Gonzaga Debate Institute 2011 Gemini Landsats Neg

Inherency – Thermal Now

In the early planning for the LDCM satellite, no provision was made for an instrument that would measure images in the thermal infrared range, although that function is included in the present Landsat-5 and Landsat-7 satellites. Appeals from numerous users of the information in that spectrum sector led NASA to reconsider the possibility of including a Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS), and the Congress included $10 million in the FY2009 Omnibus Appropriations bill directly for TIRS. The infrared instrument is now officially part of the design of LDCM, after it was decided that it could be developed and included in LDCM without delaying the launch of the satellite. NASA includes the “aggressive development schedule” for TIRS as a “project risk” that may require adjustments to meet the targeted launch date.

*LDCM = Landsat Data Continuity Mission
Next Landsat has thermal imaging
Reuter et al 10 (Dennis, the authors are researchers at various institutions or work at NASA, 11/10, http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/pdf_archive/Reuter_etal-IGARSS2010.pdf, accessed 7-3-11, JMB)

TIRS is a thermal imager with two channels at 10.8 and 12 μm being developed at NASA/GSFC for delivery to LDCM by December, 2011. TIRS will provide thermal data continuity with previous Landsat missions, but its two channels will also provide new image analysis capability. Although being built in-house at Goddard with significant institutional support, TIRS development has also received active support from numerous parties including USGS, the LDCM project, The LDCM cal/val team, the Landsat Science Team and, of course, NASA HQ.

*LDCM = Landsat Data Continuity Mission

As is implied in the mission name, one element of the LDCM project is to provide continuity with past Landsat sensors. Another element is to provide improvements in sensors where possible. The Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM), and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) sensors are good examples of this philosophy as the thermal infrared band improved in spatial resolution from 120 to 60 m for the single-band, whiskbroom-approach systems (See [2] and references therin). While such data have proved important in providing land-use information, volcanic and fire-monitoring data, and resource management guidance, a dual-band sensor at lower spatial resolution but with improved sensitivity would maintain continuity and provide valuable data for water resource management and agricultural studies. TIRS on LDCM is a 100 meter (120 meter requirement) spatial resolution push-broom imager whose two spectral channels, centered at near 10.8 and 12 microns, split the spectral range of the single TM and ETM+ thermal band while still providing thermal band data continuity with previous Landsat missions. The push-broom implementation increases system sensitivity by allowing longer integration times than whiskbroom sensors. The two channels allow the use of the “split-window” technique to aid in atmospheric correction. The TIRS focal plane operates near 43 K and consists of three Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector (QWIP) arrays to span the 185 km swath width [5]. Infrared filters are used to define the spectral coverage of the two channels. The imaging telescope is a 4-element refractive lens system. A scene select mechanism (SSM) rotates a scene mirror (SM) to change the field of regard from a nadir Earth view to either an on-board blackbody calibrator or a deep space view. The blackbody is a full aperture calibrator whose temperature may be varied from 270 to 330 K. Figure 1 shows a model of the TIRS sensor unit with the major elements identified.

Inherency – NLIP Now

Obama proposed a National Land Imaging Program through USGS
Berger 2/21 (Brian, 2011, Space News, http://spacenews.com/civil/110221-obama-proposal-usgs-landsats.html, accessed 7-5-11, JMB)

U.S. President Barack Obama is asking Congress for $99 million next year to establish a permanent budgetary and managerial home within the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for the Landsat series of Earth imaging satellites. If lawmakers approve the president’s proposal to establish a long-sought National Land Imaging program within the USGS, then the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) now in development for a late 2012 or early 2013 launch would be the last Landsat spacecraft NASA would be responsible for funding, according to a senior administration official. Anne Castle, assistant secretary for water and science at the U.S. Interior Department, said NASA would continue to build or buy Landsat spacecraft on behalf of the USGS but would use USGS money to get the job done, rather than spend its own. NASA has been building weather satellites for the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration this way for decades. The USGS, a division of the Interior Department, spent about $60 million in 2010 operating Landsats 5 and 7, maintaining the nation’s archive of land remote sensing imagery, and preparing a network of ground receiving stations for LDCM data. NASA, for its part, devoted about $100 million last year to development of the LDCM spacecraft and its two instruments, the Operational Land Imager and the Thermal Infrared Sensor. NASA is requesting $152 million for 2012 to complete construction of the LDCM spacecraft — commonly referred to as Landsat 8 — and prepare it to launch between December 2012 and June 2013. The mission’s total development cost has risen slightly since last year to $587.6 million, including $127 million set aside for an Atlas 5 launch, according to NASA budget documents. Under the Interior Department’s 2012 spending proposal, the National Land Imaging program would replace the Land Remote Sensing program at USGS and be given a first-year budget of $99.8 million, some $48 million of which would be used to create the new organization, establish a science advisory team and begin planning for Landsat 9. The remainder of the funds would go toward Landsat operations and LDCM ground system preparation. Castle said the National Land Imaging budget eventually would ramp up to $250 million during the peak development years of Landsat 9, which the department aims to launch in 2018 to ensure some overlap with LDCM. “USGS will establish the requirements and then pay NASA to develop the instrument and to develop the [spacecraft], put it together and launch it,” Castle said. Curtis Woodcock, the Boston University professor who leads the Landsat Science Team, welcomed the Interior Department’s proposal as “a clear step forward toward the establishment of Landsat as an operational program.” “This step is long overdue,” Woodcock told Space News. “For a long time our government has had trouble deciding how to handle operational remote sensing programs for land, and hopefully this is the step that will get us past the bureaucratic hurdle and onto a path that ensures a steady stream of Landsat data.” The United States has made several abortive attempts over the past decade to put the Landsat program on an operational footing. The missteps include NASA’s ill-fated effort to commercialize the program and a short-lived White House plan to add Landsat instruments to the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System, the joint civil-military weather satellite program the Obama administration ordered dissolved last year.

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