Corbicula an annotated bibliography 1774 2005

Research on the introduction of Corbicula to the United States and subsequent biofouling problems has been fragmented by the need for immediate answers in special situations. The problems should be examined in the more general context of other introduced species problems and species outbreaks. It is clear that basic research on Corbicula is badly hampered by confusion in systematics of the genus. Examples of the use of allozyme data to solve problems in systematics and zoogeography, leading to clarification of physiological and life history bases of species outbreaks, are presented. Data that plant operators should accumulate and make available to biologists include exact location of living clams vs. shells, effectiveness studies of mechanical devices to eliminate clams, and data to be acquired whenever clams are removed from a plant, such as number and sizes. Finally, biologists can only present useful solutions if they are aware of economic and engineering aspects of potential control strategies.

Hoke, E. 1997. The unionid mollusks of the Upper Kansas Basin of northwestern Kansas and southwestern Nebraska. Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences 1997(24):35-62.

A qualitative survey of the Upper Kansas Basin resulted in the documentation of a unionid fauna consisting of twenty-one native taxa, as well as the introduced bivalve Corbicula fluminea. Biological diversity was greatest in the extreme eastern portion of the basin with the highest concentrations occurring in the habitat-rich eastern-most creeks. Shifting sand substrates and declining or unstable flows, coupled with intensive grazing of livestock, increasingly limit unionid distributions on an east to west continuum.

Holst, N. O. 1913. Le commencement et la fin de la période glaciare. L'Antropologie 24:353 389.

Honda, Y. 1978. Molluscan fossils from the Sasaoka formation, Gojome area, Akita Prefecture, northeast Japan. Saito Ho on Kai Museum of Natural History Research Bulletin No. 46:1 19.

Fossil Corbicula japonica are reported in medium to fine sand of Pleistocene age in the Gojome area.

Honda, Y. 1981. Corbiculid Mollusca from the Urahoro Group, Kushiro coal field, eastern Hokkaido. Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan (NS) 121:14 28.

Hopkins, S. H. 1978. An oyster family tree: ancestry of Crassostrea virginica. Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association 68:81 82. [Abstract]

The systematics and evolution of the oyster, Crassostrea virginica is discussed. Association of fossil Crassostrea glabra (Meek and Hayden, 1957), the presumed ancestor of C. virginica, with Corbicula, Neritina, and Melania (species which have both marine and freshwater affinities) are noted.

Hori, T. 1954. Biochemical studies on Satashizimi (Corbicula sandai Reinhardt). II. Journal of the Japanese Biochemical Society (Seikagaku) 26(2):157 160. [Japanese]

The changes of the composition of the numbers of shellfish (including Corbicula sandai) in different seasons were studied. Relationships between these changes and reproductive action are discussed.

Hori, T. and I. Arakawa. 1969. Isolation and characterization of new sphingolipids containing N, N acetylmethylaminophosphonic acid and N acylaminoethylphosphonic acid from the mussel Corbicula sandai. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 176:898 900.

The isolation of a fifth phosphosphingolipid component from the freshwater bivalve Corbicula sandai by Florisil column chromatography is described and evidence for the characterization of ceramide N, N acylmethylaminoethyl  phosphonate is presented.

Hori, T. and O. Itasaka. 1961. Lipids of freshwater mussels. IV. Complex lipids from Corbicula sandai. Journal of the Japanese Biochemical Society (Seikagaku) 33:169 173. [Japanese]

Hori, T., O. Itasaka and T. Hashimoto. 1964. Biochemistry of Shellfish lipid. I. Glycolipid of Corbicula, Corbicula sandai. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo) 55(1):1 10.

The pyridine soluble lipids from the tissue of Corbicula sandai consisted of 4 main glycolipids. Purification was done by adsorption on activated silica gel and florisil or by mild alkaline saponification. A glycolipid containing fatty acid, sphingosine, D glucose, D xylose, L fucose, glucosamine and galactosamine, or sometimes a related substance, and the aminosugar phosphate as a constituent are present.

Hori, T., O. Itasaka, T. Hashimoto and H. Inoe. 1964. Biochemistry of shellfish lipid. II. Isolation of the ethanolamine containing sphingolipid from Corbicula, Corbicula sandai. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo) 55:545 552.

A pyridine insoluble sphingolipid was obtained from tissues of Corbicula sandai and purified by silicic acid column chromatography. The lipid was homogenous on thin layer chromatography, and the components liberated by acid or enzymatic hydrolysis were shown to contain mainly fatty acid, sphingosine like base and phosphorylethanolamine. On the basis of the chemical components and the analysis data obtained by some quantitative examinations, this substance seems to be a phosphoryethanolamine derivative of ceramide; "sphingoethanolamine".

Hori, T., O. Itasaka and H. Inoe. 1966. Biochemistry of shellfish lipid. III. Purification and elemental analysis of ceramide aminoethylphosphonate from Corbicula complex lipid mixtures. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo) 59(6):570 573.

Purification of ceramide aminoethylphosphate from Corbicula sandai was accomplished by the use of silicic acid column chromatography and by application of the mild alkaline hydrolysis of Dawson. Pure lipid can be more effectively prepared by the alkaline hydrolysis method than by silicic acid column chromatography. Also, some properties and analytical values of the lipid purified by the alkaline hydrolysis method are presented and they essentially agreed with those estimated for ceramide aminoethylphosphate.

Hori, T., O. Itasaka, H. Inoe and K. Yamada. 1964. Further study of structural components of the pyridine insoluble sphingolipid from Corbicula, Corbicula sandai and the distribution in other species. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo) 56(5):477 479.

New lipids were isolated from five species of shellfish (including Corbicula japonica and Corbicula sandai) and checked by infrared spectra and thin layer chromatography. There was general agreement between the results and those obtained in previous studies using C. sandai. The lipid accounted for 53 78%, depending on the species, of all pyridine insoluble lipid mixtures.

Hori, T., O. Itasaka and M. Kamimura. 1968. Biochemistry of shellfish lipids. VIII. Occurrence of ceramide mono  and dihexoside in Corbicula, Corbicula sandai. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo) 64(2):125 128.

The isolation and characterization of glycolipids from tissues of Corbicula sandai are described. Each glycolipid was purified by column chromatography. Ceramide monohexosides consisted of glycolipids of higher animals in its mannose content in place of galactose. The tentative structure was proposed to be mannosylglycosyl ceramide.

Hori, T., O. Itasaka, M. Sugita and I. Arakawa. 1967. Distribution of ceramide 2 aminoethylphosphonate in nature and its quantitative correlation to sphingomyelin. Memoirs of the Faculty of Education, Shiga University of Natural History 17:23 26.

Horiguchi, Y. and T. Tsujii. 1967. Studies on production of black pearls by irradiation with radioactive rays   3. Relationship between the coloration obtained by gamma ray irradiation and the manganese contents in the shells of several shellfishes. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 33(1):5 11.

The relationship between color, gamma ray irradiation and Mn content in black pearl culture using Corbicula sandai and Corbicula japonica is presented.

Horikawa, Y. 1934. A list of freshwater shells of Taiwan. Venus, Japanese Journal of Malacology 5:26 33. [Japanese]

Hornbach, D. J. 1992. Life history traits of a riverine population of the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea. American Midland Naturalist 127(2):248-257.

Monthly collections of Corbicula fluminea were taken for 1 yr from a small river (depth range 0.1-1.1 m) near Charlottesville, Virginia. Mean densities ranged from 173-2990 clams multiplied by m^-2, with an annual mean of 677 clams multiplied by m^-2. Based on the time-series of shell-length frequency distributions and from dissections of adults, it appeared that there was one generation produced per year with the first detectable newborns (shell length approximately equals 0.4 mm) settling in the substrate during July. Maximum lifespan was 2-3 yr during which clams reached average shell lengths of 11.1 mm in the 1st yr and 17.6 mm in the 2nd yr of life. Other studies have most often reported two generations produced per year with lifespans of 2-4 yr and maximal shell lengths of 30-60 mm. It is suggested that much of the variation in life history displayed by this introduced species in phenotypic.

Hornbach, D. J., T. E. Wissing, and A. J. Burky. 1984. Energy budget for a stream population of the freshwater clam, Sphaerium striatinum (Bivalvia: Pisidiidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 62(12): 2410 2417.

An energy budget is presented for Sphaerium striatinum and values for annual production, annual production to biomass ration, net production efficiency, and reproductive effort are compared with similar values for Corbicula africana, Corbicula fluminea, and Corbicula japonica.

Horne, F. R. and S. MacIntosh. 1979. Factors influencing distribution of mussels in the Blanco River of Central Texas. The Nautilus 93(4):119 133.

Environmental parameters that influence the distribution of eight mussels in the Blanco River of Central Texas were studied. The effects of type of substratum, stream flow rate and physicochemical features on mussel distribution were evaluated, but emphasis was given to the role of organic enrichment of the river by a city sewage treatment plant. From tolerance tests to ammonia and low oxygen on five local mussels and from field studies it was found that low dissolved oxygen levels (0   0.5 mg l ^l) proved lethal to 47% of the mussels tested in seven days. Levels of 5 mg NH⁺₄   NH₃ 1 ¹ (pH 7.8 to 8.0, NH₃   N = 0.26 mg ^l) were lethal to 40% of the mussels tested in seven days. Corbicula manilensis was more tolerant, and Amblema plicata plicata less tolerant than the other mussels to elevated ammonia and low oxygen concentrations associated with sewage enrichment. Even though the physicochemical parameters did not indicate stressful conditions on the days sampled, mussels of the Blanco River seemed to have been adversely effected by enrichment from the secondary sewage treatment plant of San Marcos. Fewer mussels were found downstream from the sewage plant than upstream, even where the river bottom, depth and flow artes were similar.

Horning, W. B. and L. Keup. 1964. Decline of Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) in Ohio River. The Nautilus 78(1):29 30.

Houp, R. E. 1980. A survey of the mussels of the Red River Wild River segment in eastern Kentucky. Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science 41(1 2):55 56.

Recent collections of freshwater mussels in the Wild River segment of the Red River in eastern Kentucky yielded 15 species of unionian clams. Of those, Alasmidonta marginata was the most abundant and widely distributed. The Asiatic clam, Corbicula manilensis was not collected in that segment of the river.

Howard, D. R., C. M. Trantow and C. D. Thaler. 2004. Motility of a biflagellate sperm: waveform analysis and cyclic nucleotide activation. Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 59(2):120-30.

The sperm of the freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea are unusual in that they have two flagella, both of which are capable of beating. When Corbicula sperm are removed from the gonad and placed into freshwater, most remain immotile. Video microscopy was used to assess signaling molecules capable of activating Corbicula sperm motility. Experiments using the cAMP analogs dbcAMP or 8-Br-cAMP show that elevating cAMP activates flagellar motility. Treatments with 8-Br-cGMP activated motility in similar numbers of sperm. Treatments with the selective cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) inhibitor H-89 block activation by 8-Br-cAMP but not by 8-Br-cGMP. Similar treatments with the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) inhibitor Rp-8-pCPT-cGMPS block activation by 8-Br-cGMP but not by 8-Br-cAMP. These results suggest that cAMP and cGMP each work through their specific kinase to activate flagellar motility. Analysis of spontaneously activated freely swimming sperm shows that the two flagella beat with different parameters. The A flagellum beats with a shorter wavelength and a higher frequency than the B flagellum. The observed differences in flagellar waveform indicate that the flagella are differentially controlled.

Howard, R. 1982. Benthic macroinvertebrates from Toledo Bend Reservoir, Texas. IN: Proceedings of the Symposium on Recent Benthological Investigations in Texas and Adjacent States, Aquatic Sciences Section, J. R. Davis, Ed. Texas Academy of Sciences. pp. 139 148.

Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected from five stations in Toledo Bend Reservoir during 1973 and 1974. Two distinct assemblages were observed   open reservoir and bay (inundated tributary). Open reservoir stations had lower total densities than bay but the numbers of species were similar. Characteristic species from the three open reservoir stations included Nais sp., Chironomus sp., Corbicula fluminea, with Dero digitata, Aulodrilus piqueti and Chaoborus punctipennis the numerical dominants. A distinct depth zonation consisted of a shallow (1 and 5 m) low density and a deeper (10 and 15 m) higher density zone. Bay station communities were characterized by Stylaria fossularis, Caenis sp., Hyalella azteca, Cyrnellus sp. and Ceratopognonidae with Tubifex sp., Limnodrilus sp., and C. punctipennis as numerical dominants.

Huang, B. Y. 1981. The fresh water lamellibranchs from the site of the Zhenpiyan Cave in Guilin, Guangxi. Acta Paleontologica Sinica 20(3):199 206. [Chinese with English summary]

Huang, B. Y., and S. Y. Guo. 1982. Early Pleistocene fresh water lamellibranch fauna from Nihewan, Hebei. Bulletin of the Najing Institute of Geology and Paleontology No. 5:231 252. [Chinese with English summary]

Huang, X. and Y. You. 1995. Effects of cadmium on the ALP activity of freshwater clam-Corbicula fluminalis (Müller). Journal of Fujian Teachers University (Natural Science Edition) 11(2):74-78. [Chinese with English summary]

Using enzymic activity as a parameter, the relations of cadmium pollution and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was investigated. Cadmium shows evident inhibition effects, these effects have some relations with treated time, clam age, sexuality factors, etc. The inhibition of Cadmium on ALP activity in clam is recoverable at a limited range. Experimental results are the useful data for using Corbicula fluminalis as a monitor of the heavy metal-Cadmium in freshwater area and establishing a method of enzyme assay.

Huber, F., C. F. Lo and C. H Wang. 1975. A study of Lophotaspis orientalis in Corbicula (Trematoda: Aspidogastridae). Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica 14(1):1 8.

The parasite Lophotaspis orientalis was found in the pericardial cavity of Corbicula for the first time. It seems to be the same species described by Faust and Tang (1936). Reproductive organs were studied with microscopic sections and whole mount preparations under the light microscope. Scanning electron microscopy was used to reveal minute structures of the ventral suckers.

Hubers, A. N. 1998. Sequence divergence and species distinguishing markers in the mitochondrial DNA 16S ribosomal gene among Dreissena, Mytilopsis, and Corbicula bivalve mussels. Master of Science Thesis, Case Western Reserve University. ix+61 pp.

Hubricht, L. 1963. Corbicula fluminea in the Mobile River. The Nautilus 77(1):31.

Corbicula fluminea is reported from the Mobile River at Chastang Bluff and north of Bucks, Mobile County, Alabama, from collections made in 1962.

Hubricht, L. 1964. Corbicula fluminea at Vicksburg, Mississippi. The Nautilus 77:143.

On 13 October 1963, Corbicula fluminea (Müller) was found abundant in the Yazoo River at the foot of Clina Street, Vicksburg, Mississippi. It was also found in the Yazoo River at the Old Eagle Ferry Landing, 7.5 mi. north of Vicksburg, but not as abundantly. It was not found in the Yazoo River north of Redwood, nor at Satartia.

Hubricht, L. 1965. Corbicula manilensis in the Alabama River. The Nautilus 78(3):106.

Hubricht, L. 1966. Corbicula manilensis (Philippi) in the Alabama River system. The Nautilus 80(1):32 33.

Hudleston, W. H. 1904. On the origin of the marine (halolimnic) fauna of Lake Tanganyika. Transactions of the Victoria Institute (London). 52 pp.

Huff, T., G. Foster and D. Kelso. 1996. Use of semipermeable membrane devices for estimating bioconcentration factors of hydrophobic organic contaminants in Corbicula. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Washington, D.C., 17-21 November.

Huiqing, G. 2005. Application of nanometer scale technology in artificial breeding of Corbicula sp. Xian dai yu ye xin xi [Modern Fisheries Information] 20(5):16-19. [Chinese]

Hull, M. S. 2002. An ecotoxicological recovery assessment of the Clinch River following coal industry-related disturbances in Carbo, Virginia 1967-2002. Master of Science Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Blacksburg).

American Electric Power's (AEP) coal-fired Clinch River Plant, a power-generating facility in Carbo, Russell County, Virginia (USA), has impaired Clinch River biota through toxic spills in 1967 and 1970, and effluent copper (Cu) concentrations that were reported to have exceeded water quality criteria from 1985-1989. These impacts have provided impetus for many research projects addressing the absence of bivalves, including federally protected species of native mussels (Unionoidea), from sites influenced by CRP effluent. Modifications in CRP effluent during 1987 and 1993 drastically reduced Cu levels and warranted the present study, which assessed long-term biological recovery in Clinch River biota near the CRP. In 2000-2001, surveys of benthic macroinvertebrate communities and instantaneous measures of effluent toxicity did not foretell significant reductions in survivorship and growth of field-caged Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea) at sites downstream of the CRP. More importantly, these results indicated renewed toxicity in CRP effluent. Additional transplant studies using two enclosure types were conducted to isolate effects attributable to CRP effluent from the potentially confounding effects of substrate variability among study sites.

Hull, M. S., D. S. Cherry and T. C. Merricks. 2004. Effect of cage design on growth of transplanted Asian clams: Implications for assessing bivalve responses in streams. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 96(1-3):1-14.

This study was designed to determine whether survivorship and growth of Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea [Müller]) differed significantly between two types of field enclosures. Enclosures were either flexible mesh bags or rigid cages (hereto after referred as bioboxes) designed to homogenize substrate among study sites and accommodate Asian clam feeding mechanisms. For 96-d, cages remained at 12 Clinch River (CR), Hurricane Fork (HF), and Dump's Creek (DC) sites upstream and downstream of a coal-fired power plant discharge, coal mining effluent, and coal combustion-related disposal facilities in Carbo, Virginia. Although survivorship was not significantly different between cage types, mean growth of clams in bioboxes was significantly greater overall (p = 0.0157). Despite the difference in growth between the two cage types, both confirmed significant reductions of survivorship and growth directly below the power plant discharge. Additionally, coefficient of variance values for biobox growth data were reduced at most study sites (averages of 16% for bioboxes versus 19% for mesh bags). Our results have implications toward strengthening weight-of-evidence approaches used to link impairment of transplanted bivalves to environmental contaminants. More importantly, these results suggest that ecotoxicological impairment of bivalves transplanted downstream of the coal-fired power plant discharge functioned independently of site-specific substrate provisions.

Hull, M., D. Cherry and R. Neves. 2006. Use of bivalve metrics to quantify influences of coal-related activities in the Clinch River Watershed, Virginia. Hydrobiologia 556(1 ):341-355.

Hull, M. S., D. S. Cherry, D. J. Soucek, R. D. Currie and R. J. Neves. 2002. Comparison of Asian clam field bioassays and benthic community surveys in quantifying effects of a coal-fired power plant effluent on Clinch River biota. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery 9(4):271-283.

Survival and growth of Asian clams may be more sensitive endpoints than benthic macroinvertebrate community richness parameters at distinguishing biotic impairment attributable to complex effluents from coal-burning utilities. Studies conducted included (1) field bioassays with the Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea) during 2000-02 and (2) rapid bioassessments of benthic macroinvertebrate communities during 2000-01 at sites upstream/downstream of American Electric Power's (AEP) Clinch River Plant (CRP) in Russell County, Virginia (U.S.A). Survival and growth of transplanted C. fluminea were significantly impaired within the CRP effluent plume (averages of 35% and 0.21 mm, respectively) relative to all other study sites within the Clinch River (averages of 89% and 1.58 mm). Conversely, richness metrics for Ephemeroptera, Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera (EPT), and total taxa were not reduced downstream of the CRP. However, relative abundance metrics for Ephemeroptera and EPT were minimally reduced at the CRP-influenced site during 2000-01. More importantly, our results suggest that richness metrics for benthic macroinvertebrate communities may be inadequate for assessing the effects of complex industrial effluents on C. fluminea. These findings have implications for bioassessment techniques employed to monitor streams inhabited by imperiled freshwater mussels because (1) C. fluminea and Unionoidea are ecologically similar and (2) recent findings suggest certain genera of Unionidae may be more sensitive than C. fluminea.

Huntchinson, P. J., H. B. Rollins and R. S. Prezant. 1993. Detection of xenophobic response in the periostracum of the bivalve, Corbicula fluminea , through laser-induced mass spectrometry. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 24(2):258-267.

Aqueous-phased xenobiotic contaminant exposure can biochemically modify newly generated periostracum of the Asian freshwater bivalve, Corbicula fluminea. Laser-induced desorption of partially polymerized periostracum produces spectra distinguishable from mass spectral images generated from uncontaminated periostracum. Organic xenobiotic contamination putatively impedes full polymerization of the periostracin protein. The detection of the effects of pollution on periostracum by the laser microprobe mass analyzer constitutes a novel bioprobe for the definitive but qualified detection of xenobiotic contamination.

Huntchinson, P. J., H. Rollins, A. G. Sharkey, R. S. Prezant, Y. Kim and D. M. Hercules. 1993. A freshwater bioprobe: Periostracum of the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea (Müller) combined with laser microprobe mass spectrometer. Environmental Pollution 79(1):95-100.

A freshwater bioprobe, combining the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea and the laser microprobe mass spectrometer (LAMMA), can determine anthropogenic chemical contamination of freshwater systems. Laser generated mass spectra from the periostracal layers of clams contaminated with either a salt, potassium bromide, or an aromatic compound, phenol, produce distinctive mass spectral signatures that are different from uncontaminated clams. Uncontaminated clams have characteristic signatures with distinctive spectral peaks less than m/z 41; while exposed clams have many strong peaks well above this m/z. This freshwater bioprobe, using LAMMA to analyze the surface of clams, can be used as a screening tool for monitoring the water-treatment systems, for determining the source of contaminated baseflow and return flow discharge to streams, and for monitoring the water chemistry of a body of water. This system exploits the facility of using the shell instead of soft tissue with the LAMMA and has potential to detect anthropogenically-derived chemical stress.

Hurukawa, M. 1953. An ecological studies (sic) on the bivalve "Seta Shijimi", Corbicula sandai Reinhardt of the Lake Biwa   I. On the growth. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 19:88 90. [Japanese with English summary]

Hurukawa, M. and S. Mizumoto. 1953. An ecological studies (sic) on the bivalve"Seta Shijimi", Corbicula sandai Reinhardt of the Lake Biwa   II. On the development. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 19:91 94. [Japanese with English summary]

Hutton, F. W. 1849. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 18(2):558. [cited in Germain, 1922]

Huzita, T. 1941. On a gigantic specimen of Corbicula japonica Prime. Venus, Japanese Journal of Malacology 11(1):26 27.

A specimen of Corbicula japonica is reported to have shell measurements of 48 x 39 x 28 mm (length x height x width).

Hwang, S., H. Kim, J. Shin, J. Oh and D. Kong. 2004. Grazing effects of a freshwater bivalve (Corbicula leana Prime) and large zooplankton on phytoplankton communities in two Korean lakes. Hydrobiologia 515(1-3):161-179.

This study examined the effects of a freshwater filter feeding bivalve (Corbicula leana Prime) and large zooplankton (>200 μm, mostly cladocerans and copepods) on the phytoplankton communities in two lakes with contrasting trophic conditions. A controlled experiment was conducted with four treatments (control, zooplankton addition, mussel addition, and both zooplankton and mussel addition), and each established in duplicate 10 L chambers. In both lakes there were significant effects of mussel grazing on phytoplankton density and biomass. The effects were greater in mesotrophic Lake Soyang than in hypertrophic Lake Ilgam. Effects of zooplankton grazing did not differ between these lakes, and zooplankton effects on phytoplankton were much less than the effects of mussels. Although mussels exerted a varying effect on phytoplankton according to their size, mussels reduced densities of almost all phytoplankton taxa. Total mean filtering rate (FR) of mussels in Lake Soyang was significantly greater than that in Lake Ilgam (p=0.002, n=5). Carbon fluxes from phytoplankton to mussels (977-2,379 μgC L^-1 d^-1) and to zooplankton (76-264 μgC L^-1 d^-1) were always greater in Lake Ilgam due to the greater phytoplankton biomass (p<0.01, n=6). Based on the C-flux to biomass ratios, the mussels consumed 170-754% (avg. 412%) of phytoplankton standing stock in Lake Soyang, and 38-164% (avg. 106%) in Lake Ilgam per day. The C-flux to biomass ratio for mussels within each lake was much greater than for large zooplankton. Mussels reduced total phosphorus concentration by 5-34%, while increasing phosphate by 30-55% relative to the control. Total nitrogen also was reduced (by 9-25%), but there was no noticeable change in nitrate among treatments. The high consumption rate of phytoplankton by Corbicula leana even in a very eutrophic lake suggests that this mussel could affect planktonic and benthic food web structure and function by preferential feeding on small seston and by nutrient recycling. Control of mussel biomass therefore might be an effective tool for management of water quality in shallow eutrophic lakes and reservoirs in Korea.

Hwang, S. J., H. S. Kim, K. H. Choi and J. H. Park. 2002. Changes of nutrients and plankton communities in mesocosms bio-manipulated by freshwater bivalve (Corbicula). 8th International Congress of Ecology, Seoul (Korea), 11-18 Aug 2002.

Hyland, J. L., W. L. Balthis, M. Posey, C. T. Hackney and T. Alphin. 2004. The soft-bottom macrobenthos of North Carolina estuaries. Estuaries 27(3):501-514.

The structure of macroinfaunal (>0.5 mm sieve size) assemblages was examined in samples of unconsolidated substrates collected during the summers of 1994- 1997 at 208 stations throughout North Carolina estuaries. Numerical classification (cluster analysis) of stations resulted in 14 distinct site groups that reflected discernible habitat-related patterns in species distributions. Multiple discriminant analysis, performed on synoptic abiotic variables (depth, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, percent silt-clay), showed that the separation of site groups was related primarily to salinity. Percent silt-clay had a secondary influence on the separation of sites within similar salinity zones. Species diversity among site groups generally decreased with decreasing salinity and increasing mud content of sediment. Nodal analysis showed a wide range in constancy and fidelity of species assemblages within site groups. Some assemblages dominated by euryhaline species had no particular affinity with any one site group. The strongest affinities, as evidenced by high values of both constancy and fidelity, were displayed by an assemblage of oligochaetes, insect larvae, gammaridean amphipods, and the clam Corbicula fluminea in tidal freshwater muds; and an assemblage of haustoriid amphipods, the bivalve Donax variabilis, the polychaete Paraonis fulgens, and unidentified echinoids at high-salinity sites in outer Pamlico Sound near ocean inlets. A series of stations with impaired benthic assemblages in polluted habitats emerged from the cluster analysis and was distinguishable from other site groups that reflected a greater influence of natural controlling factors (such as salinity and sediment type) on species distributions. These results suggest that the interaction of both anthropogenic and natural environmental controlling factors is important in defining the structure of these infaunal assemblages.

Hymel, S. R. 1995. Assessing the effects of a municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent on zooplankton, phytoplankton and Corbicula flumina in a constructed wetland. Master of Science Thesis, University of North Texas. xiii+234 pp.