Eight theories of religion second edition

1. For an account of Marxism’s decline, see Lesek Kolakowski, Main Currents of Marxism: The Breakdown (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981).

2. Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Language, Art, and Custom, 2 vols., 4th ed., rev. (London: John Murray, [1871] 1903), 1: 424.

3. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life: A Study in Religious Sociology, tr. Joseph Ward Swain (London: George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., 1915), pp. 24–29, 47.

4. See Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1937), pp. 80–83; for his definition of “mystical notions,” see p. 12.

5. Geertz, “Religion as Cultural System,” in The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973), p. 90.

6. E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Theories of Primitive Religion (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965), pp. 101–102.

7. Evans-Pritchard, Theories of Primitive Religion, p. 101.

8. Horton has outlined his views in a number of well-known articles; see “The Kalabari World View: An Outline and Interpretation,” Africa 32 (1962): 210–40; “Ritual Man in Africa,” Africa 34 (1964): 85–104; and “Neo-Tylorianism: Sound Sense or

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9. See “Religion as Cultural System,” in Interpretation of Cultures, p. 101, where he writes, “Certainly, I was struck in my own work, much more than I had at all expected to be, by the degree to which my more animistically inclined informants behaved like true Tyloreans. They seemed to be constantly using their beliefs to ‘explain’ phenomena: or, more accurately, to convince themselves that the phenomena were explainable within the accepted scheme of things.”

10. Durkheim, Elementary Forms, p. 415.

11. E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Nuer Religion (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956), p. 314.

12. For comment on some of these issues, see the essays of Robert Segal in Explaining and Interpreting Religion: Essays on the Issue, Toronto Studies in Religion, vol. 16 (New York: Peter Lang, 1992); see also the exchange between Robert Segal and Donald Wiebe in their essay “Axioms and Dogmas in the Study of Religion,” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 57 (Fall 1989): 591–605, and my response in “Axioms without Dogmas: The Case for a Humanistic Account of Religion,” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 59, no. 4 (Winter 1991): 703–709. See also my “Explaining, Endorsing, and Reducing Religion: Some Clarifications,” in Religion and Reductionism, eds. Thomas Idinopoulos and Edward Yonan (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1994): 183–97, along with the other essays in this volume.

13. See in this book the Introduction, pp. 8–9; chap. 1, p. 29.

14. On this, see Robert A. Segal, “In Defense of Reductionism,” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 51, no. 1 (March 1983): 97–124.

15. See my “Reductionism and Belief,” Journal of Religion 66, no. 1 (January 1986): 18–36.

Allport, Gordon. The Individual and His Religion. New York: Macmillan Co., 1951.

Asad, Talal. Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.

Berger, Peter. The Desecularization of the World. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1999.

Berger, Peter. The Sacred Canopy. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1967.

Boyer, Pascal. Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought. New York: Basic Books, 2001.

Bruce, Steven. God is Dead: Secularisation in the West. Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishers, 2002.

Carrasco, David. Religions of Mesoamerica: Cosmovisions and Ceremonial Centers. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1990.

Daly, Mary. Beyond God the Father: Toward a Philosophy of Women’s Liberation. Boston: Beacon Press, 1973.

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Doniger, Wendy. The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.

Douglas, Mary. Purity and Danger. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966.

Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove Press, [1961] 1963.

Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan. New York: Pantheon Books, [1975] 1978.

Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. English Translation. New York: Pantheon Books, [1961] 1965.

Guthrie, Stewart. Faces in the Clouds: A New Theory of Religion. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Hamer, Dean. The God Gene: How Faith is Hardwired into Our Genes. New York: Doubleday, 2004.

Hewitt, Marsha Aileen. Critical Theory of Religion: A Feminist Analysis. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Augsburg Fortress Publishers, 1995.

Horton, Robin. Patterns of Thought in Africa and the West. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

King, Richard. Orientalism and Religion in Postcolonial Theory: India and “the Mystic East.” London: Routledge, 1999.

Lawson, E. Thomas, and Robert N. McCauley. Rethinking Religion: Connecting Cognition and Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Leach, Edmund. Culture and Communication: The Logic by which Symbols are Connected. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

Levi-Strauss, Claude. The Raw and the Cooked: Mythologiques, Volume 1. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, [1964] 1969.

Levi-Strauss, Claude. The Savage Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, [1962] 1966.

Luckmann, Thomas. The Invisible Religion: The Problem of Religion in Modern Society. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1967.

Maslow, Abraham. Religions, Values, and Peak-Experiences. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1964.

McCullough, Michael E., Kenneth I. Pargament, and Carl E. Thoresen, eds. Forgiveness: Theory, Research and Practice. New York: Guilford Press, 2000.

Pysaiennen, Ilkke. How Religion Works: Toward a New Cognitive Science: Cognition and Culture. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers, 2001.

Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. Structure and Function in Primitive Society. New York: Free Press, 1952.

Said, Edward. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978.

Spivak, Gayatri. A Critique of Post-Colonial Reason: Toward a History of the Vanishing Present. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.

Spivak, Gayatri. In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics. London: Routledge, 1988.

Stark, Rodney and Philip Bainbridge. The Future of Religion: Secularization, Revival, and Cult Formation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.

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Turner, Victor. The Drums of Affliction. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1968.

Wilson, Bryan. Religion in Sociological Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.

Wilson, David Sloan. Darwin’s Cathedral: Evolution, Religion, and the Nature of Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.

Wilson, E. O. On Human Nature. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978.

Yinger, J. Milton. The Scientific Study of Religion. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1970.

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