Shand, Alexander (b. 1845), of Drumblade, Aberdeenshire, cattle tending aged nine, soldier, book canvasser, pub. Poems and songs, composed at home, Gibralter and Canada (Montreal, 1869), The white cockade: poems and songs composed at home and abroad, 3rd edlarged edn (Glasgow, 1873). Ref: Edwards, 1, 339-41; Reilly (2000), 413. [S]
Shanks, George Fergusson Smellie (b. 1862), of Whitburn, later patternmaker of Glasgow, pub. poems in the West Lothian Courier, Weekly Mail and other newspapers, wrote the operettas ‘A Name at Last’ and ‘The Wizard of the North’. Ref: Bisset, 291-95. [S]
Shanks, Henry (b. 1829, ‘The Blind Poet of the Deans’), farmer’s son, drysalter; eyesight failed c. 1862, pub. Poems (Airdrie, 1872), The Peasant Poets Of Scotland And Musing Under The Beeches (Edinburgh and Glasgow, 1881). Ref: Edwards, 11, 372-82; Bisset, 161-76; Reilly (2000), 413. [S]
Sharp, James (fl. 1837-187?), of Paisley, silk mercer, shawl manufacture, pub. The Captive King and Other Poems (1887). Ref: Brown, II, 27-33. [S]
Shaw, Cuthbert (1738-71), born at Ravensworth, near Richmond, Yorkshire, shoemaker’s son, school usher, unsuccessful actor. Pub. Liberty (1756, attacked in the Monthly Review, 14 [1756], 575-6); Odes on the Four Seasons (under pseudonym ‘W. Seymour, 1760, Bury St. Edmunds); the satirical poems The Four Farthing-Candles (1762), The Four Farthing-Candles (1762) and The Race (1765, under pseudonyms ‘Mercurius Spur’ and ‘Faustinus Scriblerus’); and his best-known poem, A Monody to the Memory of a Young Lady Who Died in Childbed (1768, 1769, and 1770; the last edition includes An Evening Address to a Nightingale, an elegiac poem on his three-year old daughter, whose birth killed his wife). Ref: LC 2, 235-50; ODNB; Newsam 72-4; Grainge I, 248-50; Cranbrook, 228; Sutton, 853. [LC 2]
Shaw, James (b. 1826), pattern-designer, printer, schoolmaster at Tynron, Dumfriesshire; pub. A Country Schoolmaster (1899), full text via Google books; a kind of literary remains with a long biographical sketch, and selections from his poetry among his other writings. Ref: Murdoch, 212-14. [S]
Shaw, John (fl. 1824-5), ploughboy, sailor, actor, pub. Woolton Green: a domestic tale, with other miscellaneous poems (Liverpool, 1825); Don Juan Canto XVII (Liverpool, 1824); Don Juan, Canto XVIII (Liverpool, 1825). Ref: LC 4, 215-34; Johnson, 816-18. [LC 4]
? Shaw, Thomas, apiarist (beekeeper) of Saddleworth, pub. Recent Poems, on rural and other miscellaneous subjects (Huddersfield: printed for the author, 1824). Ref: Johnson, item 822; inf. Bob Heyes; Johnson 46, no. 328 (with illustration of title page).
Shelley, William (1815-95), illegitimate birth in Marylebone, London, worked in pits, quarries and fields from age fourteen, herring fisherman and agricultural labourer in Scotland, became a policeman in Aberdeen, pub. Aston Brook; also, a poem entitled, Are any bodies found? relating to the ferry-boat disaster on the River Dee (Aberdeen, ?1863), Flowers by the wayside (Aberdeen and Edinburgh, 1868). Ref: Edwards, 1, 139-43; 9, 350 and 16, [lix], who gives a death date of 1885; Reilly (2000), 414.
? Shepheard, James, author of An Hymn to the Holy and Undivided Trinity, written by James Shepheard during his Imprisonment in Newgate. Printed from the Copy which he wrote in a Book given to his Mother two hours before his execution (1718, Dobell 1644, BL 1851.c.19(29); Foxon S397; BL C.116.i.4(70); a dying speech (1718, BL 10350.g.12(16). Ref: Dobell, ESTC.
Shepherd, William, of Larne, working-class writer, pub. Christian Warfare, An epic poem (1830) which runs to 1800 lines of heroic couplets; Temperance and Independence (1832). Ref Hewitt. [I]
? Shield, John, of Newcastle upon Tyne, owner of a wholesale and grocery business, author of comic songs such as ‘Bob Cranky’s Adieu’, ‘Blackett’s Field’. Ref Colls, p. 37.
Shiells [or Sheils or Shields], Robert (d. 1753), of Roxburghshire, of ‘humble origins’, had little education but an ‘acute understanding’ (Johnson, Lives of the Poets, cited in ODNB), journeyman printer, poet and editor. Contributed to Johnson's dictionary (1748). Pub. Marriage (1747); Beauty (‘printed in 1766 together with James Grainger’s The Sugar Cane and wrongly ascribed to that author’, ODNB); Musidorus (on the death of James Thomson, 1748). Ref: ODNB; Radcliffe. [S]
Shorrock, James (b. 1841), of Craven, West Riding, dame school education, shepherd, stable-boy, sawpit worker, joiner and cabinet maker, temperance poet. Ref: Hull, 246-53.
Short, Bernard (1803-42), pub. Rural and Juvenile Poems (1821), The Rude Rhymes (1824) and two later volumes in 1829 and 1840; first book had 330 subscribers and the second a whopping 1,152. He drowned while bathing. Ref. Hewitt; inf. Bridget Keegan. [I]
? Shorter, Thomas (‘Thomas Brevoir’, 1823-99), errand boy, watch-case finisher, journalist, secretary of Society for Promoting Working Men’s Association and of the Working Men’s College, pub. Echoes from bygone days: or, love lyrics and character sonnets (London, 1889); Later autumn leaves: thoughts in verse, with sketches of character chiefly from our village and neighbourhood (London, 1896); Lyrics for heart and voice: a contribution to the hymnal of the future (London, 1883); Spring flowers and autumn leaves (London, 1893). Ref: Reilly (1994), 433.
Sievwright, Colin (1819-95), of Brechin, Angus, son of handloom weaver, working 72-hour week for East Mill Co at age of eight (Reilly), pub. A Garland for the Ancient City: or, love songs for Brechin and its neighbourhood (with historical notes), 2nd edn (Brechin, 1899). Ref: Edwards, 1, 88-91; Reilly (1994), 434. [S]
Sievwright, William (b. 1823), of Brechin, minimal education, began work at 11, became a mission worker, wrote articles on political and social issues, poems in newspapers. Ref: Edwards, 1, 187-9. [S]
Sillar, David (fl. 1789), friend of Burns, pub. Poems (Kilmarnock, 1789). Ref: LC 3, 171-8; ODNB [a mention only, spelled as ‘Siller’, in the Janet Little entry]; Johnson, item 822. [LC 3] [S]
Simpson, George Muir (b. 1844), of Edinburgh, bookbinder, pub. Shakespeare Rab, and other Poems (1882). Ref: Edwards, 8, 329-34. [S]
Simson, James (b. 1858), of Huntly, Aberdeenshire, herd laddie, read books to the ‘untutored farm servants, who listened with the greatest attention, while the mistress of the house threatened to burn every book if he continued to read them’; later a reporter, wrote historical romances and ‘many poetical pieces’. Ref: Edwards, 4, 64-9. [S]
Sinclair, Elizabeth M., of New Lanark, ‘a millworker poetess of Ettrick Braes’, educated in the school founded by Owen, and was able to read books in her father’s library. During her teens she assisted local women in housework, but though ‘qualified for a pupil teachership,’ ‘owing to one of the Government regulations’ she was unable to be employed as a teacher. She moved to Selkirk, where she was employed in a Tweed manufactory. Her verses include a poem on a dying soldier, and another on the pleasures of lovely weather. She seems an instance of someone who tried to leave factory work but was unable to do so. Ref: Edwards, 4, 84-8; inf. Florence Boos. [F] [S]
Sinclair, Walter (b. 1803), of Kirkcaldy, baker, sailor, farmer, emigrated to Australia in 1839. Ref: Edwards, 7, 306-8. [S]
Singer, John (b. 1861), of Woodside, Aberdeen, spinner. Ref: Edwards, 12, 116-21. [S]
Singleton, John (fl. 1752-77), according to Basker ‘a strolling player of whom few traces survive’; travelled to America, and wrote a long descriptive poem, General Dsecription of the West Indian Islands...Attempted in Blank Verse (Barbados 1767; 2nd edn, London, 1777), inspired by James Grainger’s The Sugar Cane (1764). Gilmore describes Singleton as a ‘member of an English troupe of actors touring the [Caribbean] region’. Ref: Basker, 166-9; John Gilmore, The Poeticc of Empire: A Study of James Grainger’s The Sugar Cane (1764) (London: The Athlone Press, 2000) 46.
Skerrett, F.W., ‘our locomotive poet’; pub. Rhymes of the Rail (Leeds, 1920). Ref: inf. John Goodridge. [OP]
Skimming, Robert (1812-82), of Paisley, weaver, pub. Lays of Leisure Hours (Paisley: J. Bowie, 1841), and another volume in 1851. Ref: Brown, I, 476-80; C. R. Johnson. cat. 49 (2006), item 50. [S]
Skipsey, Joseph (1832-1903), ‘The Pitman Poet,’ of North Shields, mineworker of Percy Main Colliery. ~ He was born in Percy Main, Northumberland – the eighth child of Cuthbert and Isabella Skipsey. His father was killed by a special constable’s bullet while defending a pitman during an acrimonious strike the same year. This event left the family destitute, and at seven years old Joseph was sent to the colliery as a trapper boy. ~ Skipsey learnt how to read and tackle basic arithmetical questions during Sundays and holidays, mostly in his mother’s garret, and he taught himself how to write by candlelight with his finger in the dust or a piece of chalk on a trap-door linked to the ventilation of the mine, replicating the print on discarded playbills. During his youth, he earnestly endeavoured to learn the Bible ‘by heart’, and studied the works of major poets such as Shakespeare, Milton, and Burns, as well as reading Greek drama in translation, Goethe’s Faust, and Heine’s poetry. ~ Skipsey spent several years striving to find a route out of the mines. He experienced periods of employment on the expanding railway network in London – where he met his future wife Sara Ann Hendley; they married on December 12th 1868 – Scotland, and Sunderland’s Pembroke Pit, and finally to Northumberland’s Choppington Colliery.~ Skipsey printed a volume of lyrics in 1858, eith a dedicated to his feriend William reay (qv), which although no longer known to be extant, caught the attention of various prominent individuals in the North of England to such an extent a second edition was called for and prioduced in 1859. Indeed, James Clephan (qv), the editor of the Gateshead Observer found Skipsey the position of sub-store keeper at the Hawks, Crawshaw and Co. Iron Works in Gateshead, where he remained until 1863. His son William had been killed in an accident on a railway line in 1861. Robert Spence Watson commended him to be sub-librarian to the Literary and Philosophical Society in Newcastle, but this was not an altogether satisfactory stint due to the lower comparative salary and Skipsey’s insatiable appetite for reading. As Spence Watson writes, Skipsey ‘would become absorbed in some passage of a well-know author, and he would scarcely recognise the eager and impatient member who wished for his services forthwith’. Thus, Skipsey relocated to pits at Newsham, Cowpen, Ashington, and ultimately Backworth Colliery – throughout this time he managed to balance hewing coal with writing poetry, before finally leaving mining for good in 1882. ~ In 1883, it appears that Skipsey may have delivered a lecture on‘The Poet as Seer and Singer’ to the Literary and Philosophical Societ. There were several further books, including Carols from the Coalfields (1886). It is worthwhile noting that, as Maidment (2002) points out, ‘the 1830s and 1840s saw the extension of eighteenth century deferential modes of publication out from the aristocracy into the middle class entrepreneurs of artisan progress. Often this resulted in quite close personal relationships between obscure authors and their famous sponsors’. In Skipsey’s case, he became the obscure author to Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s famous supporter if not quite a sponsor. Rossetti was introduced to Skipsey by Thomas Dixon (1831-80), the Sunderland cork-cutter to whom Ruskin wrote the letters published as Time and Tide by Weare and Tyne (1867), an important working-class figure in his own right who represented Ruskin’s ideal of a cultured working man. The artist expressed considerable enthusiasm for Skipsey as a man, meeting him in London, and finding him to be ‘a stalwart son of toil, and every inch a gentlemen’. Rossetti’s enthusiasm was not restricted to admiration of his person and upon reading his A Book of Miscellaneous Lyrics (1878) remarked that Skipsey ‘recited some beautiful things of his own with a special freshness to which one is quite unaccustomed’. Rossetti (1878) deemed the poem ‘Get Up’ as ‘equal to anything in the language for direct and quiet pathetic force’. Like much of his work the poem arises from direct observation of the miner’s everyday life: ‘“Get up!” the caller calls, “Get up!” / And in the dead of night, / To win the bairns their bite and sup, / I rise a weary wight. / My flannel dudden donn’d, thrice o’er / My birds are kiss’d, and then / I with a whistle shut the door / I may not ope again.’ ~ With regard to other opinions of Skipsey’s poetry, Oscar Wilde in the Pall Mall Gazette (Feb 1, 1887) highlighted ‘an intellectual as well as metrical affinity with Blake’ adding that he ‘possesses something of Blake’s marvellous power of making simple things seem strange to us, and strange things seem simple’. Wilde also stressed that Skipsey ‘never makes his form formal by over-polishing’ and concluded that he ‘can find music for every mood, whether he is dealing with the real experiences of the pitman, or with the imaginative experiences of the poet’. Many decades later, Basil Bunting (1976, 13, cited Bigliazzi 2006, 65) lays more stress on the ‘faults of technique, of vocabulary, and of syntax… added to the difficulty of reading a dialect written in the spelling of the capital’, but nevertheless also affirms that the poetry sometimes has the ‘power to please and move’ to the extent Rossetti describes. ~ Skipsey was conferred with a civil list pension in 1880 in recognition of his literary output, which also included putting together popular editions of Shelley, Blake, Coleridge, Poe, and Burns for Walter Scott’s Canterbury Poets series. Many members of the literary establishment, such as Tennyson and Bram Stoker, lobbied to have Skipsey appointed as curator of the Shakespeare Birthplace Museum in Stratford. However, the fraudulent relics he was duty-bound to present became in his own words ‘a stench in his nostrils’. He and his wife left the position after two years in 1891 and returned to the north-east. (This episode formed the basis for Henry James’s short story ‘The Birthplace’) ~ Skipsey died at Gateshead on 3 September 1903, and was buried in the cemetery there. ~ Pub: Lyrics (first edn. Durham: George Procter, 1858; second edn., Newcastle upon Tyne: Thomas Pigg & Co., 1859); Poems, Songs and Ballads (London and Newcastle upon Tyne: Hamilton & Co., 1862); The Collier Lad, and Other Lyrics (Newcastle upon Tyne: J. G. Forster, 1864); Poems (Blyth: William Alder, 1871), A Book of Miscellaneous Lyrics (Bedlington: George Richardson, 1878); A Book of Lyrics, Songs, Ballads, and Chants (London: David Bogue, 1881); Carols from the Coalfields, and other songs and ballads (London: Walter Scott, 1886, new edn. 1888); Songs and Lyrics, Collected Revised (London: Walter Scott, 1892); Selected Poems, ed. Basil Bunting (Sunderland: Ceolfrith Press, 1976); Selected Poems, ed R. K. R. Thornton, Chris Harrison and William Daniel McCumiskey (Newcastle upon Tyne: Rectory Press, 2013). Skipsey’s great-great-grandson and co-editor Chris Harrison has released a CD of his settings of Skipsey’s poems, Carols from the Coalfields (GMFA, 2014). ~ Ref: LC 6, 211-40; ODNB; Robert Spence Watson, Joseph Skipsey, His Life and Work (1909); NCBEL III, 648; Maidment (1983), 79; Maidment (1987), 93-4, 204-5; Klaus (1985), 75-6; Vicinus (1974), 141, 143, 155-8, 167, 169-71, 197-8; Miles, V, 515; Ricks, 526; Reilly (1994), 436; Reilly (2000), 421-2; Bradshaw, 583-6; S. Bigliazzi, Collaboration in the Arts from the Middle Ages to the Present (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006); Bridget Keegan and John Goodridge, ‘Modes and Methods in Three Nineteenth-Century Mineworker Poets’, Philological Quarterly, 92: 2 (2013), 225-50. [LC 6] [—Iain Rowley]
? Skirving, Adam (bap. 1719, d. 1803), ‘Johnnie Cope’, of Garleton, Haddingtonshire farmer, older contemporary of Burns, wrote two much-anthologised Jacobite songs: 'Tranent Muir' and 'Johnny Cope' (latter published in Burns and Johnson's Scots Musical Museum [vol. 3, 1790]). Ref: ODNB; Shanks, 115; Edwards, 12, 276. [S]
Skirving, Peter (1829-69), of Edinburgh, a descendant of Adam Skirving (qv), draper and outfitter, emigrated to Australia. Ref: Edwards, 12, 276-80. [S]
Sleigh, John, tailor of Linlithgow, ascribed author of a poem on Carriber or Rab Gib’s Glen pub. in the West Lothian Courier, and contributor of poems to the Dundee Weekly news. Ref: Bisset, 351-2. [S]
Sloan, Edward L., of Conlig, weaver bard and freemason. The Bard’s Offering: A Collection of Miscellaneous Poems (1854). Ref. Hewitt. [I]
? Smart, Alexander (1798-1866), shoemaker’s son, of Montrose, Angus, apprentice watchmaker, became compositor in Edinburgh, wrote prose sketches and verse, pub. Songs of Labour and Domestic Life; with, Rhymes for Little Readers (Edinburgh and London, 1860), contributor to ‘Whistlebinkie’. Ref: Edwards, 11, 72-83; Reilly (2000), 423. [S]
Smart, Thomas Raynor (c. 1772-1847), Chartist poet, born near Loughborough of working class parents. When Smart’s father died, his mother could not afford to keep him on at school, so he became a carpenter. Having learnt to read, he then managed to teach himself Latin, French, Italian and Spanish. He also demonstrated a talent for verse and contributed to several periodicals. These gifts and attainments brought him to the notice of the Marquis of Hastings who found him an appointment as a supervisor of excise which lasted for 17 years. However, he lost his job as a result of his radicalism and thereafter eked out a precarious living as a schoolmaster and by making machinery and architectural drawings. For a time he lived in Loughborough where he was the Chartist leader Skevington’s chief assistant. He then moved to Leicester, where he became a supporter of Thomas Cooper. One poem of his was published in the local Chartist press. Ref: Newitt, 46-51. [C] [—Ned Newitt]
Smith, Alexander (1829-67), son of a Kilmarnock lace-pattern designer, lived in Paisley and Glasgow. Pub. Life Drama (1853); City Poems (Cambridge, 1857; includes biographical ‘A Boy's Poem’), Edwin of Deira (CambrIdge, 1861, 1862), Poems (New York, 1879), Poetical Works, ed. by W. Sinclair (Edinburgh, 1909). Ref: DNB/ODNB; Glasgow Poets, 369-76; Brown, II, 264-69; Wilson, II, 467-76; M.A. Weinstein, W.E. Aytoun and the Spasmodic Controversy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); N&Q, 8th ser XII (1897), 7, 57, 118, 174 & 311; Douglas, 313-14; Leonard, 207-14, Miles, V, 421, Reilly (2000), 424; Murdoch, 227-32; Sutton, 877-8. [S]
? Smith, Alexander, of Zetland Cottage, Falkirk, Stirlingshire, pub. Agriculture: A Poem in Sixteen Sooks (Edinburgh, 1861). Ref: Reilly (2000), 423. [S]
Smith, David Mitchell (b. 1848), of Bullionfield, Dundee, farm labourer’s son, railway clerk, dyer, pub. in newspapers. Ref: Edwards, 2, 211-14 [S]
Smith, Ebenezer (b. 1835), of High Street, Ayr, third-generation shoemaker, pub. Verses (Glasgow, 1874); The Season’s Musings (Ayr, 1888). Ref: Edwards, 3, 98-102; Reilly (1994), 440; Reilly (2000), 424; Murdoch, 288-90. [S]
Smith, Elizabeth (Lizzie) Horne (b. 1876), of Hagghill, Barony Parish, Glasgow, the youngest of six children of a ploughman who was often forced to change farms, so received no steady education, though she attended schools in Dumbarton, Hamilton, and Uddingston; left school and at fifteen began work as a dairymaid; pub. Poems of a Dairymaid (Paisley, Edinburgh and London, 1898). Poems show the influence of Burns, and are varied and skilful for the work of a twenty-one year old author. Ref: Reilly (1994), 440; Boos (2008), 157-71, includes photograph; inf. Florence Boos. [F] [S]
Smith, James, shoemaker, of Aberdeen; pub. Hame-spun Rhymes (Aberdeen, 1879), copy in Bodleian. Ref: Reilly (2000), 425. [S]
Smith, James (1813-1885), ‘Vinney’, of Forfar, handloom weaver, teacher, pub. in the Dundee papers. Ref: Edwards, 1, 191-3 and 9, xxi. [S]
Smith, James (1824-87), of Edinburgh, son of a coach-lace weaver, printer, compositor, reader, librarian of the Mechanics’ Library, well-known Scottish poet and story-writer, pub. Poems and songs (Edinburgh, 1864), The merry bridal o’ Forthmains, and other poems and songs (Edinburgh, 1866, 2nd edn also 1866), Poems, songs and ballads (Edinburgh, 1869). Ref: Edwards, 1, 260-7 and 12, xvii-xviii; Reilly (2000), 425-6; Murdoch, 44-52. [S]
Smith, John, of Sheffield, ‘engaged in some of the Sheffield handicrafts’, published in 1821 ‘a little volume of comic songs’ like Mather’s. Ref Newsam, 97-8; inf. Yann Lovelock.
Smith, John (b. 1836), of Springbank, Alyth, herder, wholesale draper. Ref: Edwards, 13, 198-205. [S]
Smith, John G., stonemason of Ednam, Roxburghshire, left the district under church pressure because of his satirical poetry; pub. The Old Churchyard; The Twa Mice, and Miscellaneous Poems and Songs (Kelso, 1862). Ref: Reilly (2000), 426. [S]
Smith, John Kelday (d. 1889), of Newcastle upon Tyne (born Orkney), bellhanger, local songwriter. Ref: Allan, 491. [S]
Smith, John S. (b. 1849), of Creetown and later Dalbeattie, granite hewer, President of the Dalbeattie Literary Society, published in the local papers. Ref: Harper, 251. [S]
Smith, Margaret (‘Daisy’), of St Andrews, Orkney, farmer’s daughter, pub. in magazines as ‘Daisy’; poems include ‘Heroism,’ ‘Small Evils,’ ‘Lost to Sight, to Memory Dear,’ and ‘No Work’. She helped maintain the family farm, and wrote some good poems on the poor and those who help them, and temperance poems. This may be the same person as Mrs. M. A. Smith, who published two volumes, Poems and Songs (Wishaw: David Johnson, 1873) and Poems and Songs (Lanark, 1877). Ref: Edwards, 13, 33-8; inf. Florence Boos. [F] [S]
? Smith, Mary S. (1822-89), often used pseud. ‘Mary Osborn’ (the surname of an employer’s family, for whom she worked as a ‘mother's help’ [ODNB]) or simply ‘Z’, of Cropredy, Oxfordshire, shoemaker’s daughter, became schoolmistress in Carlisle, religious and political activist. Contributed early poems to Whitridge’s Miscellany, the People's Journal, Cassell’s Magazine, the Carlisle Examiner, and the Carlisle Journal. Pub. Poems, By M.S. (1860); Progress, and Other Poems, the later including poems on the social affections and poems on life and behaviour, by M.S. (London and Carlisle, 1873); The Autobiography of Mary Smith, Schoolmistress and Nonconformist. A Fragment of a Life. With Letters from Jane Welsh Carlyle and Thomas Carlyle (1892); Miscellaneous Poems (1892), also wrote about castles; Bodleian. Ref: ODNB; Vincent, 208; Burnett et al (1984), 287 (no. 638); Reilly (1994), 442; Boos (2008), 298-320. Link: wcwp. [F]
Smith, Robert Archibald (1780-1829), of Reading, weaver, soldier, music teacher and choir conductor, friend of Tannahill (qv), pub. Anthems (1819), The Scottish Minstrel, 6 vols (1821-4, contains more than 600 poems including his most famous, 'Jessie, the Flow'r o' Dunblane'), The Irish Minstrel, 2 vols (1825), An Introduction to Singing (1826), Select Melodies (1827). Ref: ODNB; Brown, I, 150-57. [S]
? Smith, Thomas (d. 1877), of Paisley, letter-press printer, poems in Brown. Ref: Brown, II, 187-88. [S]
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