Corbicula an annotated bibliography 1774 2005

Martens, E. von. 1876. Binnen Mollusken von Chiwa. Jahrbucher Malakologische Gesellschaft 3:334 337.

Martens, E. von. 1876. Transkaukasische Mollusken von Dr. O. Schneider gesammelt. Jahrbucher Deutschen Malakozoologische Gesellschaft 3:364 370.

Martens, E. von. 1877. Uebersicht :uber die von Hilgendorf und Donitz in Japan gesammelten binnenmollusken. Sitzungsberichte Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde Berlin 1877:97 123.

Martens, E. von. 1879. Subfossile S:usswasser Conchylien aus dem Fajum. Sitzungsberichte Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde Berlin 1879:100 102.

Martens, E. von. 1882. Centralasiatische Mollusken. Memoirs de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg. VII Serie 30(11):1 65.

Corbicula fluminalis oxiana is figured (pl. 4, fig. 15) from China.

Martens, E. von. 1883. Die Weich  und Schaltiere (Leipzig and Prague). 201 pp.

Martens, E. von. 1886. Subfossile S:usswasser Conchylien aus Aegypten. Sitzungsberichte Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde Berlin 1886:126 129.

Martens, E. von. 1891. S:usswasser Mollusken des malayischen Archipels im Allegemenen und einen neuen Unio aus Borneo. Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, Berlin 1891:109 112.

The ecology of bivalves in the genus Corbicula in Malaya is briefly discussed.

Martens, E. von. 1897. Beschalte Weichthiere, Deutsch Ost Afrikas, IV, 308 pp.

Martens, E. von. 1897. S:uss  und Brackwasser Mollusken der Indischen Archipels. IN: Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Nederlandisch Ost Indien 4:1 331.

The systematics and zoogeography of the following species of Corbicula are also discussed: Corbicula javanica, Corbicula moltkeana, Corbicula tumida, Corbicula ducalis, Corbicula sulcata, Corbicula pullata, Corbicula rivalis, Corbicula compressa, and Corbicula pulchella.

Martens, E. von. 1899. Conchologische Miscellen. III. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 56:27 48.

Corbicula regularis (non Prime, 1860) is described from the northern Shan States. Corbicula notlingi sp. nov. is described (p. 47) and figured (pl. 4, figs. 7 9) from Hpaung, Burma, Northern Shan States in a small pool.

Other species discussed include Corbicula larnaudiei and Corbicula irawaddica.

Martens, E. von. 1900. Ueber Land  und S:usswasser Schnecken aus Sumatra. Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft 32:3 18.

Corbicula gustaviana sp. nov. is described (p. 16) from Lake Danau, west Sumatra. Corbicula tobae sp. nov. is described (p. 17) from Lake Toba near Tongging, Sumatra. Corbicula moltkeana and Corbicula sulcata are also reported from Sumatra.

Martens, E. von. 1903. S:usswasser   conchylien von Sudfur der Tsad Sees. Sitzungsberichte Gesellschaft Naturforschender Fruende zu Berlin 1903:5 10.

Martens, E. von. 1904. Conchylien von Urmia See. Sitzungsberichte Gesellschaft Naturforschender Fruende zu Berlin 1904:18 19.

Corbicula crassula is discussed.

Martens, E. von. 1905. Koreanische S:usswasser Mollusken. Zoologischen Jahrbuchen, Supplement 8:23 70.

Other species discussed are Corbicula papyracea, Corbicula aquilina, Corbicula fluminalis, Corbicula fluminea, Corbicula orientalis, Corbicula jodina, Corbicula portentosa var. b, Corbicula transversa, Corbicula donitziana, and Corbicula ovata.

Martens, E. von. 1908. Beschribung einiger in ostlichen Borneo von Dr. Martin Schmidt gesammelten Land  und Süsswasser Conchylien. Hrsg. von John Thiele Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 4:249 292).

Corbicula bitruncata sp. nov. is described (p. 290) from Sungai Golek, eastern Sungkulirang, east Borneo.

Martin, P. R. and A. L. Estebenet. 2002. Spread of the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea in Southern Pampas and Northern Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 17(2):331-334.

The presence of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1778) was recorded in three streams during an extensive malacological survey in southern Buenos Aires province. The observed high densities and large sizes suggest an introduction date earlier than 1995. Downstream spread from its first records in the Colorado River and the Negro River has also been registered.

Martin, S. G. 1971. An Analysis of the Histopathologic Effects of Copper Sulfate on the Asiatic Freshwater Clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller). Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington (Seattle). 132 pp.

Martin, S. G. and A. K. Sparks. 1971. Histopathological effects of copper sulfate on the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea. Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association 61:10. [Abstract]

Clams held in concentrations above 250 ppb for more than 14 days showed effects of starvation, and no clams were observed actively siphoning at concentrations of 500 ppb and above. Tissue recovery was complete in clams exposed to 12 ppb, then placed in copper free water, but was incomplete or only partially complete after exposure to higher concentrations. The mantle epithelium showed the highest recovery potential. Copper was found primarily in the mantle and gill epithelium, the digestive tubules and in the hemocytes.

Martinez E. R. 1987. Corbicula manilensis molusco introducido en Venezuela [Corbicula manilensis Asiatic mollusc introduced in Caripe and San Juan rivers, Monagas, Venezuela.] Acta Cientifica Venezolana 38(3):384-385. [Spanish with English summary]

Several specimens of Corbicula manilensis were collected in the Caripe and San Juan rivers, close to the town of Caripito, Monagas State, Venezuela. This finding is the first reported for the country and deal with the introduction and dispersal of this exotic Asian species.

Martinson, G. G. 1961. Mesozoic and Cenozoic molluscs in continental deposits of the Siberian Platform, Transbaikal and Mongolia. Trudy Baikal Limnological Station 19:1 332. [Russian]

Corbicula triangularis sp. nov. is newly described from the upper Cretaceous of Mongolia.

Maru, K. 1981. Reproductive cycle of the brackish water bivalve Corbicula japonica in Lake Abashiri, Japan. Scientific Reports of Hokkaido Fisheries Experimental Station 23:83 95.

Marwoto, R. M. and M. Djajasasmita. 1986. Competition and population density of the molluscan fauna in Lake Singkarak, West Sumatra. Berita Biologi 3(6):292 295. [Indonesian with Indonesian and English summary]

A study of the composition and density of the molluscan fauna of coastal waters in Lake Singkarak, West Sumatra, Indonesia, was performed in October 1982. The molluscs consisted of four thiarids (Brotia costula, Melanoides granifera, Melanoides tuberculata, and Thiara scabra), two planorbids (Gyraulus feunerborni and Gyraulus sumatranus), one bulimid (Emmericiopsis lacustris) and Corbicula moltkeana). The stony and sandy coastal water substrata is dominated by B. costula (59/0.09 m²) followed by C. moltkeana (32/0.09 m²), E. lacustris (31/0.09 m²), M. tuberculata (21/0.09 m²) and the other species 1   10/0.09 m². The water quality (temperature 27.7^oC, pH 6.3, alkalinity 88.5 ppm, and dissolved oxygen 7.95) and food (detritus and periphyton) seems to be adequate to support molluscan life.

Massengill, R. R., J. M. Vozarik, D. E. Morgan and M. Keser. 2004. Comparison of benthic community structure in the lower Connecticut River before, during, and after operation of the Connecticut Yankee Power Plant. American Fisheries Society Monograph No. 9:441-454.

This study was conducted in 2002, 6 years after the Connecticut Yankee Nuclear power plant (CY) was permanently retired, to characterize the post-operational benthic community around CY and compare it to the preoperational (1965-1967) and early operational (1968-1972) communities described in the original Connecticut River Ecological Study. Benthic communities in the lower Connecticut River were dominated by annelids in the preoperational and early operational periods. Mollusks were the numerically dominant phylum in the 2002 post-operational sampling year, primarily due to high abundance of Asiatic clams (also known as Asian clams) Corbicula fluminea introduced to the Connecticut River in the 1990s. Trend analyses of total annual abundance and numbers of species showed no significant trend during the 1965-1972 period at stations with silt or sand sediment types. Total annual abundance and number of taxa were highest in 2002 when compared to data from 1965 to 1972. Communities were also more diverse in 2002, with 71 taxa identified compared to 29 and 34 in the preoperational and operational periods, respectively. More insect taxa were identified in both preoperational (11) and operational (16) periods than any other taxonomic group. Insects (38 taxa) were also the dominant taxonomic group in 2002. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed no significant differences between preoperational and operational periods in total annual abundance and numbers of taxa at sand stations. There was no significant difference between preoperational and operational data for the number of taxa at silt stations, but there was a significant increase for total annual abundance. The shift in community structure toward higher numbers of taxa, and total annual abundance during 2002, when compared to data from the preoperational and operational periods, was attributed to improvement of water quality in the Connecticut River during the last 30 years, recovery of the submerged aquatic plant genus Vallisneria, and the introduction of Corbicula fluminea in the early 1990s.

Massoud ,J. and M. Hedayeti-Far. 1979. Freshwater mollusk fauna of the Khuzestan and Khorram-Abad areas in southwestern Iran. Malacological Review 12(1-2):96.

Khuzestan and Khorramabad areas of southwestern Iran have a good variety of aquatic snails, and a high incidence of snail-borne trematode infections in man and other animals. The species of aquatic snails found in the Khuzestan area were: Bulinus truncatus, Gyraulus intermixtus, G. euphraticus, Lymnaea (Radix) auricularia, L. (Fossaria) truncatula, Physa acuta, Melanoides tuberculata, Melanopsis costata, M. praerosa, M. nodesa, Viviparus bengalensis, Corbicula fluviatilis, Theodoxus euphraticus, T. cinctellus, and Unio sp; and in the Khorramabad area: Gyraulus convexiusculus, Melanopsis buccinoides, Theodoxus doriae, Bithynia rubens, Physa acuta, Lymnaea (Radix) auricularia, L. (Fossaria) truncatula and Pisidium nitidum . A table showing parasites, intermediate host and final host is also presented.

Masumi, Y. and I. Koike. 1993. Nitrogen metabolism of the filter-feeding bivalve Corbicula japonica and its significance in primary production of a brackish lake in Japan. Limnology and Oceanography 38(5):997-1007.

Mathiak, H. A. 1979. A River Survey of the Unionid Mussels of Wisconsin 1973 1977. Sand Shell Press (Horicon, Wisconsin). 75 pp.

Corbicula fluminea is reported from the St. Croix River, Wisconsin.

Maton, W. G. 1809. Descriptions of seven new species of Testacea. Transactions of the Linnean Society (London) 10:325 332.

Matsuda, H. and K. Nishimori. 2003. A size-structured model for a stock-recovery program for an exploited endemic fisheries resource. Fisheries Research, Amsterdam 60(2-3):223-236.

The size of harvests temporarily decreases following stock-recovery programs for overexploited resources. The process of stock recovery is quite uncertain, because of unknown life-history parameters, changes in environmental conditions, and human impact. To project future stock recovery, we considered a size-structured matrix model of a stock-recovery program, in which the minimum body size in the first harvest is increased. Some common concepts were applied, including yield per recruitment, spawning per recruitment, and reproductive value, to a size-structured matrix model that incorporated economic discounting. The size-structured model predicted the following characteristics in stock-recovery processes: several years must pass for the harvest to increase, and the time-lag between the inception of the management program and the increase in the catch is caused by intergenerational momentum in demography. The effects on the recovery process of temporal environmental fluctuations were also investigated and applied to a model stock-recovery program of the corbiculid Seta clam (Corbicula sandai) in Lake Biwa, Japan.

Matsuoka, K., T. Kimura, S. Kimura and K. Yamaguchi. 1999. Takayasu, Katsumi Molluscan fauna of the lower reaches of the Toyogawa River. Science Report of the Toyohashi Museum of Natural History 9(Supplement):15-24. [Japanese]

The Toyogawa River is a typical river in Higashimikawa area, and flows to the eastern part of Mikawa Bay, central Japan. Samples for water quality and molluscan fauna analysis were taken from 20 stations on May 31 and June 1, 1997. Salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, water temperature, current velocity, and bottom sediments were measured. The salt wedge reaches up to about 10km from the river mouth. The bottom sediments of the lower reaches mainly consist of sand. The molluscs are identified to 15 genera and 17 species of gastropods, and 11 genera and 12 species of bivalves. These molluscs are composed of freshwater species, brackish water species, and marine species. The freshwater species are a stenohaline freshwater species, Semisulcospira reiniana and a euryhaline freshwater species, Corbicula leana. The brackish water species are Clithon retropictus, Assiminea japonica, and Corbicula japonica. A typical euryhaline gastropod, Clithon retropictus is distributed from freshwater to seawater area. The molluscan assemblage dominated Corbicula japonica is widely distributed over the brackish water area. Reticunassa festiva, Scapharca subcrenata, Musculista senhousia, and Ruditapes philippinarum are a dominant species during the polyhaline to sea water. Musculista senhousia was found to tolerate exposure to low salinity more than other marine species. The salinity is the dominant factor affecting the changes in the distribution.

Matsushima, O. 1980. The efflux and tissue content of ninhydrin positive substances in brackish and freshwater clams Corbicula japonica and Corbicula leana with special reference to osmotic responses. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonensis 53(2):77 88.

Total amount of ninhydrin positive substances (NPS) in the whole tissue and excised foot muscle of brackish and freshwater clams, Corbicula japonica and Corbicula leana was determined with the course of time after the transfer from freshwater to 30% sea water. NPS content of the C. japonica increased more than that of the freshwater C. leana, although it remained the same in both species when they were maintained in fresh water. When C. japonica was transferred from 30% sea water to various salinities, NPS efflux from the bivalves increased and its content in the whole tissue decreased with decreasing salinity. The highest rate of efflux was found at 8 hrs. after the transfer. Water content in the tissue of C. japonica decreased within 3 hrs. after the transfer from fresh water to 30% sea water and the dehydrated condition lasted for at least a week. The tissue of the same species exposed to the reverse osmotic stress at first became swollen and then resumed the initial hydration within a few days.

Matsushima, O. 1982. Comparative studies on responses to osmotic stress in brackish and freshwater clams. Journal of Science of Hiroshima University, Series B, Division I (Zoology) 30(1):173 192.

Osmotic responses of brackish and freshwater clams, Corbicula japonica and Corbicula leana, were comparatively studied in an attempt to ellucidate the physiological characteristics underlying their salinity tolerance. In C. japonica exposed to hypoosmotic stress, rapid decreases in osmotic pressure of the mantle fluid and concentration of tissue ninhydrin positive substances (NPS), and temporary elevations in hemolymph NPS concentration, tissue ammonia concentration and ammonia excretion rate were found. When the excised foot tissue of C. japonica was exposed to hypoosmotic stress, it released a large amount of NPS. The cells exposed to hypoosmotic stress probably release intracellular free amino acids into the hemolymph. The amino acids are degrade and their amino groups are excreted as ammonia. When the clams were exposed to hyperosmotic stress, the concentration of tissue NPS increased but the time relationship was different between the two species. Ammonia concentration in a whole soft tissue decreased in C. japonica but increased in C. leana in response to hyperosmotic stress. Glutamic dehydrogenase (GDH) activities were a few times higher in C. japonica than in C. leana. In C. japonica, the enzyme activity of the clam acclimated to 30% seawater was significantly higher than that of the clam acclimated to freshwater. The difference in ammonia fixing capacities through GDH action may account for the difference to salinity tolerance between the two species.

Matsushima, O. 1988. Accumulation and conservation of free amino acids in isolated bivalve foot muscle exposed to hyperosmotic conditions. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 90A(2):349-353.

The ionic requirements for the accumulation and conservation of free amino acids (FAA) within cells were investigated using hyperosmotically-stress foot preparations from a brackish-water bivalve, Corbicula japonica. These results suggest that a FAA increase during the initial stage of high salinity adaptation requires only an external osmolarity increase, but that both external divalent cation and transmembrane Na gradient are essential for conservation of hyperosmotically-accumulated FAA within cells.

Matsushima, O. 1990. Uptake of L- and D-alanine by a brackishwater bivalve in relation to salinity. Zoological Science 7(6). [Abstract]

Matsushima, O. and Y. S. Hayashi. 1988. Uptake and accumulation of amino acids in the brackish-water bivalve Corbicula japonica Prime during high salinity acclimation. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 123(3):201-210.

L-alanine in the external medium was taken up more rapidly by intact animals of the brackish-water bivalve Corbicula japonica transferred from freshwater to 250 mOsm than to mOsm. The animals transferred to 250 mOsm took up L-alanine at a rate comparable to that of elevation of the concentration of ninhydrin positive substances (NPS) in tissues. Augmentation by exogenous L-alanine was not found in the tissues incubated under the isosmotic condition. Uptake of amino acids appears to contribute, at least partly, to intracellular osmoregulation during high salinity acclimation.

Matsushima, O. and Y. S. Hayashi. 1992. Metabolism of D- and L-alanine and regulation of intracellular free amino acid levels during salinity stress in a brackish-water bivalve Corbicula japonica. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 102A(3):465-471.

High salinity-induced accumulation of free amino acids (FAA) in tissues of a brackish-water calm (Corbicula japonica) was compared between animals incubated in the presence or absence of externally added amino acids, of which concentration and composition roughly mimicked those occurring in the habitat. Most FAA were accumulated without significant difference between the two groups with or without added FAA. D-alanine appeared to be metabolized through conversion to L-alanine by the action of alanine racemase.

Matsushima, O., Y. Hayashi, H. Katayama, K. Yamadam and Y. Kado. 1984. Effect of metabolic inhibitors on hyperosmotically induced free amino acid accumulation in the isolated foot muscle of the brackish water bivalve Corbicula japonica. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A, Comparative Physiology 79(4):685 690.

Accumulation of free amino acids (FAA) in the isolated foot muscle of Corbicula japonica during the initial stage of hyperosmotic stress was quantitatively and qualitatively similar to that of the foot of the intact animal. Aminooxyacetate (AOA), a transaminase inhibitor, markedly inhibited alanine accumulation and promoted ornithine accumulation in the isolated foot. Iodoacetate (IAA), a glycolytic inhibitor, caused no significant alteration in the alanine level and the TLC pattern of FAA. Both the inhibitors scarcely influenced the pool size of total ninhydrin positive substances (NPS). A major part of the carbon of accumulated FAA during the initial stage of hyperosmotic stress did not seem to arise from glycolysis. Free D alanine as well as L alanine accumulated in isolated foot muscle exposed to hyperosmotic stress.

Matsushima, O., H. Katayama, and K. Yamada. 1987. The capacity for intracellular osmoregulation mediated by free amino acids in three bivalve molluscs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 109(1):93 99.

The capacity for intracellular osmoregulation mediated by free amino acids was examined using isolated foot preparations from three bivalves: the oligohaline Corbicula japonica, freshwater euryhaline Corbicula leana, and freshwater stenohaline Anodonta woodiana. In response to a salinity increase in the incubation medium, ninhydrin positive substances accumulated in the isolated foot of the oligohaline and freshwater euryhaline species, but not in the freshwater stenohaline species. Possible explanations for such a difference were considered along with its evolutionary significance regarding the entrance of bivalves into the freshwater environment.

Matsushima, O. and Y. Kado. 1979. Changes of free amino acid concentration in hemolymph and tissue cells of Corbicula (Bivalves). Zoological Magazine (Tokyo) 88(4):524. [Abstract in Japanese]

Matsushima, O. and Y. Kado. 1983. Effect of adenine nucleotides on glutamine dehydrogenase activities of the brackish and freshwater clams, Corbicula japonica and Corbicula leana. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonensis 56(1):3 9.

The effects of adenine nucleotides (AMP, ADP, and ATP) on glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activities of Corbicula japonica and Corbicula leana were investigated. GDH of both species was activated by ADP or AMP but not by ATP. The enzyme of both species was strongly affected by adenylate energy charge, (ATP + l/2 ADP)/(ATP + ADP + AMP). The activity increased more sharply in C. japonica than in C. leana when the energy charge was decreased in the reaction mixture. This effect of the energy charge may be physiologically important for regulation of GDH activity.

Matsushima, O., H. Katayama and K. Yamada. 1987. The capacity for intracellular osmoregulation mediated by free amino acids in three bivalve molluscs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 109(1):93-99.

The capacity for intracellular osmoregulation mediated by free amino acids was examined using isolated foot preparations of the three bivalve molluscs, Corbicula japonica, C. leana, and Anodonta woodiana. In response to a salinity increase in the incubation medium, ninhydrin-positive substances accumulated in the isolated foot of the oligohaline and freshwater euryhaline species, but not in the freshwater stenohaline species. Possible explanations for such a difference were considered along with its evolutionary significance regarding the entrance of bivalves into the freshwater environment.

Matsushima, O., H. Katayama, K. Yamada and Y. Kado. 1984. Effect of external salinity change on the adenylate energy charge in the brackish bivalve Corbicula japonica. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 77A(1):57 62.

The energy charge in the brackish water clam Corbicula japonica changed within the range of 0.6 0.8 during exposure to osmotic stress. The energy charge elevated transiently at the initial day of hypoosmotic stress and at the third day of hyperosmotic stress. Exposure to anoxia resulted in a small but significant decline in energy charge. The transient elevation during osmotic tress may be a reflection of aerobic metabolism. During exposure to these stresses, activities of key enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism may be regulated by the energy charge.

Matsushima, O., H. Katayama, K. Yamada and Y. Kado. 1984. Occurrence of free D alanine and alanine racemase activity in bivalve mollusks with special reference to intracellular osmoregulation. Marine Biology Letters 5(4):217 226.

Free D  and L alanine in tissues of brackish water or intertidal bivalves were separately measured by enzymatic methods. Corbicula japonica, Tapes philippinarum, and Meretrix lamarckii contained D  and L alanine in about equal amounts, but Mytilus edulis and Crassostrea gigas had only L alanine. Crude supernatant from foot tissues of C. japonica and M. edulis was examined for alanine racemase activity in both directions (D alanine to L alanine and L alanine to D  alanine). Although no alanine racemase activity was detected in M. edulis, C. japonica showed a fair enzyme activity in both directions. Participation of D alanine in intracellular osmoregulation was species specific and dependent on alanine racemase activity.

Matsushima, O., F. Sakka and Y. Kado. 1982. Free amino acid involved in intracellular osmoregulation in the clam, Corbicula. Journal of Science of Hiroshima University, Series B, Division I (Zoology) 30(2):213 220.

Major constituents of amino acid pool in total soft tissue of the brackish (Corbicula japonica) and freshwater (Corbicula leana) clams were investigated by column and paper chromatography. Concentrations of the total ninhydrin positive substances (NPS) in C. japonica acclimated to 35% seawater and to freshwater were 72.2 and 12.1 micro moles/g wet tissue, respectively; 81% of the difference in total NPS was accounted for by alanine. When C. leana was transferred from freshwater to 10% seawater, the NPS concentration increased from 7.4 16.8 micro moles/g wet tissue in 19 days; alanine accounted for 66% of the increase in total NPS. Difference in tolerance to increased salinities between the two species of clams seems to be related to capacities of the saline accumulation.

Matsushima, O., N. Shiga, Y. Omura, H. Katayama, and K. Yamada. 1986. Effect of metabolic inhibitors on hypoosmotically induced free amino acid efflux from the isolated foot of the brackish water bivalve Corbicula japonica. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, A, Comparative Physiology 84(1):169 174.

The isolated foot of Corbicula japonica was incubated with or without various inhibitors of energy metabolism under the hypoosmotic and isoosmotic conditions. The efflux and the tissue content of ninhydrin positive substances (NPS) were determined. The NPS efflux increased and their content left in the tissue decreased with decrease in osmotic concentration of the incubation medium. The total sum of NPS released and left in the tissue was not constant; it decreased with decrease in osmotic concentration. A part of the free amino acids (FAA) seems to be metabolically transformed into other substances during hypoosmotic stress. The inhibitors of energy production increased NPS efflux from the isolated foot during incubation under hypoosmotic conditions, but not under the isoosmotic. These inhibitors did not change the NPS content left in the tissue during both the hypo  and isoosmotic incubations. These results suggest that intracellular FAA levels are determined according to external osmotic concentrations, irrespective of the intracellular energy level.

Matsushima, O. and A. Yamada. 1992. Uptake of L- and D-Alanine by a brackish-water bivalve, Corbicula japonica, with special reference to their transport pathways and the salinity effect. Journal of Experimental Zoology 263(1):8.

Matthews, M. A. and R. F. McMahon. 1995. Survival of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and Asian clams (Corbicula polymorpha) under extreme hypoxia. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Environmental Laboratory, Zebra Mussel Research Program. Technical Report EL-95-3. iv+19 pp.

Matthews, M. A. and R. F. McMahon. 1999. Effects of temperature and temperature acclimation on survival of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea) under extreme hypoxia. Journal of Molluscan Studies 65(3):317-325.

Following acclimation to 5^o, 15 ^o or 25^oC for 14 days, samples of 30 Dreissena polymorpha (zebra mussels) and Corbicula fluminea (Asian clams) were held in either aerated (control) or extremely hypoxic N₂ gassed water (PO₂ < 3% of full air saturation). Mortality was negligible in all aerated controls. Mean hypoxia tolerance in D. polymorpha ranged from 3-4 days at 25^oC to 38-42 days at 5^oC. Hypoxia tolerance time of zebra mussels increased significantly with declining test temperature (P < 0.001) and increasing acclimation temperature (P < 0.001). Larger zebra mussels were more tolerant than smaller individuals. Asian clams were 2-7 times more tolerant of hypoxia than zebra mussels, surviving a mean of 11.8 and 35.1 days at 25^oC and 15^oC, respectively, and without mortality for 84 days at 5^oC, and were not influenced by temperature acclimation. At 25^oC, larger specimens of Asian clams were less tolerant of hypoxia than smaller individuals. Both species are amongst the least hypoxia tolerant freshwater bivalve molluscs, reflecting their prevalence in well-oxygenated shallow water habitats. Prolonged exposure to extreme hypoxia may provide an efficacious control strategy, particularly for D. polymorpha.

Mattice, J. S. 1977. Interactions of Corbicula Sp. With Power Plants. U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division (Oak Ridge, Tennessee). 39 pp.

Mattice, J. S. 1979. Interactions of Corbicula sp. with power plants.