Gonzaga Debate Institute 2011 Mercury China Coop Aff
ISS – Other Countries Say Yes
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ISS – Other Countries Say YesRussia and the E.U. already support ISS co-operation with China Houpt, Master of Arts, Security Studies, Georgetown University, 2011 (Daniel M., “Does China have a comprehensive, coordinated, and consistent space policy? Implications for U.S. policymakers,” ProQuest, accessed 7/1/11, p. 58-59) EK There is in fact a relatively straightforward way to engage China in the ISS, while initially reducing the threat of technological espionage. In 2010, reports surfaced that the Russian Federal Space Agency had initiated discussions with their Chinese counterparts on using the Chinese Shenzhou vehicles as backups for the Russian Souyuz spacecraft, which will be the only means to ferry crews to the station moving forward. 173 Although the discussions amounted to nothing, the idea presented is a viable first step. By allowing China to shuttle international astronauts to the ISS in their own spacecraft, the fear of technology espionage would be greatly reduced, while still allowing China to gain prestige by being an official contributor. This could provide a gateway to expanded cooperation if deemed beneficial and successful. The support of other international partners would need to be sought, which may be challenging for countries like Japan given political animosities, yet Russia is already a close space partner with China and the E.U. has expressed their willingness to invite China in as an ISS contributor. 174 Pursuing this path would likely resonate well with China’s leadership because it is a clear sign that the U.S. is not trying to prevent or complicate China’s rise as a spacefaring nation and is willing to initiate actions to build communication and trust.
(Jeff, The Space Review, “China, Shenzhou, and the ISS,” 8-20, http://www.thespacereview.com/article/53/1, 7-1-11, GJV) One area of speculation about the future of China’s human spaceflight program is what role, if any, China could play in the International Space Station. “We hope the time when we will cooperate in manned flights, including within the ISS project, is not too far off,” Alexander Kaleri, a Russian cosmonaut and member of the ISS Expedition 8 crew, said in a press conference a day before his own launch on Saturday. A Chinese role in the ISS had always been discussed previously as a hypothetical possibility, given an apparent mutual lack of interest by both Chinese and American officials. Now, though, that China has its own independent means to reach the station, is it time to reexamine the issue? ESA wants China to co-operate on the ISS Jia and Dingding, China Daily, 6/1/10 (Chen and Xin, reporters for China Daily, “China may become space station partner”, China Daily, http://www0.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-06/01/content_9914843.htm, accessed 6/30/11) EK BEIJING - The European Space Agency (ESA) supports China's inclusion in the International Space Station (ISS) partnership, the agency's director -general Jean-Jacques Dordain said on Monday. Dordain said international cooperation on space exploration has been progressing slowly. To achieve more, the partnership needs to be expanded, he said. "I am really willing to support the extension of the partnership of the ISS to China and South Korea. Obviously, this should be a decision by all partners, not the decision by one partner," he said. Chen Qiufa, vice-minister of industry and information technology in charge of the lunar exploration mission, said at the conference that China is willing to join international cooperatives, and share technologies and research results with other countries, while independently developing its own technologies. In past years, China and ESA have cooperated in a number of projects. In the SMART-1 mission that ended in September 2006 with a spacecraft sent to the moon, the ESA has provided China with details of the spacecraft's position and transmission frequencies. China, in turn, agreed to carry a bio sample for the ESA on the Shenzhou-VIII spacecraft, which will be launched next year, Xinhua reported last year. In addition to lunar exploration, China and the ESA have also cooperated in a few projects in Earth observation missions, including the Double Star Program and Dragon Program. "I think China's partnership with the EU is the most smooth in international cooperation and competitions," Peng Jing, a senior engineer of China Academy of Space Technology, told China Daily on Monday. ISS – Solves Small Steps KeyThe US should take small steps when with China – they’re not reliant on our technology Wolf, Defense Technology Correspondent at Reuters, 2011 (Jim, “Analysis: Space: a frontier too far for U.S.-China cooperation”, Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/02/us-china-usa-space-idUSTRE7010E520110102, January 2, Accessed July 3, 2011, NS) Proponents of cooperation say even symbolic steps, such as hosting a Chinese astronaut on the International Space Station, might help win friends in Beijing and blunt hard-liners. Gregory Kulacki, China project manager for the Union of Concerned Scientists, a group often at odds with U.S. policy, said cooperation would be more of a political project than a technical one. "We need to get past the idea that the Chinese need us more than we need them," he said. ISS – Solves Cost And SatellitesCosts would go down for the U.S. and China could improve their satellites if China was part of the ISS Denny, retired US Naval Officer, Master in Science and Space Studies, 8 (Bart L., retired U.S. Naval Officer, continue my interest in the national security arena, Associate's Degree in Nuclear Technology, a Bachelor's Degree in Economics and Political Science, finished a Master of Arts in National Security Studies. , “international cooperation in human spaceflight: lessons learned from Russian participation in the international space station project,” bartdenny.com, http://www.bartdenny.com/iss-lessons-learned.html) KA China is at a low point in terms of commercial satellite launches. It has been excluded from this market for six years. During the 1990s, China’s commercial satellite launch services flourished. Between 1990 and 1998, it sent 29 foreign satellites into space on behalf of more than 10 countries and regions. This accounted for seven-to-nine percent of the market and made China the third largest rocket supplier in the world. American satellite makers were the main partners of the China Great Wall Industry Corporation (CGWIC). After the U.S. government banned satellite exports to China, however, Chinese launch companies’ supplies were cut off and CGWIC Suddenly had no satellites to launch. From that point through 2005, CGWIC has not launched a single foreign satellite. Europe and Japan have largely stepped in to capture the market share made available after China’s withdrawal. The business activities of Chinese satellite operators were also affected. There are two important cases which illustrate the gravity of these losses. The first is that of China Satellite Communications Group Corporation (CSCGC), which signed a satellite purchase contract with Loral in 1997 for the ChinaSat 8 satellite. Under the contract, Loral was to build the satellite, while CGWIC was to use its Long March rocket to put it into orbit. However, the U.S. government was unwilling to issue a launch permit, with the result that ChinaSat 8 has been in storage ever since. CSCGC has suffered heavy losses as a consequence. Apart from the $130 million spent to purchase the satellite, it has also lost service revenue of over $300 million. A second example is the case of the Apstar 5 satellite, acquired by the Hong Kong-headquartered APT Satellite Holdings Limited (APT). For identical reasons, the launch date for Apstar 5 has been postponed time and again. The direct result of this has been a decline in orders and the loss of customers for APT. For example, SingTel, an important customer of APT, has reduced the number of leased transponders from 15 to six. Apstar-1A, which is to be replaced by Apstar 5, has also seen its lease rate fall. Furthermore, as supplementary facilities have long been left idle, operating costs have increased. APT has built a completely new 50,000-square-foot satellite testing and control center along with a 125,000-square-foot telecommunication port, but because Apstar 5 cannot be put into space, the time taken to return the investment on these infrastructure facilities has been greatly extended. Finally, China has been excluded from international space cooperation projects, such as the ISS, in part because of the difficulties relating to ITAR. As a result, the cost of its space research is higher, as there are fewer opportunities for China to learn from scientific exchange and the advanced management experience of developed nations through multilateral cooperation. 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