Corbicula an annotated bibliography 1774 2005

A future shift in consideration of power plant   Corbicula and power plants: (1) as a fouling agent; (2) as an important part of the natural ecosystem; and (3) as a potential species for use in waste heat aquaculture.

The first two of these interactions are essentially negative in character, since they involve avoidance of impacts either of Corbicula on power plant operation or of power plant operation on Corbicula. Condenser fouling by these clams has been controlled by mechanical means or by continuous chlorination. Our data support the potential for using heated water to control fouling and a model for determining required thermal dosing is presented. Exposure of clams to 43^oC for 30 min. is predicted to result in 100% mortality. Preliminary data also indicate potential for control by combining simultaneous short term exposure to hot water and chlorine. A thermal tolerance parallelogram is used to define limits of acute and chronic thermal exposures which will protect Corbicula in discharge areas. These limits are related to operational specifications which should be applied to power plants to prevent thermal impact.

The third of the interactions is essentially positive in character; determining the ability of Corbicula to increase utilization of the energy released during generation of electricity. There is a potential for Corbicula to contribute to waste heat polyculture systems based on filtration rate and growth studies. The high filtration rate (1 l/hr for clams about 25 mm shell length at 24^oC), rapid growth (1 g tissue wet weight/yr), and potential to exist at high densities support an optimistic projection for the use of Corbicula in aquaculture systems and substantiate the need for more extensive research into these areas.

Mattice, J. S. 1983. Freshwater macrofouling and control with emphasis on Corbicula. IN: Symposium on Condenser Macrofouling Control Technologies: The State of the Art, I. A. Diaz Tous, M. J. Miller and Y. G. Mussalli, Eds. Electric Power Research Institute CS 3343 (Palo Alto, California). pp. 4.1   4.30.

Although macrofouling control has been viewed primarily as a marine or estuarine problem, significant incidents of macrofouling have occurred at power plants sited on freshwater bodies. One category of fouling results when organisms are swept onto traveling screens and interfere with water flow. Such problems, which have involved algae, aquatic plants, and fish are generally treated as trash or impingement problems and are thus not discussed in detail. The second category of fouling results when organisms enter the plant and then grow to a size large enough to interrupt or impede power plant operation. Such problems in freshwaters have been caused almost exclusively by Corbicula. Corbicula (1) has an early life history stage which is subject to long range transport, is small, and has a byssus for attachment, (2) grows rapidly to fouling size, (3) matures at an early age, (4) is fecund, (5) feeds by filtering particles from the water and (6) can isolate itself from the environment by closing its shell so that it can survive relatively long exposure to pernicious environmental conditions or toxicants. These characteristics enhance its fouling ability. Fouling control has been attempted using physical/mechanical and chemical techniques, but no foolproof combination has been developed. Evidence also suggests that biological techniques (e.g., control by pathogens) may have some potential for development. Ultimate control of the clams may involve a blend of all three techniques, following Integrated Past Management strategies developed for agriculture.

Mattice, J. S. and W. Bosworth. 1979. Modified venturi suction sampler for collecting Asiatic clams. Progressive Fish Culturist 41(3):121 123.

A device for collecting quantitative samples of Corbicula sp. is described. The sampler is a modified venturi that is normally operated by a diver using SCUBA. Constriction of the water flow in the sampler supplies a pressure differential, causing water to be sucked in through a side arm. Water to operate the venturi is supplied by a gasoline powered pump on a boat, and is conducted to the sampler by a flexible fire hose 7.6 cm (3 in) in diameter. The sampler is constructed of PVC. Suction lifts the substratum and associated clams from a sampling frame placed upon the bottom and the main water stream carries the clams through a discharge arm to a mesh collection bag. The sampler is efficient in gravel or rocky substrata, is not depth limited, is inexpensive and easy to construct, and permits the collection of large samples (0.25 m²). Its use permits the accurate density estimates required for population and community studies.

Mattice, J. S. and L. L. Dye. 1975. Thermal Tolerance of the Adult Asiatic Clam Corbicula manilensis (Mollusca: Bivalvia). United States Energy Research and Development Administration, NTIS No. CONF 750425 5. 32 pp.

Mattice, J. S. and L. L. Dye. 1975. Thermal tolerance of the adult Asiatic clam. IN: Thermal Ecology II, G. W. Esch and R. W. McFarlane, Eds. National Technical Information Service CONF 750425 (Springfield, Virginia). pp. 130 135.

Aspects of high  and low temperature tolerance of Corbicula manilensis acclimated to temperatures ranging from 5 to 32^oC were studied. Groups of 20 adult clams were exposed (l) continuously to high temperatures (24 to 39^oC), (2) continuously to lower temperatures between 37 and 43^oC. Mortality was determined by lack of response to prying open the valves. Exposure to temperatures between 40^oC (5^oC acclimation) and 43^oC (30^oC acclimation) for 30 min caused 100% mortality. For continuous exposures, upper tolerance limits (50%) were between 24^oC (5^oC acclimation) and 34^oC (30^oC acclimation) and lower tolerance limits were between 2^oC (15^oC acclimation) and 12^oC (30^oC acclimation). Relationships between acclimation and resistance temperatures were linear. The upper incipient lethal temperature was 34^oC. use of results at 24 and 48 hr (and 96 hr for long term heat stress) yielded significant overestimates of tolerance limits.

Mattice, J. S., L. L. Eng and B. N. Collier. 1979. Corbicula 1979: A bibliography. IN: Proceedings of the First International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. Texas Christian University Research Foundation (Ft. Worth). pp. 289 313.

An international bibliography of papers concerning bivalves in the genus Corbicula. The papers are keyed by subject area.

Mattice, J. S., R. B. McLean and M. B. Burch. 1982. Evaluation of short term exposure to heated water and chlorine for control of the Asiatic clam. Oak Ridge National Laboratory Publication No. 1748, Environmental Sciences Division. xi + 34 pp. [Also NTIS No. DE82010333]

Based on results of preliminary observations and on the need for development of efficient procedures for prevention or control of fouling by Corbicula fluminea, their response to chlorine in combination with rapid increases in water temperature was examined. Small clams (6.9 l7.6 mm shell length [SL] were acclimated to 10 and 25^oC, and large clams (23 35 mm SL) were acclimated to 25^oC. Experiments with each of these acclimation groups consisted of a replicated 4 x 4 block design with variables of total residual chlorine concentration (0, 5, 7.5, and 10 mg/L target concentrations) and test temperature (ambient and 3 test temperature in the flow through system was shifted 10 min before chlorine application was initiated so that periods of exposure to increased temperature and chlorine were 40 and 30 min respectively. Behavior of clams was observed periodically before and during the exposures to heated water and chlorine.

Clam mortalities were related to water temperature but not to chlorine exposure. At high temperatures (41 42^oC for small clams acclimated to 10^oC; 43^oC for small clams acclimated to 25^oC; and 39 42^oC for large clams acclimated to 25^oC) at least 50% of the clams remained open through the entire chlorine exposure period. At higher temperatures all of the clams remained open. Even in cases in which clams remained open for the entire 30 min chlorine exposure period, all clams were not killed. However, virtually all clams exposed to 41 43^oC water temperatures were killed whether open or closed during the exposure period. Death due to temperature shock is the logical conclusion from these data. Combined application of heated water and chlorine concentrations that we used is not more effective in killing C. fluminea than is heated water alone. Current regulations of the USEPA on both the concentration of chlorine in power plant effluent and the total time that chlorine can appear in these effluents indicate that further studies of control of C. fluminea using chlorine offer little likelihood for success.

Mattice, J. S. and L. L. Wright. 1985. Aspects of growth of Corbicula fluminea with supporting field and laboratory growth data. Oak Ridge National Laboratory Publication No. 2427, Environmental Sciences Division. 64 pp.

Studies of caged Corbicula fluminea in Watts Bar Reservoir (Clinch River) indicate that interaction of intrinsic and extrinsic factors affects the rate of increase in shell length. Measurements of marked and unmarked clams were made at two sites with water temperature differing by about 5^oC in both 1976 and 1977, and at lower temperature sites in 1978 and early 1979. The growth season in Watts Bar began in April and continued through October. From November through March, growth virtually ceased. Increase in shell length was an inverse linear function of initial shell length; (i.e., small clams grew faster than large ones). Rate of shell length increase differed between the two sites. Growth rate also varied during the growth season. Comparison of these rates for a single site during the year indicated that temperature plays a major role in growth rate determination. A decline in growth rate in spring, at about the time of peak reproduction, indicates that intrinsic factors are also important. Nevertheless, both laboratory and field studies suggest that the temperature for optimum growth occur in the mid 20^oC range. Because of this relationship between growth and temperature, estimates of both growth and life cycle length will vary depending on the natural annual temperature regime. Such differences could influence decisions regarding initiation of control procedures at industrial facilities. Tables of individual shell length measurements, calculated growth rates and statistical evaluations from laboratory and field tests are included in appendices to encourage comparison of those data with that collected in other temperature regimes.

Mattice, J. S. and L. L. Wright. 1986. Aspects of growth of Corbicula fluminea. IN: Proceedings of the Second International Corbicula Symposium, J. C. Britton, Ed. American Malacological Bulletin Special Edition No. 2. pp. 167 178.

Studies of caged Corbicula fluminea in Watts Bar Reservoir (Clinch River, Tennessee) indicate that interaction of intrinsic and extrinsic factors affects the rate of increase in shell length (SL). Measurements of marked and unmarked clams were made at two sites differing by about 5^oC in both 1976 and 1977, and at lower temperature sites in 1978 and early 1979. The growth season in Watts Bar began in April and continued through October. From November through March growth virtually ceased. Increase in SL was an inverse linear function of initial SL; i.e., small clams grew faster than large ones. Rate of shell length increase differed between the two sites. Growth rates also varied during the growth season.

Maury, C. J. 1925. A further contribution to the paleontology of Trinidad (Miocene Horizon). Bulletins of American Paleontology 10(42):1 250.

McAllister, R. 1976. California fish landing for 1974. California Fish and Game Bulletin 166:1 53.

In 1974, 553,889 lbs of bait clams were sold for $83,689 in the Sacramento, California, area. These included Corbicula fluminea.

McCabe, G. T., Jr., S. A. Hinton and R. L. Emmett. 1998. Benthic invertebrates and sediment characteristics in a shallow navigation channel of the lower Columbia River, before and after dredging. Northwest Science 72(2):116-126.

Little is known about the impact of dredging on benthic invertebrates in navigation channels of the lower Columbia River. To help fill this informational void, we conducted benthic invertebrate and sediment studies in a shallow navigation channel in the river before and after dredging. Benthic invertebrate and sediment samples were collected with a 0.1-m²) Van Veen grab sampler at seven stations in the Wahkiakum County Ferry Channel, Washington (River Kilometer 70), and at an upstream reference area in 1993-1995. No significant effects (P > 0.05) of the ferry channel dredging project on Corbicula fluminea, Ceratopogonidae larvae, Corophium spp., or total benthic invertebrate densities were detected in the statistical analysis, although benthic invertebrate densities were significantly different (P < 0.05) between surveys and areas for some organisms. During all eight surveys, Corbicula fluminea, Corophium spp., and Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) larvae were generally the most common benthic invertebrates in both the ferry channel and the reference area. Two measures of community structure, Diversity (H) and Equitability (E), were calculated for each area for each survey. No significant effects (P > 0.05) of the ferry channel dredging project on the benthic invertebrate community structure, as measured by H and E, were detected. No significant effects (P > 0.05) of the ferry channel dredging project on sediment median grain size or percent volatile solids were detected. Results from this study will provide information to aquatic resource agencies that assess the potential environmental effects of dredging in similar habitats of the lower Columbia River.

McCabe, G. T., Jr., S. A. Hinton, R. L. Emmett and B. P. Sandford. 1997. Benthic invertebrates and sediment characteristics in main channel habitats in the lower Columbia River. Northwest Science 71(1):45-55.

Benthic invertebrate communities in the Columbia River between the lowermost dam and the upper estuary have been little studied. We describe the abundance of benthic invertebrates and sediment characteristics in main channel habitats in the lower Columbia River and examine the relationships between densities of specific benthic invertebrates and sediment characteristics and water depth. Using a 0.1-m² Van Veen grab sampler, we collected benthic samples in seven areas of the river from River Kilometer (RKm) 121 to 211 in April and September 1988 and 1989. Common taxa collected, included Turbellaria, Oligochaeta, the bivalve Corbicula fluminea, the amphipod Corophium salmonis, Chironomidae larvae, and Ceratopogonidae larvae. Overall, Corbicula fluminea and Ceratopogonidae larvae were consistently the most abundant benthic invertebrates. The relationship of benthic invertebrate densities between and within years, months, and areas varied substantially between the six predominant taxa. The effect of water depth and sediment characteristics on benthic invertebrate densities, after accounting for the influence of year, month, and area, varied between the six predominant taxa in this study. Water depth was significant (P ≤ 0.05) for densities of three of the six taxa, sediment percent silt/clay significant for four, and sediment grain size and percent volatile solids significant for one each. Results from our study are probably applicable to a large area of main channel habitats in the Columbia River downstream from the lowermost dam. Because benthic invertebrates, particularly Corophium salmonis, are primary prey for many fishes, the sustained health of benthic invertebrate populations in the lower Columbia River is of concern.

McCloskey, J. T. and M. C. Newman. 1992. Effect of metal contaminated sediment on the burrowing and avoidance behavior of the asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) and freshwater snail (Campeloma decisum). 13th Annual Meeting Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Cincinnati, Ohio, 8-12 November. Avstracts.

Many organisms avoid contaminated sediment if given the choice of a less contaminated sediment. The purpose of the study was to perform sediment preference experiments using the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) and freshwater snail (Campeloma decisum). Three sediment types with relatively high (ASH), medium (STD) and low (LTR) levels of metal contamination were paired in aquaria. Clams and snails were placed in aquaria along the interface between two sediment types. Location and burial status were recorded daily for a period of two weeks. Corbicula spent a greater percentage of days in uncontaminated sediment (L TR) when paired with contaminated sediments (ASH, STD). Campeloma spent a greater percentage of days in contaminated sediment (ASH, STD) when paired with uncontaminated sediment (L TR). Corbicula moved less per day (approximately 2 cm less) and moved a fewer percentage of days ( approximately 10% less) in tanks with both contaminated sediment types (ASH and STD). The burrowing behavior of Campeloma seemed to be relatively unaffected by contaminated sediment. It was concluded that the Corbicula behavioral responses could be used as a sublethal indicator of sediment metal contamination.

McCloskey, J. T. and M. C. Newman. 1993. Spatial distribution of Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) populations as a sublethal indicator of sediment metal contamination. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14th Annual Meeting: Ecological Risk Assessment: Lessons Learned?, Houston, Texas, 14-18 November.

Previous studies, showed that clam behavior was negatively affected when exposed to metal contaminated sediment. The goals of this study were ( 1) determine whether this negative affect on individual behavior would affect the spatial distribution of clam populations exposed contaminated sediment in the laboratory and (2) demonstrate how spatial distribution data can be analyzed to obtain meaningful result. One hundred clams were placed in one meter diameter pools containing 2.5 cm of sediment collected from 3 sites of varying levels metal contamination, and their location was determined weekly for 28 days. Analysis of spatial distribution data involved using statistic, L_(t) which quantifies whether individuals are clustered, randomly or uniformly distributed at various clam-clam distance. Sediment type had no significant effect on the spatial distribution of clams, which suggests that the clumping observed in the field mc be more affected by environmental heterogeneity than the gregarious behavior of clams. Clams moved a greater distance in the fir two weeks when compared to the final two weeks and clams tended to move less in pools containing contaminated sediment. Which contaminated sediment had no significant effect on the spatial distribution of clams in the present study, methods used in this study mc be useful in assessing sublethal effects of contaminated sediment.

McCloskey, J. T., M. C. Newman and P. M. Dixon. 1995. Effect of metal and metalloid contaminated sediment on the spatial distribution of Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 28(2):203-208.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of metal and metalloid contaminated sediment on the movement and spatial distribution of asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) populations in the laboratory. One hundred clams were randomly placed in one meter diameter pools containing sediment collected from three sites of varying levels of metal contamination. The location of each clam was determined on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Ripley's L(t) function was used to measure the randomness or clustering of clams in experimental pools. There was no significant evidence of clustering of clam locations throughout the experiment. Further, sediment type had no significant effect on the distribution of clams in the pools, which suggests that clams were moving independently of one another. This information allowed us to estimate whether individual clams move sufficient distances to escape from patches of contaminated sediment of different sizes. Simulation results showed that after 150 weeks, clams can effectively escape from smaller contaminated patches of sediment (25-, 50-, and 100-cm radius), while less than 50% of clams could escape from a contaminated patch of 200-cm radius. These simulations suggest that an avoidance of contaminated sediment will not result in effective escape from moderately sized patches of contaminated sediment (>100-cm radius).

McCorkle, S. 1979. The mechanism of sodium transport in the freshwater Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller). Master of Science Thesis, Louisiana State University (Baton Rouge). viii+39 pp.

McCorkle, S. and T. H. Dietz. 1979. Regulation of sodium in the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea. American Zoologist 19(3):943. [Abstract]

Sodium transport was examined in pond water (PW) and salt depleted (SD) Corbicula fluminea. The Na⁺ influx of 7.9 ± 0.8 micro mole Na⁺/g dry.hr in SD increased to 18.5 ± 2.1 micro mole Na⁺/g dry.hr in SD clams. Sodium transport displayed saturation kinetics with a maximum influx of 12.9 + 3.0 micro mole Na⁺/g dry.hr (PW) and Km at 0.05 mM Na⁺/1, and 28.7 ± 2.2 micro mole Na⁺/g dry.hr (SD) with no change in Km. Sodium movement was partitioned into passive diffusion and active transport. Exchange diffusion comprised 67% (PW) and 5l% (SD) of Na⁺ influx. Active transport comprised 31% (PW) and 48% (SD) of Na⁺ influx. Passive inward Na⁺ diffusion was negligible in PW and SD C. fluminea. The primary exchange ion for Na⁺ is H⁺, but a Na⁺/NH₄⁺ exchange is functional in SD clams. The Na⁺/H⁺ exchange ratio was 1:1 in PW clams. The net NH₄⁺ flux quadrupled in SD clams yielding a 2:1 exchange ratio of Na⁺:(H⁺ + NH₄⁺). Many of the characteristics of Na⁺ balance in C. fluminea may be attributed to its geologically recent migration into freshwater.

McCorkle, S. and T. H. Dietz. 1980. Sodium transport in the freshwater Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea. Biological Bulletin 159:325 336.

The Na transport mechanism was examined in pondwater  acclimated (PW) and salt depleted (SD) specimens of Corbicula fluminea. The Na influx in 0.5 mM Na₂SO₄ of 7.90 ± 0.79 micro mole Na/(g dry tissue.hr), higher than most freshwater animals, increased to 18.53 ± 2.10 micro mole Na/(g dry tissue.hr) in SD animals. Saturation of the transport system is typical of Michaelis Menten enzyme kinetics. Maximum influx of PW clams was 12.90 ± 3.01 micro mole Na/(g dry tissue.hr) with a Km of 0.05 mM Na/1. The maximum rate in SD clams was 28.66 ± 2.17 micro mole Na/(g dry tissue.hr) with little change in Km. Sodium movement in C. fluminea may be partitioned into passive diffusion, excretion, exchange diffusion and active transport. Exchange diffusion comprises a substantial portion of Na movement: 5.91 ± 0.80 micro mole Na/(g dry tissue.hr) in PW animals and 16.05 ± 0.67 micro mole Na/(g dry tissue.hr) in SD clams. Passive inward diffusion of Na was 0.50 micro mole Na/(g dry tissue.hr) for PW clams and 1.17 micro mole Na/(g dry tissue.hr) for SD clams. The primary exchange ion for Na is H, although a Na/NH₄ exchange is functional in SD animals. In PW clams, 2.41 micro mole H/(g dry tissue.hr) is transported in a 1:1 exchange with Na. In SD clams, the net NH₄ flux quadrupled to a Na:(H + NH₄) exchange.

McCorkle Shirley, S. 1982. Effects of photoperiod on sodium flux in Corbicula fluminea (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 71A:325 327.

A significant diurnal rhythm of net sodium flux was demonstrated in the freshwater clam, Corbicula fluminea entrained to either a 12 hr light (L):12 hr (D) or 24L photoperiod. Highest net flux occurred during dark hours on 12L 12D. The overall mean net flux over 24 hrs was not significantly different from a steady state condition. Net flux values of clams on a 24L photoperiod were negative and significantly lower than the net flux on a 12L:12D photoperiod. The 12L:12D net sodium flux rhythm pattern is similar to rhythmic patterns of other physiological processes in another freshwater clam (Ligumia subrostrata).

McCrady, E. J. 1991. Interactions between the invasive freshwater clam, Corbicula fluminea, and its fish predators in Lake Fairfield, Texas. Master of Science Thesis, Universoity of Texas at Arlington. xiii+128 pp.

McEwen, H. A. and L. G. Leff. 2001. Colonization of stream macroinvertebrates by bacteria. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 151(1):51-65.

McFarland, V. A., A. B. Gibson, and L. E. Meade. 1984. Application of physicochemical estimation methods to bioaccumulation from contaminated sediments. 2. Steady state from single time point observations.