Diathesis Oppositions and Verb Morphology. Present and Aorist Systems in Ancient and Modern Greek
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| komíssato hês apò nēòs / andrôn tēledapôn […] (Od. VI 278-9) ‘She must have brought some storm-tossed fellow from his ship, a distant foreigner’, (b) prôtos egṑn hélon ándra, kómissa dè mṓnukhas híppous (Il. XI 738) ‘I was first to slay my man, and to get his single-hoofed horses’; (a) [...] kephalḕn d’hó ge kópsato khersìn / hupsós’anaskhómenos […] (Il. XXII 33-4) ‘and [he] beat on his head with his hands, raising them up on high’, (b) kópse dè paptḗnanta parḗion [...] (Il. XXIII 690) ‘and [he] struck him on the cheek’; (a) autàr epeì klaiousa koréssato hòn katà thymón (Od. XX 59) ‘but when her heart had had its fill of weeping’, (b) polloùs àn koréseien anḕr hóde tḗthea diphôn (Il. XVI 747) ‘this man would satisfy many by seeking for oysters’; (a) hṑs eipṑn ekrínat’eeíkosi phôtas arístous (Od. IV 778) ‘So he spoke, and chose twenty men that were best’, (b) en d’erétas ékrinen eeíkosin [...] (Il. I 309) ‘and [he] chose twenty rowers for it’; (a) és hr’asamínthous bántes euxéstas loúsanto (Od. IV 48) ‘they went into the polished baths and bathed’, (b) tóphra dè Tēlémakhon loûsen kalḕ Polukástē (Od. III 464) ‘meanwhile the fair Polycaste […] bathed Telemachus’; (a) kaì nûn mèn phílon huiòn elúsao [...] (Il. XXIV 685) ‘now you have ransomed your son’, (b) [...] hóti Héktora dîon élusa / patrì phílôi [...] (Il. XXIV 593-4) ‘that I have given back noble Hector to his dear father’; (a) nêa hális khrusoû kaì khalkoû nēēsásthō (Il. IX 137) ‘[let him] heap up his ship with gold and bronze’, (b) [...] álla d’ep’autôn / nḗēsan xúla pollá [...] (Od. XIX 63-4) ‘and [they] piled upon the braziers fresh logs in abundance’; (a) nípsato d’autòs kheîras [...] (Il. XVI 230) ‘and he washed his own hands’, (b) autàr epeí sphin kûma thalássēs hidrô pollòn / nípsen apò khrōtòs [...] (Il. X 574-5) ‘And when the wave of the sea had washed the abundant sweat from their skin’; (a) kaí moi ktḗmat’édeixen hósa xunageírat’Odusseús (Od. XIV 323) ‘And he showed me the treasure that Odysseus hat gathered’, (b) égnōs, Ennosígaie, emḕn en stḗthesi boulḗn, / hôn heneka xynageira […] (Il. XX 20-1) ‘You know, Shaker of Earth, the plan in my mind for which I gathered you here’; (a) apothanṑn dè kaì tarikheutheìs etáphē en têisi taphêisi en tôi hirôi, tàs autòs oikodomḗsato (Hdt. III 10) ‘and being dead he was embalmed and laid in the burial-place built for himself in the temple’, (b) kaì dúo te antì henòs nēoùs têi Athēnaíēi oikodómēse ho Aluáttēs en têi Assēsôi (Hdt. I 22) ‘and Alyattes built not one but two temples of Athene at Assesos’; (a) Ê, kaì Néstoros huîas opássato kudalímoio (Il. XIX 238) ‘He spoke, and took with him the sons of glorious Nestor’, (b) [...] ho d’ára hôi paidì ópasse / gērás [...] (Il. XVII 196-7) ‘[armor] that he had given to his son’; (a) êmos dè drutómos per anḕr hōplíssato deîpnon / oúreos en bḗssēisin […] (Il. XI 86-7) ‘but at the hour when a woodman makes ready his meal in the glades of a mountain’, (b) [...] epeí hr’hṓplisse kukeiô (Il. XI 641) ‘when she had made ready the potion’; (a) Hṑs ára phōnḗsas ōréxato khersì phílēisin (Il. XXIII 99) ‘so saying he reached out with his hands’, (b) ou gár moi thnḗiskōn lekhéōn ek kheîras órexas (Il. XXIV 743) ‘For at your death you did not stretch out your hands to me from your bed’; (a) Pēleḯdēs d’hōrmḗsat’Agḗnoros antithéoio / deúteros […] (Il. XXI 595) ‘and the son of Peleus in his turn set on godlike Agenor’, (b) nûn dé me pareipoûs’álokhos malakoîs epéessin / hórmēs’es pólemon […] (Il. VI 337-8) ‘Just now my wife sought to turn my mind with gentle words and urged me to the war’; (a) toûto dè katà mésēn kou málista tḕn pólin toîsi líthoisi toùs ōrúxato oikodómee géphuran (Hdt. I 186) ‘also about the middle of the city she built a bridge with the stones which had been dug up’, (b) […] egṑ d’áor oxù erussámenos parà mēroû / bóthron órux’hósson te pugoúsion éntha kaì éntha (Od. XI 24-5) ‘while I dew my sharp sword from beside my thigh, and dug a pit of a cubit’s length this way and that’; (a) hoi dè Ludoí te kaì hoi Mêdoi epeíte eîdon núkta antì hēmérēs genoménēn, tês mákhēs te epaúsanto kaì mâllon ti éspeusan kaì amphóteroi eirḗnēn heōutoîsi genésthai (Hdt. I 74) ‘So when the Lydians and Medes saw the day turned to night they ceased from fighting, and both were the more zealous to make peace’, (b) télos dè éntomá te poieûntes kaì kataeídontes góēsi hoi Mágoi tôi anémōi, prós te toútoisi kaì têi Théti kaì têisi Nērēisi thúontes, épausan tetártēi hēmérēi (Hdt. VII 191) ‘and at last the Magians, by using victims and wizards’ spells on the wind, and by sacrificing also to Thetis and the Nereids, did make it to cease on the fourth day’; (a) [...] mēd’hoí ge hékēloi / Pátroklon nēusìn pelasaíato tethnēôta (Il. XVII 340-1) ‘and let them not at their ease bring the dead Patroclus to the ships’, (b) xestòn ephólkaion katabàs epélassa thalássēi / stêthos [...] (Od. XIV 350-1) ‘I slid down the smooth lading plank, and brought my breast to the sea’; (a) tò thêlu génos pân tò ek tôn oikíōn toútōn kat’ôn eplásato tḕn kephalḕn pēlôi ḕ kaì tò prósōpon (Hdt. II 85) ‘all the womenkind of the house daub their faces or heads with mud’, (b) epeàn dè exelkusthêi es gên, prôton hapántōn ho thēreutḕs pēlôi kat’ôn éplase autoû toùs ophthalmoús (Hdt. II 70) ‘When the crocodile is drawn ashore, first of all the hunter smears its eyes over with mud’; (a) ho dè Psammḗnitos hōs eîde, anaklaúsas méga kaì kalésas onomastì tòn hetaîron eplḗxato tḕn kephalḗ́n (Hdt. III 14) ‘When Psammenitos saw him, he broke into loud weeping, smiting his head and calling on his companion by name’, (b) trōmatistheìs dè katà toûto têi autòs próteron tòn tôn Aiguptíōn theòn âpin éplēxe (Hdt. III 64) ‘wounding him in the same part where he himself had once smitten the Egyptian god Apis’; (a) [...] tḕn d’Alkínoos poiḗsat’ákoitin (Od. VII 66) ‘Her Alcinoos made his wife’, (b) kaí hoi thnētôi eónti theàn poíēsan ákoitin (Il. XXIV 537) ‘and to him who was but a mortal the gods gave a goddess to be his wife’; (a) misthòn proeteínato tês basilēíēs tò hḗmisu (Hdt. IX 34) ‘Melampus demanded half of their kingship for his wages’, (b) epistámenos hóti ḕn mḕ axiókhreon próphasin proteínēi, ouk anapeísei min metabouleúsasthai (Hdt. I 156) ‘he knew that without some reasonable plea he could not change the king’s purpose’; (a) têmos sphêi aretêi Danaoì rhḗxanto phálaggas (Il. XI 90) ‘even then the Danaans by their valour brake the battalions’, (b) Aías dè prôtos Telamṓnios hérkos Akhaiôn / Trṓōn rhêxe phálagga [...] (Il. VI 5-6) ‘Aias, son of Telamon, bulwark of the Achaeans, was first to break a battalion of the Trojans’; (a) Hṑs éphat’eukhómenos, nemésēse dè pótnia Hḗre, / seísato d’einì thrónōi [...] (Il. VIII 198-9) ‘So he spoke boastfully, and queenly Hera was indignant; she shuddered on her throne’, (b) autàr epeì kat’enôpa idṑn Danaôn takhupṓlōn / seîs’,epì d’autòs áuse mála méga [...] (Il. XV 320-1) ‘but when he looked full in the faces of the Danaans of swift horses and shook the aegis and himself shouted mightily’; (a) seúat’eph’hippopólōn Thrēikôn órea niphóenta (Il. XIV 227) ‘and [she] sped over the snowy mountains of the Thracian horsemen’ (b) [...] ek d’amphotéroiin / atrekès haîm’ésseua balṓn [...] (Il. V 207-8) ‘and from them both I drew blood’; (a) Hṑs éphath’, hoi dè klêron esēmḗnanto ékastos (Il. VII 175) ‘So said he, and they marked each man his lot’, (b) [...] sḗmēne dè térmat’Akhilleùs / tēlóthen en leíōi pedíōi […] (Il. XXIII 358-9) ‘and Achilles showed them the turning post far off in the smooth plain’; (a) [...] ek d’óbrimon égkhos / espásato stérnoio [...] (Il. IV 529-30) ‘and the bronze was fixed in his lung’, (b) ek dè dóru spásen aûtis [...] (Il. V 859) ‘and he drew the spear out again’; (a) histía mèn steílanto [...] (Il. I 433) ‘they furled the sail’, (b) ennéa nêas steîla [...] (Od. XIV 248) ‘nine ships I fitted out’; (a) taûta en têi Aigúptōi speirómena karpòn phérei pollòn mèn dusṓdea dé: toûton epeàn sulléxōntai, hoì mèn kópsantes apipoûsi, hoì dè kaì phrúxantes apépsousi (Hdt. II 94) ‘in Egypt it produces abundant but ill-smelling fruit, which is gathered, and either bruised and pressed, or boiled after roasting’, (b) diò huméas nûn egṑ sunélexa, hína tò noéō prḗssein huperthéōmai humîn (Hdt. VII 8) ‘For this cause I have now summoned you together, that I may impart to you my purpose’; (a) hoûtos gàr ên ho Arkesíleōs hòs Kurḗnēn Kambúsēi édōke kaì phóron etáxato (Hdt. IV 165) ‘for this was the Arcesilaus who gave Cyrene to Cambyses and agreed to pay tribute’, (b) katà dḕ toútous metrḗsas phórous étaxe hekástoisi (Hdt. VI 42) ‘and appointed that each peopleshould according to this measurement pay a tribute’; (a) hoì dḗ min perì kêri theòn hṑs timḗsanto (Od. XIX 280) ‘these heartily showed him all honour, as if he were a god’, (b) hōs àn Pēleḯdēn timḗsomen [...] (Il. XVI 271) ‘so that we may win honour for the son of Peleus’; (a) énth’epidinēthénte tinaxásthēn pterà pukná (Od. II 151) ‘then they wheeled about, flapping their wings rapidly’, (b) [...] hḗn te Kroníōn / kheirì labṑn etínaxen ap’aiglḗentos Olúmpou (Il. XIII 242-3) ‘[the lightning] that the son of Cronos seizes in his hand and brandishes from gleaming Olympus’; (a) kaì etrépsanto toùs enantíous tetrákis (Hdt. VII 225) ‘and four times put their enemies to flight’, (b) Ho mèn dḕ taûta ameípsato, Xérxēs dè es gélōtá te étrepse kaì ouk epoiḗsato orgḕn oudemían (Hdt. VII 105) ‘Thus Demaratus answered; Xerxes made a jest of the matter and showed no anger’; (a) [...] arṓmenos hêos híkoio / gêrás te liparòn thrépsaió te phaídimon huión (Od. XIX 367-8) ‘with prayers that you might reach a sleek old age and rear your glorious son’, (b) [...] hḕn egṑ autḕ / thrépsa [...] (Il. XXIV 59-60) ‘[goddess] whom I myself nurtured and reared’; (a) dià dè tò heōutoû kállos ēneíkato parà Egestaíōn tà oudeìs állos (Hdt. V 47) ‘For the beauty of his person he received honours from the Egestans accorded to none else’, (b) tò parà toû Aithíopos ḗneikan hoi Ikhthuophágoi (Hdt. III 30) ‘[the bow] brought from the Ethiopian by the Fish-eaters’; (a) [...] phráxanto dè nêas / hérkeï khalkeíōi [...] (Il. XV 566-7) ‘and [they] fenced the ships in with a hedge of bronze’, (b) phráxe dé min hrípessi diamperès oisuḯnēisi / kúmatos eîlar émen […] (Od. V 256-7) ‘Then he fenced in the whole from stem to stern with willow withes to be a defence against the waves’; (a) amphotérēisi dè khersìn helṑn kónin aithalóessan / kheúato kàk kephalês poliês, hadinà stenakhízōn (Od. XXIV 316-7) ‘and with both his hands he took the sooty dust and poured it over his gray head, groaning with pause’, (b) toîsi dè kḗrukes mèn húdōr epì kheîras ékheuan (Od. I 146) ‘Heralds poured water over their hands’; (a) [...] potamòs dè kholṓsato kēróthi mâllon (Il. XXI 136) ‘and the river grew still more angry within’, (b) hōs emè nûn ekhólōsen ánax andrôn Agamémnōn (Il. XVIII 111) ‘just as but now the lord of men, Agamemnon, moved me to rage’; (a) [...] all’ex hoû protì Ílion ōsámeth’autoús (Il. VIII 295) ‘but from the time when we drove them toward Ilios’, (b) hoi d’ithùs táphroio batheíēs ôsan Akhaioús (Il. VIII 336) ‘and they thrust the Achaeans straight toward the deep trench’.
Appendix 4. Aorist verb forms with active inflection in both middle (unaccusative) and non-middle structures. (a) ei mḕ huperphíalon épos ékbale kaì még’aásthē (Od. IV 503) ‘had he not uttered a boastful word in great blindness of heart’; (b) Zeû páter, ê hrá tin’ḗdē hupermenéōn basilḗōn / têid’átēi áasas […] (Il. VIII 236-7) ‘father Zeus, was there ever before now one among mighty kings whom you blinded with blindness like this?’; (a) […] takhées d’hippêes ágerthen (Il. XXIII 287) ‘and the swift charioteers gathered together’, (b) enthád’ aph’humetérōn políōn ḗgeira hékaston (Il. XVII 222) ‘[...] did I gather each man of you here from your cities’ (a) […] allà polù prìn / en kaulôi eágē dolikhòn dóru […] (Il. XIII 161-2) ‘but well before that, the long spear shaft was broken in the socket’, (b) eísō d’aspíd’éaxe balṑn muloeidéi pétrōi (Il. VII 270) ‘and he burst the shield inwards with the cast of the rock that was like a mill-stone’; (a) […] ho d’es aithéra dîan aérthē (Od. XIX 540) ‘while he was borne aloft to the bright sky’, (b) pollà ktḗmat’ágōn, hósa hoi nées ákhthos áeiran (Od. III 312) ‘[Menelaus] bringing much treasure, all the burden that his ships could bear’; (a) hoi d’hám’aistṓthēsan aollées […] (Od. X 259) ‘then they all vanished together’, (b) hṑs ém’aistṓseian Olúmpia dṓmat’ékhontes (Od. XX 79) ‘would that in such a manner those who have dwellings on Olympus would blot me from sight’; (a) Aineías d’eálē […] (Il. XX 278) ‘and Aeneas crouched’, (b) tóphra d’epì Trṓōn stíkhes ḗluthon aspistáōn, /élsan d’en méssoisi […] (Il. XI 412-3) ‘meanwhile the ranks of the shield-bearing Trojans came on and hemmed him in their midst’; (a) […] autòs dè phílēs aiônos amerthêis (Il. XXII 58) ‘and be yourself robbed of your dear life’, (b) ophthalmôn mèn ámerse, dídou d’hēdeîan aoidḗn (Od. VIII 64) ‘of his sight she deprived him, but gave him the gift of sweet song’; (a) […] anegnámphthē dé hoi akhmḕ / aspìd’enì kraterêi […] (Il. III 348-9) ‘but its point [its = of his bronze] was turned in the mighty shield’, (b) autàr emoì desmòn mèn anégnampsan theoì autoì / hrēidíōs […] (Od. XIV 348-9) ‘but the gods themselves undid my bonds easily’; (a) autàr epeì dḕ pántes aollísthēsan Akhaioí (Il. XIX 54) ‘but when all the Achaeans were gathered together’, (b) […] taì d’ár’aóllissan katà ástu geraiás (Il. VI 287) ‘and they gathered together the older women throughout the city’; (a) ḕn d’aponosphisthôsi theôn hēdeîan edōdḗn (h. Herm. 562) ‘if they are turned away from the sweet food of the gods’, (b) táōn ouk án tís se katà prṓtiston opōpḗn / eîdos atimḗsasa dómōn aponosphísseien (h. Dem. 157-8) ‘not one of whom would scorn your appearance on sight and send you away’; (a) éntha k’apò hrinoùs drúphthē, sùn d’osté’arákhthē (Od. V 426) ‘there would his skin have been stripped off and his bones broken’, (b) […] sùn d’osté’áraxe / pánt’ámudis kephalês […] (Od. XII 412-3) ‘and [he] crushed all the bones of his skull together’; (a) mâllon dè stíkhes árthen epeì basilêos ákousan (Il. XVI 211) ‘and yet more tightly were their ranks compacted when they heard their king’, (b) en dè stathmoùs árse, thúras d’epéthēke phaeinás (Od. XXI 45) ‘and [he] fitted doorposts on it, and se on them bright doors’; (a) hōs dé hoi panteléōs eîkhe tò oíkēma, ek mèn tôn Thrēíkōn ēphanísthē (Hdt. IV 95) ‘when this was finished, he vanished from the sight of the Thracians’, (b) kteínei min opísō komizómenon, ándras hoi hupeísas kat’hodòn, apokteínas dé min ēphánise autôi híppōi (Hdt. III 126) ‘he set an ambush by the way and killed that messenger on his journey homewards, and made away with the man’s body and horse’; (a) tà phronéōn hóti hoi bláben hármata kaì takhé’híppō (Il. XXIII 545) ‘with this in mind, thathis chariot and his swift horses came to harm’, (b) blápse dé hoi phíla goúnath’(a) […] (Il. VII 271) ‘and [he] beat down Hector’s knees’; (a) hoi d’heoì ebláphthēsan áneu kéntroio théontes (Il. XXIII 387) ‘while his own horses were hampered, running without goad’, (b) éblapsás m’,hekáerge, theôn oloṓtate pántōn (Il. XXII 15) ‘you have foiled me, god who works from afar, most cruel of all gods’; (a) éntha tóte Trôés te diékrithen ēd’epíkouroi (Il. II 815) ‘there on that day the Trojans and their allies separated their companies’, (b) [...] oudé ken hēméas / állo diékrinen philéonté te terpoménō te (Od. IV 178-9) ‘nor would anything have parted us, loving and joying in one another’; (a) pròs toûton tòn ándra, epeíte dielúthēsan, élexe Dareîos táde (Hdt. III 85) ‘When the council broke up, Darius said to him’, (b) toùs d’en têi naumakhíēi taútēi heteralkéōs agōnizoménous nùx epelthoûsa diéluse (Hdt. VIII 11) ‘They fought that seafight with doubtful issue, and nightfall ended the battle’; (a) [...] perì d’égkheos aikhmêi / neûra dieskhísthē [...] (Il. XVI 315-6) ‘and around the spear point the sinews were torn apart’, (b) […] histía dé sphin / trikhthá te kaì tetrakhthà diéskhisen ìs anémoio (Od. IX 70-1) ‘and their sails were torn to shreds by the violence of the wind’ [lit. ‘the violence of the wind tore to shreds their sails’]; (a) tôn dè barbárōn hoi polloì en têi thalássēi diephthárēsan (Hdt. VIII 89) ‘but the greater part of the foreigners were drowned in the sea’, (b) lúkoi es tò ántron diéphtheiran tôn probátōn hōs hexēkonta (Hdt. IX 93) ‘and wolves came past his guard into the cave, killing about sixty of the flock’; (a) amphotérōn dè phuḕn edáēn kaì mḗdea pukná (Il. III 208) ‘and [I] came to know the form and stature of them both and their cunning devices’, (b) [...] hoúnek’ára sphéas / oímas Moûs’edídaxe [...] (Od. VIII 480-1) ‘for the Muse has taught them the paths of song’; (a) éntha k’apò hrinoùs drúphthē, sùn d’osté’arákhthē (Od. V 426) ‘there would his skin have been stripped off and his bones broken’, (b) [...] prumnòn dè brakhíona douròs akōkḕ / drúpsʼapò muṓnōn [...] (Il. XVI 323-4) ‘but the point of the spear sheared the base of the arm away from the muscles’; (a) en nússēi dé toi híppos aristeròs egkhrimphthḗtō (Il. XXIII 338) ‘but let the near horse draw close to the post’, (b) tôi sù mál’egkhrímpsas eláan skhedòn hárma kaì híppous (Il. XXIII 334) ‘pressing hard on it drive your chariot and horses close’; (a) Taûta epilegoménōi Kroísōi tò proásteion pân ophíōn eneplḗsthē (Hdt. I 78) ‘Thus Chroesus reasoned. Meantime it chanced that snakes began to sworm in the outer part of the city’, (b) kremaménēs dè tês kephalês kaì ḗdē eoúsēs koílēs, esmòs melisséōn esdùs es autḕn kēríōn min enéplēse (Hdt. V 114) ‘and the head being there set aloft, when it was hollow a swarm of bees entered it and filled it with their cells’; (a) toútōn muriádes exērithmḗthēsan, khōrìs toû nautikoû, hebdomḗkonta sùn hippeûsi, nées dè hexakósiai sunelékhthēsan (Hdt. IV 87) ‘the full tale of these, over and above the fleet, was seven hundred thousand men, reckoning therewith horsemen, and the number of ships that mustered was six hundred’, (b) […] mékhri hoû pántas toútōi tôi trópōi exēríthmēsan (Hdt. VII 60) ‘till in this way all were numbered’; (a) en toîsi tà déndrea pánta sphi tà en têi nḗsōi plḕn henòs exauánthē (Hdt. IV 151) ‘all their trees in the island save one were withered’, (b) ho nótos sphi pnéōn ánemos tà élutra tôn hudátōn exēúēne (Hdt. IV 173) ‘the force of the south wind dried up their water-tanks’; (a) hína hoi ekpolemōthêi pân tò Persikón (Hdt. III 66) ‘[…] so that all Persia might be plunged into a war against him’, (b) hína kaì toútous ekpolemṓsōsi (Hdt. IV 120) ‘[…] so that these too might be compelled to fight’; (a) ei gàr dḕ tòn pánta khrónon entetaména eíē, ekrageíē àn [...] (Hdt. II 173) ‘were bows kept for aver bent they would break’, (b) neurḕn d’exérrēxe neóstrophon […] (Il. XV 469) ‘[he] has broken the newly twisted string’; (a) hē d’elelíkhthē pâsa Diòs plēgeîsa keraunôi (Od. XII 416) ‘and she [= the ship] quivered from stem to stern, struck by the bolt of Zeus’, (b) [...] elélixe dè makròn Ólumpon (Il. VIII 199) ‘and [she] made high Olympus quake’; (a) toútou toû épeos Ludoí te kaì hoi basilées autôn lógon oudéna epoieûnto, prìn dḕ epetelésthē (Hdt. I 13) ‘an utterance of which the Lydians and their kings took no account, till it was fulfilled’, (b) oud’epetélese tòn epétaxé hoi hē mḗtēr áethlon (Hdt. IV 43) ‘[and so returned back] without accomplishing the task laid upon him by his mother’; (a) ho d’húptios oúdei ereísthē (Il. VII 145) ‘and backward he was hurled on the earth’, (b) Iphidámas dè katà zṓnēn thṓrēkos énerthe / núx’,epì d’autòs éreise bareíēi kheirì pithḗsas (Il. XI 234-5) ‘but Iphidamas stabbed him on the belt beneath the corselet, and put his weight into the thrust, trusting in his heavy hand’; (a) epeàn dè hepsēthêi tà kréa (Hdt. IV 61) ‘when the flesh is cooked’, (b) tà mèn ṓptēse, tà dè Download 0.75 Mb. Share with your friends:
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