Gonzaga Debate Institute 2011 Gemini Landsats Neg
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- Inherency – Old Landsats Solve
Inherency – Funding NowLandsat funding allocate to solve issues of status quo Keck 11 (Zachary, DC Foreign Policy Analyst @ The Examiner, CNAS, 3/30, http://www.cnas.org/blogs/naturalsecurity/2011/03/satellites-you-need-know-landsat-granddaddy-them-all.html, accessed 7-6-11, CH) In addition, the OSTP memorandum set up an interagency working group to determine the future path of land imaging. This group met on a weekly basis between January and December of 2006 and issued its finding in a report that was released in August 2007. This report laid out a plan for implementing the goal of the 2005 memorandum which pledged “to transition the Landsat program from a series of independently planned missions to a sustained operational program.” As we previously noted, the president’s new budget requests adequate funding for bringing this plan to fruition. Thus for now the future of Landsat is secure, yet in an era of sweeping budget cuts, this could change. We’ll let you know if it does. Landsat funding secure Keck 11 (Zachary, DC Foreign Policy Analyst @ The Examiner, CNAS, 2/23, http://www.cnas.org/blogs/naturalsecurity/2011/02/final-frontier-week-part-2-president-s-budget-and-earth-observation-sa, accessed 7-6-11, CH) To better integrate the interagency Landsat program, the Obama administration’s new budget would create a new account for it, and it requests $99.8 million dollars for FY 2012 – a noticeable increase from the $59.6 million Landsat is slated to receive this year. In addition to maintaining the two current satellites, Landsat-5 and Landsat-7, this funding increase will help ensure the viability of the Landsat program in the years to come. For instance, the administration is requesting $13.4 million towards operations for Landsat-8, a mission that is set to launch in December 2012, as well $48 million for planning the Landsat-9 mission. The Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM), which Landsat-8 and Landsat-9 are together called, will replace the current satellites in providing continuous earth imagery. Landsat funding secure—consistent funding from the USGS and stable allocation for TIRS Behrens 10 (Carl, specialist in Energy Policy, CRS, 9/17, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40594.pdf, accessed 7-6-11, CH) In the early planning for the LDCM satellite, no provision was made for an instrument that would measure images in the thermal infrared range, although that function is included in the present Landsat-5 and Landsat-7 satellites. Appeals from numerous users of the information in that spectrum sector led NASA to reconsider the possibility of including a Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS), and the Congress included $10 million in the FY2009 Omnibus Appropriations bill directly for TIRS. The infrared instrument is now officially part of the design of LDCM, after it was decided that it could be developed and included in LDCM without delaying the launch of the satellite. NASA includes the “aggressive development schedule” for TIRS as a “project risk” that may require adjustments to meet the targeted launch date. USGS Funding USGS supports data collection and processing from the current Landsat-5 and Landsat-7 satellites, and also funds development of ground facilities to receive and process information from LDCM. For FY2009 USGS received $24.2 million for LDCM, and the same amount for FY2009 and FY2010. For FY2011 USGS requested$37.5 million for LDCM. TIRS funding now Behrens 10 (Carl, specialist in Energy Policy, CRS, 9/17, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40594.pdf, accessed 7-6-11, CH) Of particular concern has been the possibility that the new satellite may not include the capability of receiving data in the thermal infrared spectrum, a capability that is now in Landsat 5 and 7 and which some users have found particularly useful. Funding for a Thermal Infrared Sensing Instrument (TIRS) was uncertain and progress on the instrument delayed during the early years of the mission. However, NASA’s FY2009 appropriation included $10 million specifically for TIRS. NASA announced in its FY2011 budget request that TIRS would be developed in time to meet the December 2012 launch date, while noting that because of its late start it required an “aggressive development schedule.”\ Inherency – Old Landsats SolveLandsats 3, 4 and 5 provide the best analysis of crops. Collins and Broad 90 (Charles A., Tyson M., U.S. Geological Survey, "Ground-Based Water Pumpage in the Willamette Lowland Regional Aquifier System, Oregon and Washington 1990.") CJQ Many techniques exist for classifying remotely sensed data. Because the focus of the current study was detection and delineation of croplands, efforts were concentrated on using combinations of Landsat TM bands 3, 4, and 5 that provide the best spectral information about growing plants. Four classification methods, which used combinations of these spectral bands and the early and late season images, were developed and tested on the area near Salem. Three of the methods were (1) using bands 3, 4, and 5 of the May image (May345); (2) using bands 3, 4, and 5 of the July image (July345); and (3) using bands 4 and 5 of both the May and July images (MayJuly4545). In the fourth method, a “mask” of areas identified as bare soil on the May image was applied over the July image (July mask), so that only areas that were bare soil in May would be classified on the July image. The rationale for use of this last method was that perennial crops like grain, grass seed, alfalfa, and mint would be growing rapidly by early May and would contrast with the bare-soil areas that generally are planted in annual crops, such as vegetable row crops. Each method had advantages and disadvantages. The May345 method showed the perennial crops well; areas used for growing annual crops appeared as bare soil. The July345 method gave better definition of areas growing annual crops but lost definition for some perennial crops. Many of the perennial crops were mature and were being harvested by this time. The MayJuly4545 method provided the best overall identification of land-cover classes but did not adequately differentiate the annual crops. 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