Gonzaga Debate Institute 2011 Mercury China Coop Aff
ISS – China Excluded Now (2/2)
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- ISS – China Says Yes (2/4)
ISS – China Excluded Now (2/2)[CARD CONTINUED, NO TEXT REMOVED] Despite all its cooperative space agreements, the international cooperation most coveted by the Chinese is inclusion in the ISS venture. The ISS (Figure 9.1) is important to Beijing as much for its political aspects as for its technical utility. Chinese participation in the ISS program would not only be a signal to the international community that China had been accepted into the global family of spacefaring nations, but also serve as a seal of legitimacy for the government in Beijing. One reason for China's non-inclusion is that the international consortium of ISS partners arc expected to contribute financial support, provide technological expertise, or both and. until very recently. China had neither. Another, more powerful reason for keeping the Chinese out in the cold is Beijing's appalling human rights abuses - a legacy that doesn't fit well with the ISS program that has demonstrated that countries can peacefully work together. However, human rights issues arc not the only obstacles to cooperation.
(Tania, “China unveils rival to International Space Station”, The Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/26/china-space-station-tiangong, accessed 6/30/11) EK John Logsdon, a Nasa adviser and former director of the Space Policy Institute at George Washington University, said China's plans would give it homegrown expertise in human space flight. "China wants to say: 'We can do everything in space that other major countries can do,'" he said. "A significant, and probably visible, orbital outpost transiting over most of the world would be a potent political symbol." But Wang Wenbao, director of the China Manned Space Engineering Office, told a news conference: "Considering past achievements and the bright future, we feel the manned space programme should have a more vivid symbol, and that the future space station should carry a resounding and encouraging name. "We now feel that the public should be involved in the names and symbols, as this major project will enhance national prestige and strengthen the national sense of cohesion and pride." Jiang added that China aimed to increase international exchanges, and that the hardware from the current rendezvous and docking project is compatible with the International Space Station. "We will adhere to the policy of opening up to the outside world," he said. "Scientists of all countries are welcome to participate in space science experimental research on China's space station." China hopes to make its first moon landing within two years and to put an astronaut on the moon as early as 2025. [NOTE: Jiang = Professor Jiang Guohua from the China Astronaut Research and Training Centre China wants to work with the U.S. on the ISS but an invitation has yet to be extended Hoffman 7 (Michael, staff editor at Daily Tech, Daily Tech, “China wants to join International Space Station Project”, 10/16/7, http://www.dailytech.com/article.aspx?newsid=9290, accessed 6/30/11, CW) Chinese space officials today announced the country is still willing to work alongside the United States on extraterrestrial endeavors, especially the International Space Station. "We sincerely hope to conduct cooperation with the United States in the field of space," said Li Xueyong, Vice Minister of Space and Technology. "At some point we hope to take part in the activities relating to international space stations." Sixteen nations are currently involved in the ISS project, but China is not one of them even though the country has one of the fastest growing space programs in the world. China would ultimately like to have an astronaut stationed on the ISS in the future, but must convince the United States and other partners to allow a communist nation to be allowed to participate in the project. Li did not clearly specify how China hopes to help the participating nations work on the ISS. State media in China reported the country plans to launch its first lunar probe before November, only weeks after Japan launched one into orbit. In 2003, China became the third nation to successfully launch an astronaut into orbit with no help from other nations. There is growing concern over the country's expanding space program, which reached a new level after China announced it had destroyed an old satellite last January by shooting a land-based missile to destroy it. Critics of the launch claim China could theoretically launch a missile to destroy active military satellites, though Chinese officials still claim the nation has only peaceful plans for space. ISS – China Says Yes (2/4)China’s plans for a space station are not meant to rival the ISS but to become a part of it Cyranoski, Asia-Pacific correspondent at Nature Publishing Group, 11 (David, Scientific American, “China Unveils Its Space Station”, 5/4/11, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=china-unveils-its-space-station, accessed 6/30/11. CW) The International Space Station (ISS) is just one space-shuttle flight away from completion, but the construction boom in low-Earth orbit looks set to continue for at least another decade. Last week, China offered the most revealing glimpse yet of its plans to deploy its own station by 2020. The project seems to be overcoming delays and internal resistance and is emerging as a key part of the nation's fledgling human space-flight program. At a press briefing in Beijing, officials with the China Manned Space Engineering Office even announced a contest to name the station, a public-relations gesture more characteristic of space programs in the United States, Europe and Japan. China first said it would build a space station in 1992. But the need for a manned outpost "has been continually contested by Chinese space professionals who, like their counterparts in the United States, question the scientific utility and expense of human space flight", says Gregory Kulacki, China project manager at the Union of Concerned Scientists, headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts. "That battle is effectively over now, however, and the funds for the space station seem to have been allocated, which is why more concrete details are finally beginning to emerge." Significantly smaller in mass than the ISS and Russia's Mir space station (see 'Rooms with a view'), which was deorbited in 2001, the station will consist of an 18.1-metre-long core module and two 14.4-metre experimental modules, plus a manned spaceship and a cargo craft. The three-person station will host scientific experiments, but Kulacki says it also shares the broader goals of China's human space program, including boosting national pride and China's international standing. The space-station project will unfold in a series of planned launches over the next ten years. Last Friday, official state media confirmed that the Tiangong 1 and Shenzhou 8 unmanned space modules will attempt a docking in orbit later this year, a maneuver that will be crucial for assembling a station in orbit. If that goes well, two manned Shenzhou craft will dock with Tiangong 1 in 2012. China will then move on to proving its space laboratory capabilities, launching Tiangong 2 and Tiangong 3, which are designed for 20-day and 40-day missions, respectively, over the next 3 years. Finally, it will launch the modules that make up the station. Observers describe the program as slow, systematic and cautious. According to the Chinese media, engineers have made more than 170 technical modifications to China's Long March rocket in preparation for the next series of launches. "As China is now really venturing into terra incognita with this stage of its manned space program, the unknowns and risks are greater," says Eric Hagt, director of the China program at the Center for Defense Information in Washington DC. Hagt says that the station's small size is partly the result of advances in miniaturization since Mir and the ISS were designed and partly because China "needs to be economical and has stressed that all along. China has studiously avoided the impression that it is in a race, particularly with the United States." China has said that its space technology will be compatible with that used in the ISS so that modules from other countries could dock with its station, and it promises that its facility will be able to host experiments from non-Chinese researchers. But the US Congress, fearing industrial espionage, has long opposed any role for China in the ISS. As a result, the Chinese space program has had no alternative but to "go it alone", says Joan Johnson-Freese, an expert on national security and on China at the US Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. Last week's announcement came just two weeks after the passage of a 2011 US federal spending bill that explicitly prohibits NASA from collaborating with China. 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