Gonzaga Debate Institute 2011 Mercury China Coop Aff
Coop Feasible – Empirically
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- Coop Feasible – AT – NASA Won’t Coop
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Coop Feasible – EmpiricallySino-US space cooperation before, China launched U.S. made satellites Denny, retired US Naval Officer, Master in Science and Space Studies, 8 (Bart L., retired U.S. Naval Officer, continue my interest in the national security arena, Associate's Degree in Nuclear Technology, a Bachelor's Degree in Economics and Political Science, finished a Master of Arts in National Security Studies. , “international cooperation in human spaceflight: lessons learned from Russian participation in the international space station project,” bartdenny.com, http://www.bartdenny.com/iss-lessons-learned.html) KA The “Continental System” in an Era of Globalization The United States began imposing restrictions on space exports to China during the Cold War era. At the time, satellite and other space materials fell under the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls’ (COCOM)1 industrial product list. To launch U.S.-made satellites or purchase relevant satellite materials made by COCOM members, China needed to secure COCOM approval. The legal basis for current U.S. regulations of satellite exports to China is the Foreign Relations Authorization Act of FY 1990 and 1991. This act forbids the use of Chinese rockets to launch U.S.-made commercial satellites. Consequently, an agreement was reached between the United States and China whereby an exemption must be obtained from the U.S. president for any U.S. commercial satellite to be launched by China. Moreover, the agreement stipulated that Chinese Customs cannot perform security inspections on U.S.-made satellites when they enter Chinese territory.2 While the satellites are inside China, the United States should implement 24-hour monitoring on the security of such satellites. During the administrations of George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton, the mainstream view held by the U.S. government was that utilizing China’s low-cost space launch capacity would help strengthen U.S. business competitiveness and expand the market share of U.S. satellites. As a result, the United States adopted a fairly liberal approach to the issue of satellite exports to China. The dispensing power was exercised several times to allow the use of Chinese rockets to launch U.S.-made satellites. Coop Feasible – AT – NASA Won’t CoopNASA has no internal objections to working with China Aerospace Daily & Defense Report 9 (“Support Building For Human Spaceflight Cooperation With China” What's Ahead in Aerospace & Defense; Pg. 1 Vol. 232 No. 18 8-26-09 lexis) TJL LIKE MINDS: Support for U.S./China cooperation in human spaceflight is growing, with the Augustine panel on the future of U.S. human spaceflight the latest to weigh in. «It is the view of the Committee that China offers significant potential in a space partnership,» the panel notes in its final report, citing China’s success with human spaceflight and its plans to build a space station with the new Long March V launch vehicle. Within the Obama administration there is a faction that would like to see a reprise of the U.S.-Russian cooperation that started in the early 1990s. John Holdren, President Barack Obama’s science advisor, in a published interview has left open the possibility of U.S. astronauts flying on China’s Shenzhou spacecraft, and he’s discussed the idea with NASA Administrator Charles Bolden. «John and I are of like minds,» Bolden says. Bolden is ready to work with China on space policies. Morring, Aviation Week senior space editor, & Perrett, Aviation Week Asia- Pacific Bureau Chief, 9 (Frank, Jr., & Bradley, 11/23/09 Aviation Week & Space Technology, 00052175, 11/23/2009, Vol. 171, Issue 19:”New Topic” EBSCOhost, accessed 7/1/11, BLG) Human spaceflight in China under Wang's office and the operational China Manned Space Engineering Program is funded by the military, while in the past NASA has conducted its cooperative activities with the civilian China National Space Agency (CNSA). But the CNSA "is more of a public relations office than an administrative body," according to Gregory Kulacki, an expert in the Chinese space program with the Union of Concerned Scientists. "That is why a meeting between Administrator Bolden and the head of CNSA would be inappropriate," Kulacki says. "They are not equals. Moreover, a meeting between a U.S. NASA administrator and the PLA [People's Liberation Army] officer in charge of the Chinese Human Space Flight Program would also be inappropriate, since NASA is a civilian body. This is why the language in the joint statement is vague." Bolden, a retired Marine major general and former space shuttle commander, says he is ready to work with China on human spaceflight. "I am perfectly willing, if that's the direction that comes to me, to engage the Chinese in trying to make them a partner in any space endeavor," Bolden told reporters in Tokyo, where he was holding talks with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). "I think they're a very capable nation." In the joint statement China and the U.S. note their "rich achievements in scientific and technological cooperation" over the past 30 years--an often-uneasy arrangement bounded on one side by U.S. tracking assistance for Shenzhou flights and by outrage over the orbital-debris cloud released by China's January 2007 anti-satellite (ASAT) weapon test on the other. Coop Feasible – AT – Suspicions (1/2)US-Sino space Coop possible despite suspicions – Soviet coop proves Seedhouse, aerospace scientist & PhD from German Space Agency's Institute of Space Medicine, 10 [Erik, aerospace scientist & PhD from German Space Agency's Institute of Space Medicine , “The New Space Race: China vs. the US” Springer and Praxis Publishing Co., http://www.scribd.com/doc/31809026/The-New-Space-Race-China-Vs, page 215, accessed6/31/11, HK] On certain diplomatic levels, the Sino US relationship is similar to the one that existed between the Soviet Union and the US more than lour decades ago. In 1962.at the height of the Cold War. few would have predicted the possibility of a joint spaceflight, but just 10 years later, a bilateral agreement led to the docking of Soyuz and Apollo spacecrafts. While the Apollo-Soyuz Test Program (ASTP) was undoubtedly a significant political and historical event, many analysts still harbored fears about the Soviet Union's ultimate intentions, even after astronaut Thomas Stafford and cosmonaut Alexei Leonov shook hands on July 17th. 1975. Given these suspicions, few would have believed the unprecedented level of cooperation that took place during the Shuttlc-Mir era between 1994 and 1998. During this timeframe, American astronauts spent nearly 1,000 days living in orbit with Russian cosmonauts onboard the Russian space station. Mir (Figure 9.2). The Shuttle Mir program, which witnessed 10 dockings of the Space Shuttle with Mir, not only prepared the way for the ISS. but began an era of cooperation seldom seen in human history. Less than a decade after the end of the Shuttle Mir program, it was the Russian Soyuz capsule that assured access to space for NASA astronauts following the Columbia accident in 2003. It was an outcome few could have predicted. The point is that it is impossible to predict the future, just as it is impossible to know if or how Sino-US relations might develop. The Soviet-US lesson has taught us that despite fears about the Soviet Union's intentions, informed decisions were made about how the Soviet Union and the US might cooperate in space. These decisions ultimately resulted in a productive international partnership that served to build confidence between the two nations and advanced space exploration. How-such a level of cooperation and agreement may be achieved between China and the US is as difficult to predict as the ASTP and the Shuttle Mir program, but there are some policies and guidelines that, if followed, may enable such collaboration to be realized. 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