Gonzaga Debate Institute 2011 Mercury China Coop Aff


Coop Good – Exploration (2/2)



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Coop Good – Exploration (2/2)




China’s involvement in space policy sparks economic growth and further exploration

Xiaobing, researcher at the China Institute of Contemporary International Relations, 6

(Guo, researcher at the China Institute of Contemporary International Relations, “Blockade on China or the United States U.S. Regulatory Policies on Space Technology Exports to China,” 2006, Issue 2, China Security Journal, http://www.chinasecurity.us/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=249&Itemid=8, accessed, y/2/11, JSkoog)


Firstly, the U.S.-led ISS has found itself in a difficult position following the U.S. Space Shuttle accidents. As a result, projects undertaken by the United States have been delayed from time to time. Currently, transportation of personnel between Earth and the station rely completely on Russian spacecraft. Much uncertainty has therefore been added to the construction of the space station and there have been instances of astronauts unable to return to the Earth on time. As China’s manned space flight technology gradually matures, adopting Chinese spacecraft as a backup transport would provide for a more stable and secure operation of the space station. The cost of building the station will also decline significantly following China’s participation. Presently, each launch of a shuttle costs the United States approximately $1 billion, while Russia spends even more per launch. China’s manned space flight program has been proven to be safe and reliable. China has now used the Long-March rocket series for 42 consecutive successful launches from 1996 to 2005 without incident, effectively ending the incident-prone period in the mid-1990s. More importantly, China’s participation in the building of the ISS could further highlight the symbolic meaning of Eastern and Western integration. Secondly, the United States should take advantage of China’s low-cost space launch capability and jointly develop the international commercial satellite market. Some industry experts believe that if the United States made full use of China’s launch capacity in the next five years, it would be possible to bring $8 billion worth of benefits and 16,000 job opportunities to the U.S.space industry.15

Space co-op good and encourages research for future missions– ISS proves

Ressler, U.S. Air Force Major, 9

(Aaron R., Advancing Sino-U.S. Space Cooperation, April 2009, p. 13-14, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA539619, accessed 6/29/11) EK


The ISS is a key example of how space cooperation with Russia has been beneficial to the U.S. In February 2003, Russian Soyuz spacecraft were the only means available to travel to and from the ISS for U.S. astronauts following the Columbia space shuttle accident. This reliance on the Russian Soyuz spacecraft to ferry supplies and U.S. astronauts to and from the ISS lasted until NASA shuttle missions resumed in 2005. The U.S. will again be dependent on Russian Soyuz spacecraft when the shuttle program is retired (as currently scheduled) in 2010 until the new Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) is available for NASA to use.77 Russian involvement with the ISS began in 1993, when President Clinton added Russia to the international endeavor that already consisted of the U.S., Europe, Japan and Canada.78 Although originally brought onboard partly to encourage compliance with non-proliferation of ballistic missile technology, the Russians proved valuable and quite significant in the international team. In addition to providing a means for spacelift to and from the ISS, the Russians were important during Phase 1 of the ISS development with U.S. involvement on the Mir space station. During Phase 1, Russians flew onboard the space shuttle seven times and on nine occasions the space shuttle docked with Mir.79 The ISS has proven to be the most successful space cooperation program to date for NASA. International cooperation for this venture includes the U.S. (NASA), the Russian Federal Space Agency, the Canadian Space Agency, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency and the ESA which includes the following countries: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK.80 Hosting 19 research facilities, the ISS gives international partners the ability to conduct research and scientific experiments in the low gravity environments of Earth’s orbit. This research, along with men and women living in and adapting to the space environment, will provide the foundation for future missions to the Moon and Mars.81

Coop Good – Space Science (1/2)




The USA and China should cooperate first on Space Science, allows for best cooperation

Zhou, Center for Space and Applied Sciences, 8

(Yi – Chinese Academy of the Sciences and Professor at George Washington University, Perspectives on Sino-US cooperation in civil space programs, Science Direct, Space Policy 24 (2008) 132-139) AC


Lessons from China and the ESA’s DSP cooperative program and other positive collaboration experiences could be applied to space cooperation between China and the USA in the future: _ Space science is the most likely cooperative area between the two countries in the near future: 1. China demonstrated an interest in cooperation with other countries in its Eleventh Space Development Plan [7]. China’s international space cooperation policy places a relatively high priority on international space science cooperation and Earth observation data sharing. 2. Space science, space applications and space technology are the three fields under development in China. In recent years China has implemented more and more space science projects in which funding is reliable and stable, although the amount is usually limited. It is different from NASA’s space budget for missions, which is reviewed every year. 3. Compared with other space areas, space science is one of China’s comparative research advantages. In some areas it possesses international-level research teams or laboratories. Their research and international communication abilities should receive more recognition. 4. Space science is less related to sensitive technology compared with other space programs. There are some limited risks in terms of transfer of key technologies to China and other countries, but it is possible for both countries to take preventative measures from the beginning to avoid these problems, as ESA did. 5. Space science is similar to other science areas; it is open to discovery. The ultimate objective of space science is to advance human knowledge in various fields. Science also abstains from unnecessary repetition. Through cooperative efforts, space science will effectively avoid duplicated efforts and save money and other resources. 6. China has a record of successful cooperation in space science with other countries. It cooperates with ESA, France and Russia. Through the DSP ESA scientists, engineers and space project managers have developed good communication and understanding with Chinese colleagues. Most ESA participants on the project have found that their Chinese colleagues can communicate effectively. Chinese space science professionals have also improved their science research and management ability through cooperation with Europe. These experiences have laid the groundwork for successfully overcoming language, management and cultural differences between China and the USA when cooperating on space programs.




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