Gonzaga Debate Institute 2011 Mercury China Coop Aff
ISS – Solves Relations (3/4)
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- ISS – Solves Relations (4/4)
ISS – Solves Relations (3/4)ISS key to solve U.S.-Sino relations – Russia proves Rhian, volunteer and former intern for NASA, 1/10/11 (Jason, “Can China enter the international space family?”, Universe Today, http://www.universetoday.com/82368/can-china-enter-the-international-space-family/, accessed 6/20/11) EK The one thing that the world learned early on from the ISS experience is that space is a great forum for diplomacy. One time arch-rivals now work side by side on a daily basis. With much of the nations of the world talking about stepped-up manned exploration efforts it would seem only natural that the successful model used on the space station be incorporated into the highly-expensive business of manned space exploration. If so, then one crucial player is being given a hard look to see if they should be included – China. Will we one day see Chinese taikonauts working alongside U.S. astronauts and Russian cosmonauts? Only time will tell. “International partnership in space exploration has proven its worth over the last decade. It would be a positive step if the other space-faring nation of the world, China, were to join the assembled space explorers of humankind as we march outward into the solar system,” said former NASA Space Shuttle Program Manager Wayne Hale who writes a popular blog about space matters. China currently utilizes its Shenzhou spacecraft atop the Long March 2F booster from their Jiuquan facility. However, if China wants to accomplish these goals, they will need a more powerful booster. This has been part of the reason that the U.S. has been hesitant to include China due to concerns about the use of what are known as dual-use technologies (rockets that can launch astronauts can also launch nuclear weapons). Both China's rocket and spacecraft are derived from Soviet Soyuz designs. Some have raised concerns about the nation’s human rights track record. It should be noted however that Russia had similar issues before being included in the International Space Station program. “In the early 1990′s, some at NASA thought having Russian cosmonauts on the Space Shuttle would mean giving away trade secrets to the competition,” said Pat Duggins, author of the book Trailblazing Mars. “It turned out Russian crew capsules saved the International Space Station when the Shuttles were grounded after the Columbia accident in 2003. So, never say never on China, I guess.” “One of the findings of the Augustine Commission was that the international framework that came out of the ISS program is one of the most important. It should be used and expanded upon for use in international beyond-LEO human space exploration,” said Dr. Leroy Chiao a veteran of four launches and a member of the second Augustine Commission. “My personal belief is that countries like China, which is only the third nation able to launch astronauts, should be included. My hope is that the politics will align soon, to allow such collaboration, using the experience that the US has gained in working with Russia to bring it about.” ISS – Solves Relations (4/4)ISS offers the best solvency for relations Houpt, Master of Arts, Security Studies, Georgetown University, 2011 (Daniel M., “Does China have a comprehensive, coordinated, and consistent space policy? Implications for U.S. policymakers,” ProQuest, accessed 7/1/11, p. 58-59) EK Finally, the U.S. could be more accommodating to Chinese participation in cooperative international ventures, the most prominent example being the International Space Station (ISS). Given China’s thirst for prestige, the Chinese government would likely be eager to cooperate and may even be willing to increase transparency or engage in military space discussions in return for becoming a member of the ISS. For the U.S., the ISS would serve as a medium to cooperate with China in what is essentially neutral territory and in an international setting whereby mutual suspicions may be tempered. If for nothing else, the idea of a Chinese and American astronaut working in tandem onboard the ISS may give a renewed public desire for space cooperation. Part of the resistance to this move so far has, among other things, been fears of exposing China to new and advanced space technology. Yet, considering the U.S. is reducing its role in the ISS and will be relying solely on Russian spacecraft for transportation, valued U.S. space technology may not necessarily be at risk. There is in fact a relatively straightforward way to engage China in the ISS, while initially reducing the threat of technological espionage. In 2010, reports surfaced that the Russian Federal Space Agency had initiated discussions with their Chinese counterparts on using the Chinese Shenzhou vehicles as backups for the Russian Souyuz spacecraft, which will be the only means to ferry crews to the station moving forward. 173 Although the discussions amounted to nothing, the idea presented is a viable first step. By allowing China to shuttle international astronauts to the ISS in their own spacecraft, the fear of technology espionage would be greatly reduced, while still allowing China to gain prestige by being an official contributor. This could provide a gateway to expanded cooperation if deemed beneficial and successful. The support of other international partners would need to be sought, which may be challenging for countries like Japan given political animosities, yet Russia is already a close space partner with China and the E.U. has expressed their willingness to invite China in as an ISS contributor. 174 Pursuing this path would likely resonate well with China’s leadership because it is a clear sign that the U.S. is not trying to prevent or complicate China’s rise as a spacefaring nation and is willing to initiate actions to build communication and trust. Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. 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