ISS – Solves Laundry List (3/3)
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Organization and other mechanisms to win this case with China, India, and other countries with closed space markets. But enhanced U.S.Chinese space cooperation cannot occur without stabilization of the security relationship with China in regard to space. In this area, it is encouraging that bilateral militarytomilitary talks are likely to begin soon to discuss parameters for improved space security in the context of the new strategic dialogue with Beijing. It as yet unclear what direction these talks will take, or what initiatives might be possible. Chinese military receptivity and transparency—not seen in recent years—will be necessary to move this dialogue forward. However, if China shows a willingness to respond, the United States should be ready with concrete ideas aimed at creating a framework for more responsible Chinese behavior and mutually beneficial cooperation. Actions by the Nixon administration in the early 1970s established mutually beneficial norms with the Soviet Union under far more difficult circumstances. At a minimum, measures with China should include similar mutual pledges of noninterference with “national technical means” of verification, as well as earlywarning satellites. In addition, given China’s 2007 ASAT test, it would be beneficial to exchange joint statements rejecting debrisproducing events involving orbital objects, particularly those above 150 miles in altitude. Finally, getting China to agree to regular (at least annual) consultations10 on space security would improve U.S. knowledge of Chinese military programs and create the mechanisms for the prevention of dangerous activities. All of these mechanisms are in U.S. national interests.
*** Solvency – Mars Mechanism
Mars – Now is Key
China is already joining the space race to Mars – now is the key time for strong relations
Laxman, journalist who specializes in space exploration tech and procedures, 11 (Srinivas, Asian Scientist, “China’s Space Mission: The Long March To The Moon And Mars”, June 27, http://www.asianscientist.com/features/chinas-space-mission-moon-mars/, accessed 6/30/11, CW)
China’s space plans do not focus only on human space flights and the moon, because it has set its sights on the Red Planet as well. Currently, its space scientists are working on the country’s first unmanned Mars exploration mission between 2014 and 2033, and possibly even a manned landing on Mars during the 2040-2060 period. Notably, in the Mars 500 project, which is being conducted at a facility outside Moscow, it is a Chinese candidate, Wang Yue (王跃), who is topping the list in performance. The program is a simulated human landing on Mars, and the entire mission lasts for 500 days.
Mars – US Wants To Coop With China
Obama wants to co-operate on Mars with China
Svitak, Space News, 5/4/11
(Amy, Space News staff writer, “China Viewed as Potential U.S. Partner in Future Mars Exploration”, Space News, http://www.spacenews.com/policy/110504-china-partner-mars-exploration.html, accessed 7/1/11) EK
WASHINGTON — U.S. President Barack Obama views China as a potential partner for an eventual human mission to Mars that would be difficult for any single nation to undertake, a senior White House official told lawmakers. Testifying May 4 before the House Appropriations commerce, justice, science subcommittee, White House science adviser John Holdren said near-term engagement with China in civil space will help lay the groundwork for any such future endeavor. He prefaced his remarks with the assertion that human exploration of Mars is a long-term proposition and that any discussion of cooperating with Beijing on such an effort is speculative. Holdren, who said NASA could also benefit from cooperating with China on detection and tracking of orbital debris, stressed that any U.S. collaboration with Beijing in manned spaceflight would depend on future Sino-U.S. relations. “But many of us, including the president, including myself, including [NASA Administrator Charles] Bolden, believe that it’s not too soon to have preliminary conversations about what involving China in that sort of cooperation might entail,” Holdren said. “If China is going to be, by 2030, the biggest economy in the world … it could certainly be to our benefit to share the costs of such an expensive venture with them and with others.”
Mars – China Wants To Go
China is planning on-board missions to both the moon and Mars
The Straits Times ‘11
(Peh Shing Huei, The Straits Times, 8 January 2011, “Red star aims for the Red Planet; “Experts divided over China's goal to be the first to put a man on Mars”, LexisNexis, 7.1.11, SWolff)
China will launch its first probe to Mars this year, opening yet another chapter in its space exploration as the country attempts to be the first to put a man on the Red Planet. The young space power announced last Sunday that its Yinghuo-1, or Firefly, orbiter will blast off in October in a joint operation with Russia, according to state news agency Xinhua. The probe comes after a two-year delay, which the Chinese blamed on the Russians, and will realise the country's dream of exploring Mars since the early 1990s under the Project 863 Planetary Exploration Plan. The top guns of China's space programme, such as chief rocket designer Long Lehao, had publicly articulated the country's wish to venture to the moon and Mars after it launched its first spacecraft in 1999. When the national science week was organised in 2002, exhibits included a Chinese base on Mars - complete with greenhouses and domes. In 2003, China became the third country to send a man into space after the US and Russia. It will have a second Mars probe, likely in 2013, this time on its own. It also plans an unmanned lunar landing in the same year. These are all part of its moon-Mars strategy, which is similar to that of the United States - conquer the lunar rock first before using it as a stepping stone to a much further afield Mars. Beijing wants a manned mission to the moon by 2020 and some experts believe that the Chinese could make the 80-million-km journey to Mars 10 years after that. Russian space patriarch Boris Chertok, for example, has been so impressed with Beijing's space programme that he predicted it would be the Chinese who first 'people Mars'. American historian Jeffrey Wasserstrom said the optimism is rooted in China's current image as a strong high-tech country. 'There's a long international tradition of associating space travel with a country being economically and technologically advanced,' he said. 'It is interesting that now that it is China, rather than the US, which is so closely identified with state-of-the-art trains, there is talk of the possibility that the People's Republic will be the country that gets to Mars ahead of everyone else.' But will it? The US, Russia and India have made known similar plans in this 21st-century space race. Just last year, US President Barack Obama said: 'By the mid-2030s, I believe we can send humans to orbit Mars and return them safely to Earth. And a landing on Mars will follow. And I expect to be around to see it.' China has in its favour a rich government which would not stint on a project estimated to cost at least half a trillion US dollars. After all, the country's space programme has an official 20-year goal to 'utilise space resources to...enhance overall national power' and nothing will boost nationalism like a Chinese landing on Mars. China also has newer space infrastructure, such as launch sites and mission control centres, when compared with its rivals. The infrastructure is good for the next 30 years and in time for a human Mars landing. But some Chinese analysts believe their country is not equipped to participate and win the race. 'If the US wants to send a man to Mars on its own, it will have to spend a huge amount of money. It is not something one country can afford...let alone China,' said Professor Wu Ji, director general of Centre for Space Science and Applied Research at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. 'We are a developing country in technology. Not yet a space superpower.' Added space expert Jiao Weixin: 'China lacks the required rocket technology and space communications. I doubt we can be the first country to reach Mars.'
*** Solvency – General
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