Fuzhou World Bank Financed Projects Nanjiang Binlu, Phase-ii project of the Third Ring Road and Kuiqi Bridge environmental impact report

Ambient air Impact Assessment During Construction

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6.3 Ambient Air Impact Assessment during Operation
6.3.2 The Characteristics of Weather in case of pollution

6.2 Ambient air Impact Assessment During Construction

The main air pollution sources during construction are: dust from excavation, running of transport vehicles and construction machinery; loading and unloading, transportation and piling of construction materials (cement, lime and sandstone) and rising and falling of excavated soil during piling and transportation; emission exhausted from construction machinery and transportation vehicles.

Dust is main factor that affects ambient air quality during construction. Dust from excavation and drilling of dry ground surface: some floats in the air, other falls on the ground and the surface of buildings with wind; when piling excavated soil, if the wind is strong, dust will rise: during loading and unloading and transportation, some dust rises and falls; the soil carried in rainwater scatters on the surface of roads, after getting dry in the sun, dust rises again with movement of vehicles or blowing of wind; a large amount of dust will rise during backfilling; dust will also rise and fall during loading and unloading, transportation and piling of construction materials.
The harmfulness of dust pollution during construction shall not be neglected. If the dust floating in the air is inhaled by constructors and residents nearby, not only many diseases of respiratory tract but also all kinds of diseases caused by pathogenic germs carried by dust will seriously affect the health of constructors and residents nearby. Moreover, flow of dust makes low visibility and causes traffic accidents. If dust falls on the buildings and trees, sight will be affected. Although the dust engendered during the execution of this Project cannot be avoided completely, the Employer shall strictly strengthen management and take suitable measures to control the dust produced during construction.

6.3 Ambient Air Impact Assessment during Operation

6.3.1 Assessment Factors

Main ambient air pollutant during the operation of the Project is emission and waste gas exhausted from motor vehicles with main pollutant of CO, NO₂and hydrocarbon etc. As per Environmental Impact Assessment Specification of Road Construction (JTJ005-96) and the Environmental Assessment Outline of this Assessment, CO and NO₂ will be taken as the assessment factors of impact on ambient air environment.

6.3.2 The Characteristics of Weather in case of pollution

1) The Characteristics of Ground Wind Field
a. Ground Wind speed: the annual average wind speed in this area is 2.4m/s. In summer, there is typhoon, so the instantaneous maximum wind speed can reach 20m/s. The frequency of calm wind is as high as 23.3％. For the annual average wind speed in all wind directions, refer to Table 6.3-1.
b. Ground wind direction: the monsoon climate of this area is obvious. The predominant wind direction every year is southeaster. In summer, under the influence of the southernly monsoon, the southeaster is even more frequent. In winter, the frequency of wind is scattered with the highest frequency of souther and higher frequency of north wind and northernly wind. For this area nears the sea, the daily wind direction has the obvious characteristics of land and sea breeze with a cycle of day and night. Northwest wind in the morning and southeast wind in the afternoon are more obvious in summer. For the annual frequency of wind direction, refer to Table 6.3-2 and Rose Diagram 6.3-1.
c. Contamination factors: the maximum contamination factors are SSE, S and N. In summer, the frequency of wind is high, so the maximum contamination factor is the same as the frequency of winter, that is, maximum when in the direction of SSE.
2) Characteristics of Low-Altitude Wind Field
The average low-altitude wind speed increases with the height. At the height of 600 meters above ground, the wind speed increases slowly, every 100 meters higher, 0.35m/s faster the wind speed; at the height of 600 to 1,200 meters, the wind speed increases faster, every 100 meters higher, 0.6m/s faster the wind speed.
The daily average wind speed near stratum is similar to that on the ground, that is, in the morning the wind speed is slow; after sunrise, the wind speed gradually becomes faster, to the maximum at about 18 o’clock, and then gradually slows down, to the minimum from after-midnight to early morning. At the height of 400 to 700 meters, the daily wind speed has little changes and is stable. At above 700 meters, the daily change of wind speed is opposite to that of wind speed on the ground.
In winter, due to the impact of cold air from the north, the wind direction beneath 1,000m is northeasterly; in summer, due to the southeast monsoon, there is more southerly wind and the wind direction will change from southeast to southwest with the increasing of height.

Table 6.3-1 The Annual Average Accumulative Monsoon Speed in Fuzhou Unit: m/s

Month	N	NNE	NE	ENE	E	ESE	SE	SSE	S	SSW	SW	WSW	W	WNW	NW	NNW
1	2.9	2.8	3.2	3.3	2.6	3.0	1.4	2.6	2.5	1.9	1.9	2.0	2.0	2.9	2.6	2.6
4	2.6	2.9	3.9	3.1	1.5	2.1	2.3	3.8	3.1	2.0	2.0	2.8	2.2	2.8	2.5	2.1
7	1.9	3.3	3.0	4.8	1.7	2.0	4.4	4.9	3.5	2.2	2.0	2.4	2.1	2.3	3.0	2.9
10	2.8	3.4	3.3	4.5	3.2	1.0	2.1	2.9	2.5	2.0	1.8	2.2	2.0	3.2	3.0	2.9
The whole year	2.8	3.2	3.6	4.0	2.4	2.0	3.2	4.2	2.9	4.2	2.0	2.1	1.9	3.0	2.5	2.5

Table 6.3-2 The Annual Average Accumulative Monsoon Frequency in Fuzhou Unit: %

Month	N	NNE	NE	ENE	E	ESE	SE	SSE	S	SSW	SW	WSW	W	WNW	NW	NNW	C
1	6.3	6.8	8.3	4.5	2.8	0.8	2.0	5.5	9.0	6.0	3.3	1.8	2.8	2.8	6.8	6.5	22.5
4	4.0	4.0	4.3	1.5	0.8	1.5	3.5	14.0	15.3	5.5	3.8	1.5	4.0	2.8	4.5	2.8	26.3
7	2.0	2.5	3.0	2.0	1.3	0.3	10.8	36.0	10.3	2.8	1.5	1.0	1.3	1.8	3.0	2.3	17.0
10	8.5	7.5	9.5	4.3	1.0	0.5	1.5	5.3	6.8	4.3	0.8	1.3	3.8	7.0	10.5	9.5	15.0
The whole year	6.5	5.8	6.3	2.8	2.0	1.3	4.3	13.0	8.5	4.3	3.0	1.5	2.0	4.3	5.8	5.8	23.3

Table 6.3--1 The Rose Diagram of Wind Direction in the Area Where the Project Locates

3) Statistics of Temperature Field
a. Average temperature: the annual average temperature is 19.6℃, 28.7℃ in the hottest months, 7.7℃ in the coldest months, the extreme high temperature 39.8℃ and the extreme low temperature -2.4℃. The change of ground temperature in the day has the same rule as in winter and summer, that is, the lowest at 5 o’clock in early morning, with the rising of temperature after sunrise, and reaching the highest at 14 o’clock in the afternoon.
b. Temperature Field of Low-Altitude: the temperature of low-altitude in this area reduces with the increasing of height. The average stable lapse rate beneath 1,500m in summer is 0.51℃/100m, 0.31℃/100m in winter, while there are no changes in temperature at the height of 1,100-1,500m. Thus it can be seen that the vertical diffusion capability of atmosphere in this area in summer is greater than that in winter.
Low-altitude temperature inversion: there is grounding temperature inversion in winter and summer in Fuzhou, however the frequency in summer is lower than that in winter, and the thickness and strength of temperature inversion in summer are greatly lower than those in winter. Furthermore, as per changes in the day, in winter the strength, thickness and frequency of grounding temperature inversion in the morning are higher than those in the night; reversely in summer, all the indices in the night are higher than those in the morning. For details, see Table 6.3-3.
The non-grounding temperature inversion and grounding temperature inversion in winter are similar with those in summer in Fuzhou, i.e., all the indices in winter are higher than those in summer. Moreover, in winter and summer, the frequency of temperature inversion at 7 o’clock is higher than that at 19 o’clock, while the average strength of temperature inversion is reverse. For details, refer to Table 6.3-4.

Table 6.3-3 The Status of Grounding Temperature Inversion in Winter and Summer of Recent Ten Years in Fuzhou

Season, Time Item	Summer		Winter
Season, Time Item	7 o’clock	19 o’clock	7 o’clock	19 o’clock
Frequency，％	2	4	22	8
Average thickness，m	110.0	195.0	995.0	460.0
Average strength,℃/100m	0.47	0.55	1.26	1.02
Maximum strength，℃/100m	0.81	1.00	2.50	1.96

Table 6.3-4 The Status of Non-Grounding Temperature Inversion in Winter and Summer of Recent Ten Years in Fuzhou

Season, Time Item	Summer		Winter
Season, Time Item	7 o’clock	19 o’clock	7 o’clock	19 o’clock
Frequency，％	60	28	75	70
Bottom height，m	1811	1952	1546	1704
Average thickness，m	223.6	198.8	459.6	315.7
Average strength，℃/100m	0.66	0.69	0.67	1.22
Maximum strength，℃/100m	1.70	1.53	2.71	4.33

4) Statistics of Stability

The predominant stability in winter and summer in Fuzhou is Class D, especially in winter. The frequency in winter can reach 73.6％, while in summer the frequency of stability(E+F) gets similar with that of instability(A+B+C). In winter the frequency of stable atmosphere is 1 time as that of non-stable atmosphere. See Table 6.3-5.

Table 6.3-5 The frequency of Atmosphere Stability in Winter and Summer in Fuzhou

Season, Time

Item

A

B

C

D

E

F

Summer

2.6

11.4

6.8

59.6

10.7

8.7

Winter

0.1

3.3

5.2

73.6

9.5

7.7

5) Distribution of Combined Frequency of Wind Direction, Wind Speed and Stability
The distribution statistics of average combined frequency of January and July of many years in Fuzhou indicates that(for details, refer to Table 7.2-6 and 6.2-7): in July, due to the southeast monsoon, under the stability of Class D, wind direction is southeasterly and wind speed is higher than 6m/s, the combined frequency can reach 7.7% (the maximum frequency is 7%. When the wind speed is 5.0-5.9m/s, the combined frequency is 4.1%. The combined frequency in January is 17.3% and 17% respectively.
The predominant stability in this area is Class D. The vertical diffusion capability of atmosphere is weak while the wind speed and frequency are high and the capability of horizontal delivery of atmosphere is strong, which are helpful for delivery and diffusion of pollutants to the distance and reduction of impact of pollutants on local area.
6) Thickness of Mixed Layer
Statistics indicates that: the average thickness of mixed layer in Autumn in Fuzhou is maximum while minimum in Spring. Throughout the year, the maximum thickness of mixed layer is 2,101.1m at 14 o’clock in Summer; the minimum thickness of mixed layer is only 619.5m at 8 o’clock in Spring.
As per daily changes, from deep night to morning, the height of mixed layer is generally lower with bad thermal condition, which is unfavor of dilution diffusion of pollutants in the vertical direction; in the afternoon of Spring and Summer and in the evening of Autumn and Winter, the mixed layer is thicker with good thermal condition, which is favor of wide range of diffusion and dilution of pollutants and reduction of pollution of near strata.

Table 6.3-6 The Distribution Sheet of Combined Frequency of Atmosphere Stability, Wind Direction and Wind Speed of July in Fuzhou

Unit: ％

Wind speed

Stability

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

C

合计

0.0-0.9

A

B
C

D

E
F

1.9

4.7
8.5

2.3
3.4

1.9

4.7

0.0
8.5

2.3
3.4

1.0-1.9

A
B
C

D

E
F

0.2

0.2
0.3

0.1

0.3

0.2
0.2

0.1
0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1
01

0.2
0.1
0.5

0.6

0.3

0.2
0.2

0.2
0.2
0.2

0.1
0.1

0.1
0.2

0.2

0.1
0.2

0.1

0.1
0.2
0.4

0.2

0.1
0.2

0.1
0.3
0.3

0.1
0.2

0.2
0.5

0.1

0.1
0.1
0.2

0.2
0.1

0.7

1.5

0.0
3.9

1.0
2.1

2.0-2.9

A
B
C

D

E
F

0.2

0.6
0.1

0.2

0.2
0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1
0.1

0.1
0.2

0.2

0.2
0.3
0.6

0.2

0.6
1.0

0.6
1.0

0.2
0.2

0.2

0.2
0.2

0.2
0.1

0.2

0.2
0.1

0.3

0.1
0.2

0.1
0.2

0.2
0.3

0.6

0.2

0.2

0.2
0.6

0.1
0.2

0.2

0.2

0.5
0.2

0.2

0.1

0.8
0.2

0.1
0.8

0.1

0.0
1.7

1.9
6.7

1.5
3.2

3.0-3.9

A
B
C

D

E
F

0.1
0.2

0.2

0.1

0.6

0.2

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.2
1.7

0.8

0.4

0.1
3.3

1.3

0.3

0.2
0.7

0.2

0.4

0.2
0.4

0.2

0.1
0.2

0.1
0.2

0.2

0.1
0.1

0.1

0.2
0.4

0.1

0.6

0.1
0.6

0.1

0.1

0.1
0.1

0.4

0.0
1.5

1.2
6.7

2.7
0.0

4.0-4.9

A
B
C

D

E
F

0.5

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.2
0.3

0.3

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.2

1.2
0.3

0.7

0.6
3.3

1.1

0.2

0.2
0.4

0.3

0.2
0.2

0.1

0.1
0.2

0.1

0.1
0.1

0.1
0.1

0.2

0.2

0.0
1.5

1.2
6.7

2.7
0.0

5.0-5.9

C
D

0.1

0.1

0.1
0.2

0.3

0.6

1.8

1.2
4.1

0.3
0.4

0.1
0.6

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

2.4
8.0

≥6.0

D

0.5

0.4

0.6

0.1

3.5

7.7

1.0

1.5

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.1

16.3

Total

3.0

1.9

2.7

1.8

0.6

12.0

28.8

5.5

5.2

1.6

1.8

2.7

2.3

3.5

3.1

2.6

20.8

99.3

Table 6.3-7 The Distribution Sheet of Combined Frequency of Atmosphere Stability, Wind Direction and Wind Speed of January in Fuzhou Unit: ％

Wind Speed	Stability	N	NNE	NE	ENE	E	ESE	SE	SSE	S	SSW	SW	WSW	W	WNW	NW	NNW	C	合计
0.0-0.9	A B C D E F																	0.1 1.5 15.2 2.7 2.9	0.1 1.5 0.0 15.2 2.7 2.9
1.0-1.9	A B C D E F	0.3	0.4 0.1 0.1	0.4	0.2		0.1 0.2 0.1	0.2 1.0	0.3 0.6 0.1 0.2	0.2 0.2	0.2	0.2 0.1	0.7	0.1 0.7 0.2 0.2	0.6 0.1 0.5	1.1 0.2 0.2	1.1		0.0 1.0 0.0 8.0 0.8 1.2
2.0-2.9	A B C D E F	0.2 2.0 0.2 0.2	1.7 0.1 0.3	1.0 0.2 0.2	0.2 0.3 0.1	0.1 0.1	0.2 0.3 0.2	0.5 1.8 0.2 0.5	0.1 0.1 0.6	0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1	0.1 0.6 0.2	0.2 0.6	1.3	0.1 0.9 0.6 0.3	0.1 2.1 0.3 0.5	0.1 1.8 0.2 0.7	0.1 2.1 0.1 0.2		0.0 0.2 1.9 17.3 1.9 3.6
3.0-3.9	A B C D E F	2.5 0.5	0.2 2.2 0.4	0.2 2.1 0.2	1.0	0.4 0.1	0.2 0.2 0.2	0.2 0.6 2.4 0.2	0.1 0.2 0.6 0.2	0.1 0.2 0.4 0.1	0.1 0.2	0.2 0.1	0.3	0.1 0.6	0.2 1.1 0.2	1.0 0.4	0.1 1.8 0.6		0.0 0.5 2.1 17.0 3.0 0.0
4.0-4.9	A B C D E F	0.7 0.2	1.5 0.3	1.4 0.2	0.1 0.8 0.1	0.2	0.1 0.2	0.6 0.6 0.2	0.1 0.1	0.1 0.1			0.1		0.1 0.5	0.2 0.3	0.3 0.1		0.0 0.1 1.0 6.6 1.1 0.0
5.0-5.9	C D	0.6	0.6	0.4	0.1 0.4	0.1	0.1	0.1 1.1	0.2						0.5	0.6			0.2 4.7
≥6.0	D		0.4	0.4	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.6					0.1	1.7	0.8			4.8
Total		7.6	8.3	6.8	3.4	1.0	2.3	10.3	3.9	1.9	1.5	1.2	2.4	3.8	8.4	7.7	6.5	22.3	99.4

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