

The echinoid Linthia yessoensis sp. nov. is described and Corbicula sunagawaensis is discussed.

Minckley, W. J., J. E. Johnson, R. N. Rinne and S. E. Willoughby. 1970. Foods of Buffalofishes, genus Ictiobus, in central Arizona. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 99:333 342.

Intestinal tracts of 541 buffalofishes, genus Ictiobus (428 bigmouth, 57 black, and 56 smallmouth) caught in 1966 1969 in central Arizona reservoirs were analyzed. Bigmouth buffalo (I. cyprinellus) from Roosevelt and Apache lakes fed mostly on planktonic algae and crustaceans, with indications of a near bottom feeding habit. Black (I. niger) and smallmouth (I. bubalus) buffalo fed on benthic macroinvertebrates, with molluscs (including Corbicula sp.) being the most important group utilized by both species.

Mitropolskie, V. L. 1963. Distribution of benthos in the Rybinsk Reservoir. Akademiia Nauk S.F.R. 1963:68 75.

Miyadi, D. 1932. Studies on the bottom fauna of Japanese lakes. 1. Lakes of the Kwanto Plain. Japanese Journal of Zoology (Tokyo) 4:1 40.

Miyadi, D. 1932. Studies on the bottom fauna of Japanese lakes. 2. Lakes of the Japan Sea coast of southern Honshyu. Japanese Journal of Zoology (Tokyo) 4:41 47.

Miyadi, D. 1932. Studies on the bottom fauna of Japanese lakes. 9. Lakes of the Yodogawa basin. Japanese Journal of Zoology (Tokyo) 4:289 313.

Miyake, M. 1959. Physiological studies on the shell movements of bivalves 2. Behavior of shell fish to ethyl alcohol. Contributions from the Department of Fisheries of Kyushu University No. 1.

Miyake, M. and K. Hayashi. 1961. Vitamin B group in the extracts of Mollusca I. On vitamin B 6. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 27:458 460.

Of the vitamin B group in the tissue extracts of aquatic animals, vitamin B₆ was studied by bioassay on the relation between the content and methods of extraction, molluscan species, and degree of tissue freshness. Among three methods of extraction (boiling water, trichloroacetic acid, tungstic acid), boiling water was found to be the most suitable for extracting the greater protion of viotamin B₆ [Corbicula leana extracts were of equal value for boiling water and trichloroacetic acid and less for tungstic acid]. Vitamin B₆ content in extracts increased with time during storage, but this may have been the result of contamination by vitamin B₆ producing bacteria.

Miyasaka, Y. 1949. Influence of water level on fish production in Suwa Lake. Suwako [a newspaper] 3, 20 October 1949. pp. 1 2.

Miyauchi, K., M. Matsumiya and A. Mochizuki. 2000. Yamatoshizimi rizochimu no seisei to seishitsu [Purification and characterization of lysozyme from brackishwater clam Corbicula japonica. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries [Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi] 66(2):275-281. [Japanese with English summary]

Lysozyme was purified from brackishwater clam Corbicula japonica by sequential procedures with ammonium sulfate fractionation, and chitopearl basic BL-01 affinity, hydroxyapatite, S-Sepharose Fast Flow, and CM-toyopearl 650S column chromatographies. The purified enzyme showed a single protein band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), and its molecular weight was estimated to be 12,000 by SDS-PAGE. Optimum pH of the enzyme was 4.8 toward Micrococcus lysodeikticus cells. The optimum temperature was 70^oC. The enzyme was stable in the range of pH 3.0-6.8 and 20-90^oC, respectively. The specific activity of the enzyme toward M. lysodeikticus cells was 256-fold higher than that of hen egg white lysozyme. The N-terminal amino acid sequence and amino acid composition of the enzyme were not similar to those of hen egg white lysozyme, suggesting a genetical difference of both enzymes.

Miyazaki, I. 1936. On the development of bivalves belonging to the genus Corbicula. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 5:249 254. [Japanese with an English summary] [Translation available as NTIS No. ORNL tr 4587]

Japanese species of Corbicula are placed into three categories on the basis of their habitat and sexual characteristics. Group I contains Corbicula leana, Corbicula producta, Corbicula awajiensis, and Corbicula insularis. All of these species are freshwater, monoecious, and incubatory. Group II contains only Corbicula sandai which is freshwater, dioecious, and probably non incubatory. Group III contains Corbicula japonica, Corbicula japonica nipponensis, Corbicula japonica sadoensis, Corbicula elatior, Corbicula illuminea (sic. = fluminea), Corbicula maxima, and Corbicula (Cyrenodonax) formosana. All of these are from brackish water, monoecious, and probably non incubatory.

Mizoguchi, K., M. Kagawa, M. Nakamura and K. Sato. 2000. Forms of vitamin B₁₂ compounds containing sulfitoB₁₂ in Corbiculas. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 46(2):97-100.

Forms of vitamin B₁₂ (B12) compounds in young and aged corbiculas were examined by bioautography using B12-requiring microorganisms combined with cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis or high-performane liquid chromatography (HPLC). Both Corbiculas (per 100 g) contained ca. 30 μg of cobalamin, a complete type of B12. Five known B12 compounds, adenosylB12 (AdoB12), methylB12, hydroxoB12, sulfitoB12 and cyanoB12, were identified by bioautography. Young Corbicula contained more B12 compounds, assumed as methylB12, AdoB12 and sulfitoB12, as compared to aged Corbicula. All of the B12 compounds detected around the location corresponding to those of methylB12, AdoB12 and sulfitoB12 in the bioautography were converted into compounds that behaved like hydroxoB12 after photolysis. Young corbicula was found to contain an unidentified B12 compound using bioautography combined with HPLC. A large portion of the B12 compound that moved like hydroxoB12 during cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis using 0.5 N acetic acid might be identical with the unidentified B12 compound detected in the HPLC-bioautography.

Mizumoto, M. 1950. Setashijimi no zoshoku ni kansuru kenkyu (dai1po) [Studies on the multiplication of “Seta-shijimi”, Corbicula sandai Reinhardt. (Report 1)]. Science Reports of the Shiga Prefecture Fisheries Experiment Station 1:26-33.

Seta-shijimi is an endemic bivalve to Lake Biwa and the Seta-River. Though it is the most productive in the mussels of Lake Biwa, its ecology has not yet been well known. Our studies has focused to this point as to contribute toward this most important mussel fishing. It is supposed that the spawning season of the species occurs from the end of April to the end of June. However judging from the fact that matured eggs are found in the mussels all the year round, it seems probable that eggs are laid at any season, but it did not succeeded to determine the process of spawning. The ratio of growth is now working on. It usually inhabits the sandy bottom: smaller than 1.5 cm in shell-length are found in most cases on the sandy bottom mixed with pebbles, while larger ones are abundant on the sand or muddy habitat. The depths of the habitat are usually 2 to 5 meters: the smaller ones being found mostly on the bottom shallower than 3 meters, while the larger are most abundant on the bottom of 4-5 meters deeper.

Mizuno, A., Y. Sumi and Y. Suzuki. 1966. A preliminary study on the sedimentary environment and bottom fauna of the lake Shinji ko, a brackish lake on the Japan sea coast of western Honshu, Japan. Reports of the Geological Survey of Japan 214:1 29. [Japanese with an English summary]

Preliminary studies are reported on the relationship among bottom fauna (including Corbicula sandai) with physico chemical and sedimentological environments, particularly to the facies analysis of the non marine geologic column. Bottom materials, hydrography and bottom fauna, especially corbiculid fauna, are described. Their interrelationships are discussed on the oligohaline brackish Lake Shinji ko, based upon field observations carried out in early August 1963 and laboratory works thereafter.

Mizuno, T., R. Nanbu and H. Sekiguchi. 2005. Population dynamics of the brackish water Clam Corbicula japonica in Kiso Estuaries, Central Japan. Nihon Suisan Gakkai shi/Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 71(2):151-160.

Mochizuki, A. and M. Matsumiya. 1983. Lysozyme activity in shellfishes. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 49(1):131 136. [Japanese with English summary]

Lysozyme distributions in the shellfishes Tapes philippinarum, Meretrix lusoria, Corbiculina leana, Crassostrea gigas, Norodotis discus, Scapharca broughtnii, Mytilus edulis, Anodonta japonica, Cristaria plicata, Charonia sauliae and Batillus cornutus were investigated. Lysozyme was chromatographed on a chitin coated cellulose column. The enzyme activity was assayed with Micrococcus lysodeikicus cells and by the ferricyanide method with glycol chitin as a substrate.

Lysozyme was found in the liver and muscle of 5 shellfish species and in the gill and mucus of 4 species. High lysozyme activity was found in the whole body of M. edulis and C. plicata. The C. leana lysozyme showed maximum activity at pH 4.5 and 65oC, the enzyme was completely inactive. The activity of C. leana lysozyme was inhibited by incubation with Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Mn²⁺, Hg²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Ni²⁺ but slightly enhanced by Mg²⁺, Ba²⁺, and Zn²⁺.

Modin, J. C. 1968. Pesticide concentrations in California bays and estuaries. Marine Biology Association of India Symposium on Mollusca, Part II. pp. 519 530.

Modin, J. C. 1969. Residues in fish, wildlife, and estuaries. Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides in California bays and estuaries. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 3(1):1 7.

Pesticide residues (DDE, DDD, DDT, Dieldrin, Endrin) are reported for Corbicula fluminea from West Island and False River, San Francisco Bay estuary.

Moellendorff, O. F. von. 1875. Jahrbuch der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft 2:134.

Cyrena (Corbicula) fluminea is discussed.

Moellendorff, O. F. von. 1888. Materialien zur fauna von China. Malakozoologische Blätter 10:132 143.

Moellendorff, O. F. von. 1891. On the land and freshwater shells of Perak. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1891:330 348.

Corbicula malaccensis Deshayes is reported from the Kinta Valley and Malacca.

Moeller, M. L. 1993. Effects of some non-oxidizing molluscicides on oxygen consumption rates in Dreisena polymorpha (Pallas) and Corbicula fluminea (Müller). Master of Science Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington. xii+118 pp.

Moghraby, A. I. El and M. E. Adam. 1983. Ring formation and annual growth in Corbicula consobrina Caillaud, 1827 (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae). Hydrobiologia 110: 219 226.

The growth rate of Corbicula consobrina of the White Nile near Khartoum was studied during March December 1977 from material collected from fish guts every two months. It was found that the growth season extends from February to July in correlation with the rise in temperature. Food was abundant and the concentration of the dissolved calcium in the river water was also increasing. During the flood season (July to October) the clams entered a resting state as a result of the annual siltation and consequently growth was arrested. Growth rings were formed as a result of the siltation induced resting state. There is evidence that little growth occurred during the cooler months from October to December. The development of false growth rings may be a result of changes in water levels. Analysis of growth of adult clams showed a clear size time relationship; there was close agreement between the calculated maximum sizes and the actual data collected from the field. Other examples from Sudanese inland waters were also discussed. The role of the annual hydrological cycles in regulating the population's activities and hence the growth of individual clams was found to be important.

Moghraby, A. I. El and M. E. Adam. 1984. Ring formation and annual growth in Corbicula consobrina Caillaud, 1827 (Bivalvia, Corbiculidae). Limnology and Marine Biology in the Sudan, Developments in Hydrobiology (21):219-225.

The growth of C. consobrina of the White Nile near Khartoum was

Monteillet, J. and J.  C. Rosso. 1977. Distribution of present day testaceous fauna (mollusks and cirriped crustaceans) in the lower valley and delta of the Senegal River. Bulletin de l'Institut Fundamental d'Afrique Noire, Serie A, Sciences Naturelles 39(4):788 820. [French with French summary]

Because comparison of ancient and contemporary biodetrital deposits can indicate the past and future development of the environment, the lower Senegal River was studied to determine Quaternary development. The geographic and fluvial characteristics of the lower Senegal are given, as is the biological environment, including salinity, mineralization, ion balance and pH of the water and characteristics of the substratum. Stations from which samples were taken are listed. The relationship of the fauna with the substratum and of salinity with the malacological fauna distribution, and the consequences of human settlement in the lower Senegal are discussed. Current and Quaternary malacological fauna of the lower Senegal are compared with that of other African lagoons and estuaries. Species of bivalves in the Corbicula, as well as others, are discussed.

Mood, R. L. 2004. The impact of introduced bivalves, Corbicula fluminea and Dreissena polymorpha, on native benthic macroinvertebrates. Master of Science Thesis, Stephen F. Austin State University. xi + 103 pp.

Moore, J. E. S. 1898. The molluscs of the great African lakes. I. Distribution. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, N.S. 41(1):159 180.

Corbicula spp. are reported from Lake Albert, Lake Edward, Lake Nyassa, Lake Victoria, and Lake Tanganyika.

Mora, P. 1998. Characterisation of the cholinesterases from three aquatic bivalves: Mytilus galloprovincialis, Mytilus edulis and Corbicula fluminea. 8th Annual Meeting of Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry -Europe, Bordeaux, France, 14-18 April.

Mora, P., D. Fournier and J. F. Narbonne. 1999. Cholinesterases from the marine mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk. and M. edulis L. from the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea Müller. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part C, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology 122(3):353-361.

In order to improve the molecular basis for the use of bivalve cholinesterases as a reliable biomarker for aquatic pollution, the polymorphism and characterization of these enzymes in Mytilus edulis, Mytilus galloprovincialis and Corbicula fluminea were investigated. All results are consistent with the presence of only one pharmacological form of cholinesterase in each species. The molecular masses were 180 kDa for the two marine mussels and 240 kDa for C. fluminea. The cholinesterases are anchored to the membrane by a glycosyl inositol phosphate like the Ga form (type I) described in vertebrates. Surprisingly, these cholinesterases were poorly inhibited by organophosphorous compounds compared to enzymes from other sources. This suggests that these bivalves could be used as a biomarker for acute rather than chronic contaminations by anticholinesterase insecticides.

Mora, P., X. Michel and J.-F. Narbonne. 1999. Cholinesterase activity as potential biomarker in two bivalves. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 7(4):253-260.

In this study, the pH, temperature and substrate specificity for cholinesterases (ChE) assay in two bivalves was optimized: the Spanish mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea. The optimal values found are pH 7, 25^oC, 2 mM of acetylthiocholine (ASCh) as substrate for M. galloprovincialis and pH 8, 25^oC, 5 mM propionylthiocholine (PrSCh) for C. fluminea. The apparent K_m are 30 and 70 μM for the two bivalves, respectively. In comparison with some other crustaceans and fishes, the levels of ChE activity were found to be low. The in vitro and in vivo sensitivities of the ChEs activity toward two well known pesticides: carbaryl and methylparathion (or its oxon derived form) are comparable to that observed in fishes but less than that found in crustaceans. Although further studies should be done, and other contaminants tested, the studied bivalves can be considered as interesting ‘sentinel’ species in the monitoring of the acute water contamination by pesticides.

Mora, P., X. Michel, J. F. Narbonne, O. Donard, P. Garrigues and J. Fournier. 1997. Mise au point et utilisation des activites cholinesterasiques de deux bivalves aquatiques comme marqueur biochimique de pollution [Characterization and use of cholinesterase activity in two aquatic molluscs as biochemical marker of pollution].