Guide to this bibliography and

Considers justifications for judicial review of questions under a Bill of Rights drawing on recent U. S. discussions.

JACONELLI, JOSEPH. Enacting a Bill of Rights: The Legal Problems. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1980. Pp. xi + 328. ISBN 0 19 825351 6.

The author comprehensively canvases the problems associated with enacting a Bill of Rights, particularly in the British context. There are chapters dealing with the problems of entrenchment, the role of the judiciary, the impact of the European Convention and a draft Bill of Rights.

KELLY, J. M. Fundamental Rights in the Irish Law and Constitution. 2nd edn. Dublin, Allen Figgis, 1967. Pp. xxiii + 355.

KENTRIDGE, SYDNEY. 'The Theories and Realities of the Protection of Human Rights under South African Law'. (1981) 56 Tulane Law Review, 227-48.

OSAKWE, CHRISTOPHER. 'Soviet Human Rights Law under the USSR Constitution of

DE SMITH, S. A. The New Commonwealth and Its Constitutions. London, Sweet & Maxwell, 1964, ch. S.

SORNARAJAH, M. 'Bills of Rights: the Commonwealth Debate'. (1976) 9 Comparative& International Law Journal of Southern Africa, 161-79.

Australia

BAILEY, P. H. 'Commonwealth Initiatives in the Field of Human Rights', in Alice Erh-Soon Tay et al. (eds), Teaching Human Rights: An Australian

BAILEY, P. H. 'Human Rights in Australia'. Paper delivered to Australian Institute of Political Science Seminar, 25 October 1979, Sydney.

BOWEN, N. H. 'International Covenants on Human Rights'. (1969) 40 Current Notes on International Affairs, 66-8.

BRETT, P. 'The Pros and Cons of a Bill of Rights for Australia'. Paper delivered to Melbourne International Commission of Jurists Conference, 1968.

BUCKLEY, KEN. 'The Human Rights Bill: Charter for Freedom or Slippery Fiddles'. (1974) 50 Current Affairs Bulletin, 25-31.

'Case Note: Koowarta v. Bjelke Petersen and Others; Queensland v. Commonwealth of Australia — External Affairs Power'. (1982) 13 Melbourne University Law Review, 635-41.

CAMPBELL, ENID. 'Pros and Cons of Bills of Rights in Australia'. (1970) 3 justice, 1-10.

CASTLES, A. C. 'The Ratification of International Conventions and Covenants'. (1969) 2 Justice, 1-19.

CRAWFORD, JAMES. 'The Human Rights Commission Bill, 1979, and the International

162 Bibliography

DE STOOP, DOMINIQUE F. J. J. 'Australia's Approach to International Treaties on Human Rights'. (1975) 1970-73 Australian Yearbook of International Law, 27-39.

ELLICOTT, R. J. 'The Citizen and the Law'. (1971) 1(6) Commonwealth Record, 298-301.
EVANS, GARETH. 'An Australian Bill of Rights?'. (1973) 45(1) Australian Quarterly, 4-34.

EVANS, GARETH. 'Prospects and Problems for an Australian Bill of Rights'. (1975) 1970-73 Australian Yearbook of International Law, 1-18.

Gums, HARRY. 'The Constitutional Protection of Human Rights'. (Sept. 1982) Australian Law News, 10.

GIBBS, HARRY. 'Eleventh Wilfred Fullagar Memorial Lecture: The Constitutional Protection of Human Rights'. (1982) 9 Monash University Law Review, 1-13.

HOPE, R. M. 'Constitutional Guarantees and Individual Freedoms'. Paper delivered to Sydney Civil Liberties Convention, 1968.

HOWARD, COLIN. The Constitution, Power and Politics. Melbourne, Fontana/Collins, 1980. Pp. 241. ISBN 0 00 636037 8.

Chapters 5 and 6, 'Fundamental Rights' consider the case for a Bill of Rights being incorporated into the Australian Constitution and gives a brief taxonomy of those rights that should be included.

HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION. Human Rights and Public Administration. Canberra, Human Rights Commission, 1982. Pp. xiii + 105.

Proceedings of a seminar conducted for Second Division Officers of the Australian Public Service on 7-8 July 1982 in Canberra. Discusses the role of the Human Rights Commission, human rights and Australian law, the role of the public service in upholding human rights, and prospects for a Bill of Rights.

KIRBY, MICHAEL. 'Human Rights: the Challenge for Law Reform'. (1977) 5 University of Tasmania Law Review, 103-122.

LOOF, P. R. 'Measures for the Promotion of Human Rights', in R. H. Miller (ed.), The Australian Yearbook of International Law, 1970-1973. Sydney, Butterworths, 1975, pp. 19-26.

MCMILLAN, JOHN, EVANS, GARETH & STOREY, Haddon. Australia's Constitution: Time For

Part Four: Rights and Freedoms (pp. 305-344) deals with Section 92 of the Constitution on freedom of interstate trade and commerce, and also the prospects and problems of a national Bill of Rights in Australia.

MURPHY, LIONEL. Why Australia needs a Bill of Rights. Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service, 1974. Pp. 10.

ROEBUCK, DEREK. 'Ratification of United Nation's Covenants on Human Rights'. (1970) 3 Justice, 29-35.

SAMUELS, GORDON. 'A Bill of Rights for Australia?' (Dec. 1979) 51 Australian Quarterly, 91-97.

TRIGGS, GILLIAN. 'Australia's Ratification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Endorsement or Repudiation?'. (1982) 31 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 278-306.

Human rights—general 163
UNITED NATIONS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA (ed.). A Human Rights Commission for Australia. Sydney, United Nations Association of Australia, 1977. Pp. 35. ISBN 0 9599117 15.

Proceedings of a seminar discussing the history of human rights initiatives in Australia at the Commonwealth level, and the effectiveness of the (then) proposed Human Rights Commission.

VAN DER VYVER, J. D. 'Parliamentary Sovereignty, Fundamental Freedoms and a Bill of Rights'. (1982) 99 South African Law Journal, 557-88.

VANSON, P. B. 'The Australian Constitution: The External Affairs Power and Federalism'. (1982) 12 California Western International Law Journal, 46-77.

Canada

BARRY, L. D. 'Law, Policy and Statutory Interpretation Under a Constitutionally Entrenched Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms'. (1982) 60 Canadian Bar Review, 237-64.

BLACK, WILLIAM. 'Charter of Rights — Application to Pre-Enactment Events'. (1982) University of British Columbia Law Review, 59-104.

On the Canadian Charter of Rights.

BOWKER, W. F. 'Basic Rights and Freedoms: What are They?'. (1959) 37 Canadian Bar Review, 43-65.

BRETT, P. 'Reflections on the Canadian Bill of Rights'. (1969) 7 Alberta Law Review, 294-308.

CHIUSTIAN, TIMOTHY. 'The Limitation of Liberty: A Consideration of Section 1 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms'. (1982) University of British Columbia Law Review, 105-40.

CLAYDON, JOHN. 'The Application of International Human Rights by Canadian Courts'. (1981) 30 Buffalo Law Review, 727-52.

DRIEGER, ELMER A. 'The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms'. (1982) 14 Ottawa Law Review, 366-78.

ELLIOT, ROBIN. 'Interpreting the Charter — Use of the Earlier Versions as an Aid'. (1982) University of British Columbia Law Review, 11-58.

On the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

FRIEDLAND, M. L. 'Legal Rights under the Charter'. (1982) 24 Criminal Law Quarterly, 430-54.

Considers what effect the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982) will have on the law of criminal procedure, protection of right to life under the law.

HOVIUS, BEREND. 'The Legacy of the Supreme Court of Canada's Approach to the Canadian Bill of Rights: Prospects for the Charter'. (1982) 28 McGill Law Journal, 31-58.

LEDERMAN, W. R. 'The Power of the Judges and the New Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms'. (1982) University of British Columbia Law Review, 1-10.

LIPSETT, EDWARD, H. 'Freedom of Expression and Human Rights Legislation: A Critical Analysis of s. 2 of the Manitoba Human Rights Act'. (1982) 12 Manitoba Law Journal, 285-336.

164 Bibliography

MACKINNON, VICTOR, S. 'Booze, Religion and the Canadian Bill of Rights'. (1973) Public Law, 295-315.

MACZKO, FRANK. 'Charter of Rights: Section 13'. (1982) University of British Columbia Law Review, 213-26.

On the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

STAPLES, J. F. The Canadian Concept of Human Rights: a Handbook for Australian Legislators. Ottawa, Australian High Commission, 1977. ISBN 0 642 91964 X.

Collections of documents assembled for the purpose of bringing information to persons in Australia concerned with laying down legislation at a State and Federal level under the general heading of the protection of human rights. Volume one is concerned with the ideas, and volume two with practice.

TARNOPOLSKY, W. The Canadian Bill of Rights. 2nd edn. Toronto, McClelland & Stewart, 1975. Pp. xii + 351.

A comprehensive discussion of the way Canadian courts have interpreted the Bill, the problems they have encountered, by Canada's leading scholar on the subject. Contains a voluminous bibliography.

TARNOPOLSKY, W. 'The Canadian Bill of Rights from Diefenbaker to Drybones'. (1971) 17 McGill Law Journal, 437-75.

TARNOPOLSKY, W. 'The Supreme Court and Civil Liberties'. (1976) 14 Alberta Law Review, 58-134.

TARNOPOLSKY, W. 'The Supreme Court and the Canadian Bill of Rights'. (1975) 53 Canadian Bar Review, 649-74.

ZISKROUT, JEROME. 'Section 10 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms'. (1982) University of British Columbia Law Review, 173-88.

ABERNATHY, M. GLENN. 'Should the United Kingdom Adopt a Bill of Rights?'. (1983) 31 American Journal of Comparative Law, 431-79.

CAMPBELL, C. M. (ed.). Do We Need a Bill of Rights? London, Temple Smith, 1980. Pp. 174. ISBN 0 85117 205 9.

Distinguished proponents examine the pros and cons of a Bill of Rights for U. K. The book is divided into three parts: The Bill of Rights Debate, Ireland the United Kingdom and Emergency Conditions, The European Convention and the European Community. The European Convention and Protocol form an Appendix.

DUNCANSON, I. W. 'Balloonists, Bills of Rights and Dinosaurs'. (1978) Public Law, 393-408.

FAWCETT, J. E. S. 'A Bill of Rights for the United Kingdom?'. (1976) 1 Human Rights Review, 57-64.

GREAT BRITAIN, HOUSE OF LORDS. Report of the Select Committee on a Bill of Rights (together with the minutes of proceedings). London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1978. Pp. 450. ISBN 104176 78.

The Report is a thorough examination of issues of the desirability, content, enforcement and entrenchment of a Bill of Rights for Britain. The hundreds of pages of evidence contain valuable opinions by Law Lords, academics and others.

Human rights—general 165
LORD LLOYD OF HAMPSTEAD. 'Do we need a Bill of Rights?'. (1976) 39 Modern Law Review, 121-29.

MANN, F. A. 'Britain's Bill of Rights'. (1978) Law Quarterly Review, 512-33.

SCARMAN, LESLIE. English Law — The New Dimension. London, Stevens, 1974. Pp. xi + 88. ISBN 420 44700 8.

Lord Scarman examines the problems of the Common Law in adapting to the accelerating rate

of social change — in particular new areas of dispute thrown up by the burgeoning role of government and bureaucracy. He considers the impact of the common market, family life and social security, industrial relations, the environment. Scarman argues for a new constitutional settlement in U. K. with an entrenched Bill of Rights.

WALLINGTON, P. & MCBRIDE, J. Civil Liberties and a Bill of Rights. London, Cobden Trust, 1976. Pp. 148. ISBN 0 900137 10 X.

Focuses mainly on problems of content and entrenchment of, and remedies under, a Bill of Rights in the British context.

YARDLEY, D. C. M. 'Constitutional Reform in the U.K.'. (1980) 33 Current Legal Problems, 147-64.

ZANDER, MICHAEL. A Bill of Rights?. Chichester, Barry Rose, 1979, (2nd edn.). Pp. 100.

Non-government organisations (NG0s)

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL. Report on Torture. New York, Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1975. Pp. 285.

The Report present the problem of legal definition of torture, medical and psychological aspects of torture, action of international governmental organisations, regional and non-governmental organisations. World survey of torture covers more than 60 countries. In Appendix: Special Report on Chile. Selected Bibliography.

ARCHER, P. 'Action by Unofficial Organizations on Human Rights', in E. Luard (ed.), The International Protection of Human Rights. London, Thames & Hudson, 1967, pp. 160-182.

BISSELL, T. St. G. 'The International Committee of the Red Cross and the Protection of Human Rights'. (1968) 1 Human Rights Journal/Revue des Droits de l'Homme, 255-74.

BLASER, A. 'Assessing Human Rights: The NGO Contribution', in V. P. Nanda et al. (eds), Global Human Rights: Public Policies, Comparative Measures and NGO Strategies. Boulder, Westview Press, 1981, pp. 261-88. ISBN 0 89158 858 2.

CASSESE, A. 'How Could Non-Governmental Organizations Use U.N. Bodies More Effectively?'. (1979) 1 Universal Human Rights, 73-80.

CLARK, R. S. 'The International League for Human Rights and South West Africa, 1947-1957: The Human Rights NGO as Catalyst in the International Legal Process'. (1981) 3 Human Rights Quarterly, 101-36.

DA FONSECA, G. How to File Complaints of Human Rights Violations, A Practical Guide to Inter-Governmental Procedure. Geneva, World Council of Churches, 1975. Pp. 152. ISBN 2 8254 0496 9.

A comprehensive, very clear handbook for NGOs interested in presenting to the UN Commission on Human Rights, European Commission on Human Rights, Inter-American

166 Bibliography
Commission on Human Rights or ILO complaints on violations of human rights. It explains how to choose a procedure, how to follow it, where to obtain documents. It gives documentary references. Index.

FRIEDLANDER, R. A. 'Human Rights Theory and NGO Practice: Where Do We Go From Here?', in V. P. Nanda et al., (eds), Global Human Rights: Public Policies, Comparative Measures and NGO Strategies. Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press,

1981, pp. 219-228. ISBN 0 89158 858 2.

GARLING, M. The Human Rights Handbook. A Guide to British and American International Human Rights Organizations. London, Macmillan, 1979. Pp. xv + 299.

ISBN 0 333 25817 7.

This is a handbook with a practical goal of giving information on where to turn for assistance in case of violation of human rights. The survey focuses on voluntary and professional organizations which deal with both international and domestic issues. Bibliography and index.

GREEN, J. F. `NGOs', in A. A. Said (ed.), Human Rights and World Order. New York, Praeger, 1978, pp. 90-99. ISBN 0 03 046341 6.

INTERNATIONAL LAW ASSOCIATION, AUSTRALIAN BRANCH. The International Status of Human Rights Non-governmental Organizations. Sydney, Butterworths, for the International Law Association, 1978. Pp. 28. ISBN 0 409 31920 1.

JOYCE, J. A. (ed.). Human Rights: International Documents. Alphen aan den Rijn, Sijthoff; Dobbs Ferry, N. Y., Oceana, 1978, vol. 3, ch. 5. ISBN 90 286 0298 4 (Sijthoff), ISBN 0 379 20395 2 (Oceana).

LARSEN, E. A Flame in Barbed Wire. The Story of Amnesty International. London, F. Muller, 1978. Pp. 136. ISBN 0 584 10443 X.

This book presents a history of the movement and its main activities. The problems of torture and the death penalty are explored in detail. Index.

LILLicx, R. B. & NEWMAN, F. C. (eds). International Human Rights: Problems of Law and Policy. Boston, Little, Brown, 1979, pp. 316-87.

LEARY, V. 'A New Role for Non-Governmental Organizations in Human Rights: A Case Study of Non-Governmental Participation in the Development of International Norms on Torture', in A. Cassese (ed.), UN Law/Fundamental Rights. Two Topics in International Law. Alphen aan den Rijn, Sijthoff & Noordhoff, 1979, pp. 197-210. ISBN 90 286 0828 1.

PRASAD, M. 'The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in the New United Nations Procedures for Human Rights Complaints'. (1975) 5 Denver Journal of International Law and Politics, 441-62.

RAY, P. L. & TAYLOR, J. S. 'The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations in Implementing Human Rights in Latin America'. (1977) 7 Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, 477-506.

RODLEY, N. S. 'Monitoring Human Rights by the U.N. System and Nongovernmental Organizations', in D. P. Kommers & G. D. Loescher (eds), Human Rights and American Foreign Policy. Notre Dame, Indiana, University of Notre Dame Press, 1979, pp. 157-178. ISBN 0 268 01071 4.

SCOBLE, H. M. & WISEBERG, L. S. 'Human Rights as an International League', in A. A. Said (ed.), Human Rights and World Order. New York, Praeger, 1978, pp. 100-107. ISBN 0 03 046341 6.

SHEPHERD, G. W. 'Transnational Development of Human Rights: the Third World

Human rights—general 167
C
BENN, S. I. 'Freedom, Autonomy and the Concept of the Person'. (1976) 76 Proceedings of Aristotelian Society, 109-30.
rucible', in V. P. Nanda et al. (eds), Global Human Rights: Public Policies, Comparative Measures and NGO Strategies. Boulder, Colo., Westview Press, 1981, pp. 213-18. ISBN 0 89158 858 2.

SHESTACK, J. 'Sisyphus Endures: The International Human Rights NGO'. (1978) 74 New York University Law School Law Review, 89-123.

TARDU, M. E. Human Rights: The International Petition System. 2 Binders (more to follow). Dobbs Ferry, N. Y., Oceana, 1979—. ISBN 0 379 20250 6.

This study and repertoire of international complaint systems provide practitioners with a comprehensive analysis of procedures under which individuals or NGOs are entitled to submit

petitions concerning violations of human rights to international bodies for consideration.

UNITED NATIONS, SECRETARY GENERAL. Consultative Relationship of Non-Governmental Organizations with the Specialized Agencies and with other United Nations Bodies. UN Doc. E/C.2/662 (1968).

UNITED NATIONS, SECRETARY GENERAL. Excerpts from General Assembly Resolutions Concerning Non-Governmental Organizations. UN Doc. ST/OPT (1972); UN Doc. E/5257/Add.1 (1973).

WEISSBRODT, D. 'The Role of International Nongovernmental Organizations in the Implementation of Human Rights'. (1977) 12 Texas International Law journal, 293-320.

WISEBERG, L. S. & SCOBLE, H. M. 'Human Rights and Amnesty International'. (1974) 413 Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 11-26.

WISEBERG, L. S. & SCOBLE, H. M. 'The International League for Human Rights: the Strategy of a Human Rights NGO'. (1977) 7 Georgia journal of International and Comparative Law, 289-313.

WISEBERG, L. S. & SCOBLE, H. M. 'Monitoring Human Rights Violations: the Role of Nongovernmental Organizations', in D. P. Kommers & G. D. Loescher (eds), Human Rights and American Foreign Policy. Notre Dame, Indiana, University of Notre Dame Press, 1979, pp. 179-208.

WISEBERG, L. S. & SCOBLE, H. M. 'Recent Trends in the Expanding Universe of NGOs Dedicated to the Protection of Human Rights', in V. P. Nanda et al. (eds), Global Human Rights: Public Policies, Comparative Measures and NGO Strategies. Boulder,

Westview Press, 1981, pp. 229-260. ISBN 0 89158 858 2. Also (1979) 8 Denver Journal of International Law and Politics, 627-58.

Philosophy of human rights

ARON, R. 'Sociology and the Philosophy of Human Rights', in H. Kiefer & M. Munitz (eds), Ethics and Social justice. New York, New York State University Press, 1970, pp. 282-300.

ARNOLD, CHRISTOPHER. 'Analyses of Right' in Eugene Kamenka & Alice Erh-Soon Tay (eds), Human Rights. London, Edward Arnold, 1978, pp. 74-86.

ISBN 0 7131 6121 3.

168 Bibliography
SENN, S. I. 'Human Rights and Human Nature' in Alice Erh-Soon Tay et al. (eds), Teaching Human Rights: an Australian Symposium. Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service, 1981, pp. 103-10. ISBN 0 642 06762 7.

BENN, S. I. 'Human Rights — For Whom and For What?', in Eugene Kamenka & Alice Erh-Soon Tay (eds), Human Rights. London, Edward Arnold, 1978, pp. 59-73. ISBN 0 7131 6121 3.

BENN, S. I. 'Rights', in Paul Edwards (ed.), Encylopedia of Philosophy. London, Collier & Macmillan, (1967) vol. 7, pp. 191-95. LC 67 10059.

BLACKSTONE, W. T. 'Equality and Human Rights'. (1968) 52 Monist, 616-39.

BLACKSTONE, W. T. 'Human Rights and Human Dignity'. (1971) 3 Philosophical Forum, 3-37.

BLAcKsToNE, W. T. 'The Justification of Human Rights', in E. H. Pollack (ed.), Human Rights. Buffalo, Jay Stewart for Amintaphil, 1971.

BRAHAM, RANDOLPH L. Human Rights: Contemporary Domestic and International Issues and Conflicts. New York, Irvington Publishers, 1980. Pp. vi + 169.

ISBN 0 8290 0232 4.

A collection of essays originally delivered as papers at a Conference on Human Rights at the City University of New York in 1978. Contributions include: 'Embodiment of Human Rights

in Constitutions' (Nani A. Palkhivala); 'The US Position on Human Rights: A Summary' (Allard K. Lowenstein); 'Human Rights and Detente: The Biggest Trade Off' (Morris Silver).

BROWN, STUART M. 'Inalienable Rights'. (1955) 64 Philosophical Review, 192-211.

CASTBERG, FREDE. 'Natural Law and Human Rights'. (1968) 1 Human Rights Journal/Revue des Droits de l'Homme, 14-40.

COHEN, FELIX S. 'Human Rights: An Appeal to Philosophers'. (1952/3) 6 Review of Metaphysics, 617-22.

CRANSTON, MAURICE. What Are Human Rights? 2nd edn. London, Bodley Head, 1973. Pp. 170. ISBN 0 370 103793.

Cranston's concise introduction to the subject includes chapters on the philosophical status of rights and the history of concepts of human rights.

DWORKIN, RONALD. Taking Rights Seriously. London, Duckworth, 1977. Pp. xv + 371. ISBN 0 7156 1174 7.

Possibly the most important contribution to legal philosophy in the last decade. Dworkin advances the thesis that the recognition and enforcement of political rights is an intrinsic function of adjudication. Using the U.S. Supreme Court as a model Dworkin defends the idea of rights as 'trumps' over collective aims. He also defends the shift towards egalitarian values, arguing that the most fundamental right is the right to participate in decision-making (a due process right).

EDEL, ABRAHAM. 'Some Reflections on the Concept of Human Rights', in E. H. Pollack

FEINBERG, JOEL. 'Duties, Rights and Claims'. (1966) 3 American Philosophical Quarterly, 137-44.

FEINBERG, JOEL. 'The Nature and Value of Rights'. (1970) 4.7ournal of Value Inquiry, 243-60.

FEINBERG, JOEL. Wasserstrom on Human Rights'. (1964) 61Journal of Philosophy, 641-5.

Human rights—general 169
FINNIS, JOHN. Natural Law and Natural Rights. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1980. Pp. xv + 425. ISBN 0 19 876110 4.

Chapter VIII on 'Rights' has a philosophical discussion of the nature of rights. The book as a whole is an argument that starts with basic values and attempts to plot the rationale and limits of social institutions such as law and government. The relevance of the book to those interested in human rights per se is marginal.

FINNIS, JOHN. 'Some Professorial Fallacies About Rights'. (1972) 4 Adelaide Law Review, 377-88.

FRANKENA, W. P. 'Natural and Inalienable Rights'. (1955) 64 Philosophical Review, 212-32.

FRIEDRICH, C. J. 'Rights, Liberties, Freedoms: a Reappraisal'. (1963) 57 American Political Science Review, 841-54.

GALE, RICHARD M. 'Natural Law and Human Rights'. (1959/60) 20 Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 521-31.

GEWIRTH, ALAN. Human Rights: Essays on justification and Applications. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1983. ISBN 0 226 28878 1.

A collection of fourteen previously published papers by an eminent moral philosopher.

GOLDING, MARTIN P. 'The Concept of Rights: A Historical Sketch', in E. & B. Bandman (eds), Bioethics and Human Rights, Boston, 1978, pp. 44-50.

GOLDING, MARTIN P. 'Towards a Theory of Human Rights'. (1968) 52 Monist, 521-49.

HART, H. L. A. 'Are There Any Natural Rights?'. (1955) 64 Philosophical Review, 175-91.

HART, H. L. A. 'Bentham on Legal Rights', in A. W. B. Simpson (ed.), Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence. 2nd series. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1973, pp. 171-201.

HERSCH, J. 'Is the Declaration of Human Rights a Western Concept?', in H. Kiefer & M. Munitz (eds), Ethics and Social justice. Albany, New York, State University of New York Press, 1970, pp. 323-32.

HIRSZOWICZ, MARIA. 'The Marxist Approach to Human Rights'. (1966) 18 International Social Science journal, 13-24.

HOHFELD, WESLEY N. Fundamental Legal Conceptions. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1919. Reprint 1966. Pp. xv + 114.

An important piece of analytical jurisprudence. Hohfeld's analysis of the concepts of legal liberties, rights and powers have figured prominently in contemporary philosophical discussions of the nature of rights.

HOLBOROW, LES. 'Human Rights and the Role of the State', in F. C. Hutley, Eugene Kamenka, Alice Erh-Soon Tay (eds), Law and the Future of Society. Wiesbaden, Franz Steiner Verlag Gmbh, 1979, pp. 157-71.

Hoox S. 'Reflections On Human Rights', in H. Keifer & M. Munitz (eds), Ethics and

'Human Rights'. (1968) 52 Monist, 521-639.

Contains contributions by Martin P. Golding, 'Towards a theory of human rights', 521-49; Kai Nielsen, 'Scepticism and human rights', 573-94; Arnold S. Kaufman, 'Sketch of the liberal theory of human rights', 595-615; W. T. Blackstone, 'Equality and human rights', 616-39 as well as articles by H. D. Aiken, H. Bedau, H. Morris.

170 Bibliography

The book contains essays which examine 'the development of the idea of human rights, the internal complexities of that idea and its place in the world today'. The contributors include lawyers, philosophers, an historian of ideas, a political scientist and a sociologist. There are nine essays in all.

KAUFMAN, ARNOLD S. 'Wants, Needs and Liberalism'. (1971) 14 Inquiry, 191-206.

KEARNS, THOMAS R. 'Rights, Benefits and Normative Systems'. (1975) 61 Archiv ffir Rechts-und Sozialphilosophie, 465-83.

KLEINIG, JOHN. 'Cultural Reletivism and Human Rights', in Alice Erh-Soon Tay et al. (eds), Teaching Human Rights: An Australian Symposium. Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service, 1981, pp. 111-18. ISBN 0 642 6762 7.

KLEINIG, JOHN. 'Human Rights, Legal Rights and Social Change', in Eugene Kamenka & Alice Erh-Soon Tay (eds), Human Rights. London, Edward Arnold, 1978,

pp. 36-47. ISBN 0 7131 6121 3.

KUDRYAVTSEV, VLADIMIR. 'The Truth About Human Rights'. (1976) 5 Human Rights, 193-99.

The philosophical underpinnings of Soviet views on human rights are set out in this translation.

LYONS, D. 'Rights Against Humanity?'. (1976) 85 Philosophical Review, 208-15. LYONS, DAVID. 'The Correlative of Rights and Duties'. (1970) 4 Nous, 45-55.

LYONS, DAVID. 'Human Rights and the General Welfare'. (1977) 6 Philosophy and Public Affairs, 113-29.

LYONS, DAVID. 'Rights, Claimants, and Beneficiaries'. (1969) 6 American Philosophical Quarterly, 173-85.

MACCORMICK, NEIL. 'Rights in Legislation', in P. M. S. Hacker & J. Raz (eds), Law, Morality and Society: Essays in Honour of H. L. A. Hart. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1977, pp. 189-209. ISBN 0 19 824557 2.

/VIACDONALD, MARGARET. 'Natural Rights'. (1946-47) 47 Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 225-50.

MACHAN, TIBOR R. Human Rights and Human Liberties: A Radical Reconsideration of the American Political Tradition. Chicago, Nebon Hall, 1975. Pp. xii + 300.

ISBN 0 88229 159 9.

A philosophical study of human rights in which the author argues that human rights represent the necessary conditions in a community for each member to be able to attain his or her full potential in self-development. In the course of his study and sketching out its political ramifications Machan touches on some of the central rights issues in the U. S.

MAHER, F. K. H. 'The Kinds of Legal Rights'. (1965) 5 Melbourne University Law Review, 47-75.

MARSHALL, GEOFFREY. 'Rights, Options and Entitlements', in A. W. B. Simpson (ed.), Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence. Second series. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1973, pp. 228-41.

MARTIN, REX & NICKEL, JAMES. 'A Bibliography on the Nature and Foundations of Rights, 1947-1977'. (1978) 6 Political Them, 395-413.

Human rights—general 171
A useful, though unannotated, bibliography of works dealing with the more theoretical, philosophical aspects of concepts of rights.

MARTIN, REX & NICKEL, JAMES. 'Recent Work on the Concept of Rights'. (1980) 17 American Philosophical Quarterly, 165-80.

A short survey of the issues, with references to over eighty works published since 1963.

MCCLOSKEY, H. J. 'Human Needs, Rights and Political Values'. (1976) 13 American Philosophical Quarterly, 1-11.

MCCLOSKEY, H. J. 'Rights'. (1965) 15 Philosophical Quarterly, 115-27.

MCCLOSKEY, H. J. 'Rights — Some Conceptual Issues'. (1976) 54 Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 99-115.

MCCLOSKEY, H. J. 'What Ought To Be Taught About Rights ?', in Alice Erh-Soon Tay et al. (eds), Teaching Human Rights: An Australian Symposium. Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service, 1981, pp. 83-94. ISBN 0 642 06762 7.

McKEoN, R. 'Philosophy and History in the Development of Human Rights', in

H. Kiefer & M. Munitz (eds), Ethics and Social justice. New York, New York State University Press, 1970, pp. 300-21.

MELDEN, A. I. (ed.). Human Rights. Belmont, Calif., Wadsworth, 1970. Pp. 152. LC 76 126769.

A selection of readings, articles and materials that constitute a good introduction to the philosophy of human rights. There are passages from John Locke and Jeremy Bentham. Margaret MacDonald, 'Natural Rights'; H. L. A. Hart, 'Are There Any Natural Rights?'; Gregory Vlastos, 'Justice and Equality'; Richard Wasserstrom, 'Rights, Human Rights and Racial Discrimination'; Herbert Morris, 'Persons and Punishment'. Appendixes include the Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776), an extract from U. S. Declaration of Rights (1776), an extract from U. S. Declaration of Independence (1776), Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) and UN Declaration. Bibliography pp. 150-2.

MELDEN, A. I. Rights and Persons. Oxford, Blackwell, 1977. Pp. ix + 263. ISBN 0 631 17510 5.

Melden examines the question of how human rights are to be based in the notion of `personhood'. He pays special attention to cases which have given philosophers some trouble — infants, psychopaths, the terminally ill. See especially chapters VI and VII.

MINOGUE, K. R. 'Natural Rights, Ideology and the Game of Life', in Eugene Kamenka & Alice Erb-Soon Tay (eds), Human Rights. London, Edward Arnold, 1978,

pp. 13-35. ISBN 0 7131 6121 3.

NELSON, WILLIAM N. 'Special Rights, General Rights, and Social Justice'. (1974) 3 Philosophy and Public Affairs, 410-30.

NICKEL, JAMES. 'Bibliographical Update: The Nature and Foundations of Rights'. 1982 Criminal justice Ethics, 64-9.

An update to Martin and Nickel's useful 1978 work.

NICKEL, JAMES W. 'Is There a Human Right to Employment?'. (1980) 11 Philosophical Forum, 149-70.

NIELSEN, KAI. 'Scepticism and Human Rights'. (1968) 53 Monist, 573-94.

NozicK, R. Anarchy, State and Utopia. Oxford, Blackwell, 1974. Pp. xvi + 367. ISBN 0 631 15680 1.

172 Bibliography

PENNOCK, J. ROLAND & CHAPMAN, JOHN W. (eds). Human Rights (Nomos XXIII). New

A collection of twelve papers dealing with the philosophical credentials and justification of human rights.

PLAMENATZ, J., LAMONT, W. D. 8z ACTON, H. B. 'Symposium On rights'. (1950) 24 Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, (Supplementary volume), 75-82.

POLLACK, ERVIN H. (ed.). Human Rights. Buffalo N.Y., Jay Stewart Publications, 1971. Pp. xviii + 419.

The initial publication of the American Section of the International Association for the

Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy, consisting of 37 papers prepared for its Second Plenary Meeting. Contributors include such notables as Blackstone, Edel, Jerome Hall, Alan Gewirth, Michael Bayles. But the quality of the papers is most uneven. Three major topics are covered: the justification of human rights; human rights and their relation to legal rights; human rights in the light of contemporary conditions and problems.

RADIN, M. 'Natural Law and Natural Rights'. (1950) 59 Yale Law journal, 214-37.

RAPHAEL, D. D. 'Ideologies and Traditions: The Liberal Western Tradition of Human Rights'. (1966) 18 International Social Science Journal, 22-30.

RAPHAEL, D. D. (ed.). Political Theory and the Rights of Man. London, Macmillan, 1967.

Includes papers by Raphael, Cranston, Mayo, Chapman and Macpherson on the philosophical basis of human rights in the classic liberal philosophers.

RAPHAEL, D. D. & MAYO, B. 'Symposium on Human Rights'. (1965) 39 Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, (Supplementary volume), 205-36.

RAWLS, JOHN. A Theory of justice. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1971. Pp. xv + 607. ISBN 0 19 881301 5.

This book is possibly the most important book on political philosophy and ethics to appear in recent years. Rawls attempts to make out a case for a liberal welfare state. But in the course of doing so he touches on a great many areas to do with rights. The book contains an important discussion of civil disobedience and of liberties in general. Rawls also has made due process and participatory rights central to his very concept of justice.

REGAN, DONALD H. 'Glosses on Dworkin: Rights, Principles, and Policies'. (1978) 76 Michigan Law Review, 1213-64.

RICHARDS, B. A. 'Inalienable Rights, Recent Criticism and Old Doctrine'. (1969) 29 Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 391-404.

ROSHWALD, MORDECAI. 'The Concept of Human Rights'. (1958-59) 19 Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 354-79.

SCHILLER, MARVIN. 'Are There Any Inalienable Rights?'. (1969) 79 Ethics, 309-15.

SINGER, MARCUS G. 'The Basis of Rights and Duties'. (1972) 23 Philosophical Studies, 48-57.

STRAUSS, LEO. 'Natural Right and the Historical Approach'. (1950) 12 Review of Politics, 422-42.

STRAUSS, LEO. 'The Origin of the Idea of Natural Right'. (1952) 19 Social Research, 23-60.

Human rights—general 173
TAY, ALICE ERH-SOON. 'Marxism, Socialism and Human Rights', in Eugene Kamenka & Alice Erh-Soon Tay (eds), Human Rights. London, Edward Arnold, 1978,

pp. 104-12. ISBN 0 7131 6121 3.

TAY, ALICE ERH-SOON. 'Socialism and Human Rights', in Alice Erh-Soon Tay et al. (eds), Teaching Human Rights: An Australian Symposium. Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service, 1981, pp. 73-6. ISBN 0 642 06762 7.

VLASTOS, GREGORY. 'Justice and Equality', in A. I. Melden (ed.) Human Rights. Belmont, California, 1970, pp. 76-95.

WAINWRIGHT, WILLIAM. 'Natural Rights'. (1967) 4 American Philosophical Quarterly, 79-84.

WASSERSTROM, RICHARD. 'Rights, Human Rights and Racial Discrimination'. (1964) 61 Journal of Philosophy, 628-41.

WELLMAN, CARL. 'A New Conception of Human Rights', in Eugene Kamenka & Alice Erh-Soon Tay (eds), Human Rights. London, Edward Arnold, 1978, pp. 48-58. ISBN 0 7131 6121 3.

WELLMAN, CARL. 'Moral Rights and Positive Law', in Memoria del X Congreso Mundial Ordinario de Filosofia del Derecho y Filosofia Social. Mexico City, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1981, vol. 5, pp. 193-203.

A formal philosophical analysis of claims for recognition of moral rights in positive law.

YOUNG, ROBERT. 'Dispensing with Moral Rights'. (1978) 6 Political Theory, 63-74.

BAKER, C. E. 'Utility and Rights: Two Justifications for State Action Increasing Equality'. (1974) 84 Yale Law Journal, 39-59.

BROWNE, D. E. 'The Presumption of Equality'. (1975) 53 Australasian journal of Philosophy, 46-53.

CHIPMAN, LAUCHLAN. 'Equality Before (and After) the Law'. (Mar. 1980) Quadrant, 46-51.

DUCHACEK, I. D. Rights and Liberties in the World Today: Constitutional Promise and Reality. Santa Barbara, Calif., ABC Clio, 1973, pp. 191-96. ISBN 0 87436 112 5.

ENCEL, S. Equality and Authority. A Study of Class, Status and Power in Australia. Melbourne, Cheshire, 1970. Pp. 492. ISBN 7015 1193 1.

FALLON, RICHARD H. JR. 'To Each According to His Ability, From None According to His Race: The Concept of Merit in the Law of Antidiscrimination'. (1980) 60 Boston University Law Review, 815-77.

FORKOSCH, MORRIS D. 'Equality and Inequality — The Law's Ambivalence'. (1975) 10 Melbourne University Law Review, 249-66.

FRANKEL, CHARLES. 'Equality of Opportunity'. (1970-1971) 81 Ethics, 191-211.

GLAZER, NATHAN. 'Individualism and Equality in the United States', in Herbert J. Gans, Nathan Glazer et al. (eds), On the Making of Americans: Essays in Honour of David Riesman. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979, pp. 172-92.

ISBN 0 8122 7759 6.

174 Bibliography

KURLAND, PHILIP B. 'Ruminations on the Quality of Equality'. (1979) Brigham Young University Law Review, 1-23.

LUCAS, J. R. 'Against Equality'. (1965) 40 Philosophy, 296-307.

MENDELSOHN, R. Fair Go -Welfare Issues in Australia. Ringwood, Victoria, Penguin Books Australia Ltd., 1982. Pp. iv + 228.

Whilst this book concentrates on a discussion of the major social welfare issues in Australia, some chapters touch upon human rights issues. There is a chapter on land rights legislation and discrimination in education.

ODDO, GILBERT L. Freedom and Equality Civil Liberties and the Supreme Court. Santa

0 87620 350 6.

PASSMORE, J. A. 'Civil Justice and Its Rivals', in Eugene Kamenka & Alice Erh-Soon Tay (eds), justice. London, Edward Arnold, 1979, pp. 25-49.

PASSMORE, J. A. 'Quality and Equality'. (Sept. 1981) Quadrant, 3-11.

PENNOCK, I. ROLAND. 'Equality of Condition and the Law, with special Reference to American Constitutional law'. World Congress on Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy, Sydney-Canberra, (paper no. 43), 1977. Pp. 29 (mimeograph).

PERELMAN, C. Justice, Law and Argument. Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1980. Pp. xiii + 181. ISBN 90 277 1089 9.

Chapter 8: 'Equality and Justice'.

POLE, J. R. The Pursuit of Equality in American History. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1978. Pp. xv + 380. ISBN 0 520 03286 1.

POLYVIOU, POLYVIAS G. The Equal Protection of the Laws. London, Duckworth, 1980. Pp. xiv + 759. ISBN 0 7156 1399 5.

This massive study is a detailed account of the substantive developments associated with judicial enforcement of the constitutional provision that no person should be denied the equal protection of the laws in the United States. This book has already become a classic because of its comprehensiveness and scholarly analysis of the issues involved.

ROPER, T. The Myth of Equality. North Melbourne, Education Department, National
Union of Australian University Students, 1970. Pp. 91. ISBN 0 85580 000 3.

RUPERT, JOHN G. Racism and Its Elimination. New York, United National Institute For Training and Research, 1981. Pp. xi + 144.

SADURSKI, WOJCIECH. 'Equality, Law and Non-Discrimination'. (Dec. 1980) 20 Bulletin of the Australian Society of Legal Philosophy, 113-37.

SMITH, J. C. Legal Obligation. London, The Athlone Press, 1976. Pp. viii + 256. ISBN 0 485 111543.

SMITH, PHILIPPA. Workless or Worthless? Towards a Bill of Rights for the Unemployed. Sydney, Australian Council of Social Service, 1977. Pp. 15. ISBN 0 83871 081 1.

STONE, JULIUS. 'Justice in the Slough of Equality'. (1978) 29 Hastings Law Journal, 995-1024.

Human rights—general 175
STONE, JULIUS. 'Justice, not Equality', in Eugene Kamenka & Alice Erh-Soon Tay (eds), Justice. London, Edward Arnold, 1979, pp. 97-115. ISBN 0 7131 6178 9/7.

TROY, PATRICK N. (ed.). A Just Society. Essays on Equity in Australia. Sydney, George Allen & Unwin, 1981. Pp. 247. ISBN 0 86861 234 0.

TUSSMAN, JOSEPH & TENBROEK, JACOBUS. 'The Equal Protection of Laws'. (1949) 37 California Law Review, 341-81.

VAIZEY, JOHN (ed.). Whatever Happened to Equality? London, British Broadcasting Corporation, 1975. Pp. 132.

WALZER, M. Spheres of Justice: A Defence of Pluralism and Equality. Oxford, Martin Robertson, 1983. Pp. 345. ISBN 0 85520 6837.

WEALE, ALBERT. Equality and Social Policy. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978. Pp. 149.

This is a philosophical analysis of the principle of equality and is also a study of the institutional implications of that principle in the field of social policy.

WILLIAMS, B. 'The Idea of Equality', in P. Laslett & W. G. Runciman (eds), Philosophy, Politics and Society. Oxford, 1964, pp. 110-31.

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