Humanitarian Civil-Military Coordination in Emergencies: Towards a Predictable Model
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NepalSection 1: Humanitarian civil-military coordination in Nepal Disaster risk profile infographic To be inserted Evolution of humanitarian civil-military coordination in Nepal The Armed Forces play an integral role in disaster response in Nepal. Civil-military coordination has been shaped by a number of factors such as large-scale natural disasters, in particular earthquakes and flooding, as well as conflict and recent internal instability in the southern region of the country. The Nepalese Army are a primary responder in disaster operations, and their role is articulated in Nepal’s disaster-related laws and policies, as well as the country’s national coordination structures. In recent years the military have played a key role in disaster response as a primary responder, including in the Koshi floods in 2008, the epidemic in Jarjarkot in 2009 and the avalanche and blizzards in the western region of the country in 2014.116 The role of regional initiatives such as the SAARC Natural Disaster Rapid Response Mechanism and Asia-Pacific Regional Guidelines For The Use Of Foreign Military Assets In Natural Disaster Response Operations (APC-MADRO) is also notable in the Nepalese context.117 Following the introduction of global initiatives such as the Hyogo Framework for Action in recent years, the Nepalese approach to disaster management has shifted towards a broader disaster risk management approach including a greater focus on preparedness, mitigation, in addition to response and recovery. Draft legislation for disaster management will be presented to the new government in 2016 and is expected to contain provisions for the establishment of a national disaster management agency, responsible for coordination and implementing of operations at the national level. Text box Nepal is one of two pilot countries in the Asia Pacific region rolling out the Inter-Agency Standing Committee’s Emergency Preparedness Initiative. The development and implementation of the package through the Humanitarian Country Team prior to the earthquake was identified as having a successful contribution during the response. End text box UN OCHA has been present in Nepal since 2005, within the Office of the UN Resident Coordinator (RCO). After the April 2015 Earthquake, a country office was re-established to support the large scale emergency response. OCHA closed its Nepal presence in December 2015. Nepal remains a priority country for emergency response preparedness within the region due to its high risk to natural hazards. As a result of the first RCG session, Nepal developed a work plan with three key focus areas: coordination Mechanisms; use, allocation and tracking of Foreign Military Assets (FMA); and, information sharing platforms. This includes ongoing work on the revision of the Disaster Management Act, approval of assessment guidelines, and the development of guidelines on international assistance. The use of the disaster impact model and the revision of the National Disaster Response Framework (NDRF) is also taking place. International assistance in the context of Nepal Nepal has developed some regulation of international assistance as outlined in the National Disaster Response Framework.118 The strengthening of legal preparedness for international assistance has been identified as a key priority in 2016, and the Nepal Red Cross, supported by the IFRC, are taking the lead, in collaboration with the Ministry of Home Affairs, in the development of draft guidelines based on international norms and modelling best practice such as reflected in the International Disaster Response Law (IDRL) Guidelines and Model Act on IDRL.119 Foreign military assistance in the context of Nepal The National Disaster Response Framework states that the government of Nepal may request and manage international military assistance as required in accordance with the Guidelines for Accepting International Military Assistance/ Guidelines for the Civil and Military Defense Assets.120 In 2015, a series of major earthquakes in Gorkha district killed almost 9,000 people, and destroyed over 600,000 homes. The international response to the earthquake included the deployment of foreign military assets from 18 countries. It was the first time that the Humanitarian Military Operational Coordination Concept (HuMOCC), was utilised in Nepal to facilitate civil-military coordination. The Multinational Military Coordination Centre (MNMCC), led by the Nepal Army, was created to facilitate military to military coordination under the direction of the Ministry of Home Affairs. The 2015 earthquake response highlighted the need to further develop SOPs to strengthen the moblisation of foreign military assets and resources and facilitate the coordination of activities. 
National legal and policy frameworks for disaster management The principle national laws guiding disaster management are the National Calamity Relief Act 1982 and Local Self Governance Act 1999.121
The Natural Calamity Relief Act of 1982 (amended in 1989 and 1992) mandates the Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) as the lead agency for immediate rescue and relief work, as well as disaster preparedness activities. This includes MoHA’s role as chair of the Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee, 122further outlined in the Regulation for Role Division of 2007, whereby the MoHA is designed as responsible for disaster management overall.123 The Act also outlines the roles and responsibilities of the Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee including policy and disaster management program implementation as well as detailing functions of the sub-committees and regional, district and local relief committees. The Act also specifies the role of the Armed Forces in the Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee. The new Constitution of Nepal (2015) also includes provisions for the role of the Armed Forces, stating that in the event of a natural disaster they may be mobilised without prior authorization of the parliament.124 End infographic
Role of the Armed Forces in national policy and legal frameworks The Nepalese Armed Forces have constituted responsibilities in disaster response based on their scale-up capacity and capability. The Armed Forces as well as the Armed Police Force are designated members of the Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee. The Armed Police Force Act details provisions for their particular role in providing assistance in disaster response.130 The National Disaster Response Framework (2013) outlines the primary role of the Nepalese Army in disaster response, and outline core responsibilities for the direction and coordination of multinational military humanitarian assistance.131 For the period of the initial response to the earthquake in March and April 2015, the Interim Constitution of Nepal was in force, which contained provisions for the mobilization of the Armed Forces without prior authorisation of the parliament. A new Constitution of Nepal came into effect on 20 September, 2015 and contains the same provision.132 Start Text box The Nepalese Army has adopted a strategy to enhance response capabilities including a focus on: management of resources including the allocation of dedicated budgets and capabilities; training of personnel on disaster management and response operations and search and rescue and emergency medical preparedness for medical personnel and; involvement in planning and coordination exercises with foreign militaries and humanitarian actors. A dedicated Directorate with two specialists HADR battalions has also been established. End text box Section 2: National coordinating actors and mechanisms in disaster response Central Disaster Natural Disaster Relief Committee (CDRN)
Insert logo Disaster Focal point Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee (CNDRC) Established by Natural Calamity Relief Act (1982) Key functions CNDRC is responsible for preparing national policies on preparedness, response and recovery and ensuring their implementation; stockpiling relief and rescue materials collecting and disseminating relief materials and funds during emergency operations and; providing direction to the district and local committees Location within government Leadership Minister of Home Affairs Headquarters X Sub-committees: 1. Supply 2. Shelter and Rehabilitation 3. Relief 4. Treatment133 Composition Related ministries; Armed Forces representatives and; non-government organisations such as X Military and police force representation: Representation of the Armed Forces on central and district level committees is mandatory as per the Natural Calamity Relief Act. Representatives include: XXX Authority: As mandated by the Natural Calamity Relief Act of1982, the CNDRC makes a recommendation to the Government of Nepal on the declaration a state of emergency.134 Regional/provincial representation: The Natural Calamity Relief Act also mandates the establishment of regional, district and local disaster relief committees. End table 
National Emergency Operations Centre (NEOC) NEOC is automatically established in the event of a large scale disaster, and acts as the Secretariat of the NDRC. In the existing system, the overall coordination and control of activities conducted at the operational level is carried out centrally by the National Emergency Operations Centre. Table/text box Insert logo Activated At emergency level 4, as stated in the NEOC Standard Operating Procedure135 by X Key functions: Secretariat of the NDRC; To act as a central coordination point in response to disasters, to coordinate between government, national and international organisations, to establish Emergency Operations Centre at the national, regional, district and municipal levels Location within government: Non-departmental government institution equivalent to a national ministry Leadership Chief from X; under the Ministry of Home Affairs Headquarters: X Deputies: X Composition: Disaster Response Focal Points from relevant ministries, Military and police force representation: The Nepalese Army establish a command cell in the NEOC Authority: X Regional/provincial representation: End table Command post in the NEOC The command post team shall be led by Chief (Joint Secretary) from the Disaster Management Division, and other members include the Brigadier General from the Directorate of Military Operation, Nepalese Army; DIG from Nepal Police; and DIG from Armed Police Force The military also have a role in the National Emergency Operations Centre (NEOC). In the event of a disaster, a military command post is established in the NEOC with the functions of mobilizing rescue and relief teams, and supporting relief efforts. In the 2015 earthquake response, the usual practice of establishing a small military operational cell at the NEOC was found to be inadequate. Therefore, the MNMCC was established to coordinate incoming foreign military as well as search and rescue teams.136
Nepalese Armed Forces Table form Insert logo/s Established 1945 Leadership President of Nepal; Chief of the Army Staff (COAS); Upon recommendation of the Council of Ministers, the President authorizes the mobilization, operations and use of the Armed Forces. Components Nepalese Army, Nepalese Army Air Service, Armed Police Force of Nepal, No. of personnel 95,000 active personnel Headquarters Kathmandu Activation in disaster response Activation is undertaken in two ways: 1. Under the Constitution, the Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) has the authority under to immediately mobilise the Nepalese Army and 2. On recommendation of the National Security Council to the President through the Council of Ministers138 Divisions 139 Divided into six divisions with designated areas of responsibility (AOR): far western division; mid western division; western division; mid division; valley division and; eastern division Functions in disaster response Search and rescue activities; undertake damage assessments and identify requirements; provision of logistics and transport capabilities for the distribution of relief; provision of medical assistance through the Medical Corps of the Nepalese Army; transportation and support to foreign military teams where necessary Logistics Operations Centre A logistics operations centre is established at the Army HQ to coordinate the operational aspects of relief distribution HADR units X Table form Armed Forces coordination mechanisms and structures in disaster response 
Start Text box In the response to the 2015 Earthquake, the Nepalese Army developed and implemented an initial operation (Operation Rahat), that was subsequently replaced a by a more comprehensive response strategy (Operation Sankatmochan). This strategy detailed three phases, and included coordination activities with civilian response mechanisms. Based on the concepts outlined in the plan, a Field HQ, jointly manned by representatives of all the security services was established at the Nepalese Army HQ. The Field HQ jointly executed the requests of the National Emergency Operations Centre (NEOC). This was further supplemented by two further directives from the Chief of the Army Staff (Directive of 26 April 2015 and Directive of 3 May 2015).End text box Civil-Military Operations Support XX Role in incident command system XX Role at incident command post XX Civil-military Operations Centre (or equivalent mechanism) XX including: Activation XX Leadership XX Members XX Functions XX Liaison Officers XX Armed Police Force of Nepal The Armed Police Force of Nepal is a paramilitary force tasked with counter-insurgency operations in Nepal. It functions as a semi-military wing, and occupies a dual role in military and law enforcement operations. Table form Insert logo/s Established 2001140 Leadership President of Nepal; governing body is the Ministry of Home Affairs. Inspector General is the Chief of Armed Police Forces, equivalent in rank to a three-star Lieutenant General of the Nepalese Armed Forces Components Six combat brigades responsible for each of the five regions as well as Kathmandu Valley. A combat brigade is commanded by a Deputy Inspector General (DIG) and comprises infantry battalions and independent infantry companies No. of personnel 40,000 active personnel Headquarters Halchowk, Kathmandu Divisions 141 Divided into six divisions with designated areas of responsibility (AOR): far western division; mid-western division; western division; mid division; valley division and; eastern division Functions in disaster response - Designated mandate to provide relief assistance in disaster response142 Border control and disaster management cell At the central level a board has also been formed namely Border Control and Disaster Management Cell. Civil-military coordination mechanisms End table Lead government agencies in disaster response As outlined in legal and policy frameworks, the Ministry of Home Affairs has overall control of all rescue and relief operations. The Disaster Relief Act 1982 and Local Self Governance Act 1999 are the basic current legal provisions for disaster response in Nepal. The following government agencies fulfil lead coordinating roles in disaster response143:
National Cluster System The National Disaster Response Framework of 2013 outlines the process for establishing a national cluster system, comprised of 11 clusters, and their respective international and national co-leads.144 Table/text box Established by BNPB Cluster System Decree of 2014145 Operational guidelines X No. of clusters 8. Clusters Agriculture; early recovery; education; emergency shelter and NFI, emergency telecommunications; health; protection and; water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) National cluster leads X Operational protocols In development Functions Cluster leaders together with government sectors build coordination in the planning as well as execution. The cluster approach aims to provide more coordinated emergency response among actors from both government and non-government institutions. The cluster approach is implemented during large-scale disasters or in case the government needs the international assistance in multi-sector response with broad participation of international humanitarian actors.146 Location XX Coordination with BNPB XX Role of military XX Role of OCHA XX Cluster focal points in provincial areas XX Process for activation XX End table/text box Clusters
Insert cluster coordination diagram Subnational coordination In Nepal, responsibility for disaster response is decentralized to district and local levels. The Local Governance, Act 1999 clarifies the roles and responsibilities of local government for responding to disasters. This Act gives lead responsibility to local authorities (District Development Committee (DDC), Village Development Committee (VDC) and Municipality). Nepal is administratively divided into 5 development regions, 14 administrative zones and 75 districts. A system of Regional Natural Disaster Relief Committees (RDRC) and District Disaster Relief Committees (DDRC) and Local Natural Disaster Relief Committees (LDRC) were established by the Natural Calamity Relief Act. Regional Disaster Relief Committees (RDRC) are present in all five regions of Nepal and all 75 districts have a District Disaster Relief Committee (DDRC). Each district is headed by a Chief District Officer (CDO). At the district level, all 75 districts have developed Disaster Preparedness and Response Plans (DPRP), updated on a yearly basis. About X VDCs, in several districts have prepared Local Disaster Risk Management Plans including prioritization of three main hazards with a mandatory earthquake risk assessment. As of September 2015, Nepal subnational government structure consists of 7 federal provinces – as defined by Article 4 of the constitution – within which sit the 5 development regions, 14 administrative zones and 75 districts.
coordinate the local committees, formulate district disaster management plan, coordinate and operate relief work during emergencies and provide information to regional DRC and central NDRC. Local DRC: responsible for disaster management at the local level, such as disbursement of funds during emergencies, and rescue and transport of the injured to hospitals Insert subnational DRC coordination diagram Emergency Operations Centres Emergency Operation Centres (EOCs), led by X, are the coordination platforms in disaster response for multi- agency command and coordination, decision-making and information management at the provincial level. EOCs have been established in a number of provinces, including X and are linked up via X A priority for the government is strengthening EOCs at all levels including improving operational capacity and systems, data collection for scenario and risk mapping and infrastructure support. Emergency operation centers are functional at national, regional, district and municipal level for information collection on disaster management, analysis, flow and coordination.147 Regional EOCs have been established in X regions, District and municipal/VDC EOCs have been established in X districts and municipalities/VDCs Operational guidelines X Leadership X Members X Activation X Role of military in EOCs X Functions X Incident command system Incident command system – (is the ICS used in Nepal?) Table Operational guidelines Functions Leadership Activation Liaison Interoperability Coordination with other mechanisms Role of the military Application Section 3: Coordination of Foreign Military Assistance International assistance The National Disaster Response Framework outlines that the government of Nepal may request international assistance in terms of funding or services from a range of actors including the United Nations Humanitarian Coordinator, international NGOs, the Red Cross movement, regional organisations, national and international government and other stakeholders. The Ministry of Home Affairs coordinates the overall international response using Guidelines for Accepting International Assistance and Early Registration.148 A number of agreements including the Model Agreement for Emergency Customs Procedure of 2007 between the United Nations and Nepal and the India-Nepal Transit Treaty provide additional measures related to the import and processing of relief items and personnel. In the event where international assistance is requested, the Framework articulates that the Armed Forces is given prime responsibility for directing and coordinating multinational military humanitarian assistance, as detailed in the section below. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) is responsible for the coordination of visas and custom clearances.149
The National Disaster Response Framework outlines that the On-site Operation Coordination Center (OSOCC) is established in the event that international assistance is requested. Its function is to coordinate between national government agencies and international responders for the facilitation of international response activities.150 OSOCC shall maintain relationship between government and international responders for the facilitation of international response activities, the provision of a platform for coordination, cooperation and exchange information. The UN Humanitarian Coordinator shall have authority for the overall coordination of the humanitarian efforts. Table of responsibilities, leadership and coordination to be inserted Foreign military assistance FMAs may either be requested or accepted by the Government of Nepal. The need for foreign military assistance will be communicated to the international community by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Bilateral, and multilateral agreements are required to be established, preferably prior to the event of a disaster.151 In case FMAs are accepted, joint and combined operations/multi-national force (MNF) concepts shall be applied The National Disaster Response Framework states that the government of Nepal may request for and manage international military assistance as required in accordance with the Guidelines for Accepting International Military Assistance/ Guidelines for the Civil and Military Defense Assets.152 The Natural Calamity Relief Act also contains provisions requiring foreign nationals and agencies to obtain approval from the government in order to enter disaster-affected areas.153 In the event where international assistance is requested, the Armed Forces lead the MNMCC, created to facilitate military to military coordination under the direction of the Nepal Army. The MNMCC also coordinates with the NEOC and OSOCC.154 The coordination of foreign military assets is handled by the MNMCC, led by the Armed Forces. In the response to the 2015 earthquake, UN OCHA was invited to have a permanent liaison function within the MNMCC to facilitate sharing of information. International Search and Rescue teams are also coordinated through the MNCC and NEOC.155 Start Table Submission of requests to provide assistance Contact point for foreign military units Coordination Security clearance: Military assets: End table Humanitarian-Military Operational Coordination Concept (HuMOCC) In Nepal, the NEOC and Armed Forces, in collaboration with the Ministry of Home Affairs are strengthening the integration of the HuMOCC concept in existing coordination mechanisms in order to: enhance inter-operability between and among government and humanitarian actors as well as initiate dialogue and information sharing, especially between the military and civilian actors; and optimise and prioritise the use of military assets by civilian actors. Start Text box During the response to the 2015 earthquake, a Humanitarian-Military Operations Coordination Centre (HuMOCC), also known as the Joint Command Centre (JCC), was established by the UN-CMCoord Team to assist in coordinating emergency response operations between civilian and military responders. The HuMOCC was co-located with the MNMCC, and was intended to be complementary to the OSOCC. It aimed to facilitate civil-military-police coordination, and provided a platform for the interface of humanitarian actors with national and foreign militaries as well as the national police. This included serving as a ‘one-stop shop’ for information sharing, joint planning for addressing needs and gaps, as well as for requests from the humanitarian community to access available military capacity to support humanitarian priorities. End Text box Joint Command Centre, Nepal Earthquake Response 2015 Table Activation Leadership Membership Co-location Nepalese Army HQ Coordination Operational guidelines In development in coordination with the Nepalese Army Insert JCC structure and coordination infographic Multi National Military Coordination Centre (MNMCC) The role of the MNMCC is outlined in the National Disaster Response Framework. Joint and Combined Operations/Multi-National Force (MNF) concepts156 shall be applied in the coordination of incoming foreign militaries. A MNMCC may be established at the General Headquarters (national) level, and can be replicated at the X level.157 The purpose of the MNMCC is to provide common situational awareness between the Armed Forces and assisting foreign militaries, facilitate information sharing, and ensure the efficient use of military support locations, capabilities, and coordination. In Nepal, FMA coordination at national level takes place in the MNMCC and is facilitated through liaison with the established civil-military coordination platform. In 2016, Nepal will focus on developing information products that explain these specific arrangements, as per their RCG Work Plan mentioned above. The function of Liaison Officers is to facilitate coordination between MNMCC and OSOCC. Start Text box In the response to the Nepal earthquake, over 18 foreign militaries, including search and rescue teams, were deployed. A number of international civilian search and rescue teams were also deployed. The MNMCC initially took the lead on coordination of the incoming civilian search and rescue teams (in addition to coordination of military teams), due to the delay in the establishment of the OSOCC. End Text box Start Text box MNMCC Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)– The response to the 2015 earthquake highlighted the need for the further development of SOPs in order to effectively mobilise foreign military resources and coordinate activities. This a priority area as identified in the 2015 work plan. End text box Insert MNMCC infographic MNMCC, Nepal Earthquake Response 2015 Start Table Activation Established by the Nepalese Army Leadership Membership Co-location Nepalese Army HQ Coordination Liaison Officers Liaison Officers from the Nepalese Army were attached to each incoming military search and rescue team, providing information to the MNMCC about developments in the field and relaying requirements. Operational guidelines Currently in development in coordination with the Nepalese Army End Table Member States planning to provide support should have in place functional bilateral agreements with the Government of Nepal focused on key aspects (such as overflight permission from en route countries). At the 2015 RCG session, it was agreed that there is a need for foreign military assistance operations in Nepal to be assigned to specific geographic sectors (within the Multinational Military Coordination Center, MNMCC) and that these operational sectors would need to be developed, with the identification of clear parameters. The need to have a ‘Whole of System’ involvement in planning/response was highlighted (customs agents, cargo handlers, etc.)158 1 RCG First Session Summary Report 2015 https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/ROAP/Civil%20Military%20Coordination/docs/RCG_First%20Session_Summary_Report_Final.pdf 2 UN OCHA APC-MADRO 2014 http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Guidelines_FMA_Final.pdf (accessed 15 September 2016) 3 MPAT MNF-SOP 2015 https://community.apan.org/wg/mpat/m/mediagallery/151318 (accessed September 30 2016) 4 ASEAN-ERAT Guidelines: xxxxx 5 INSARAG Guidelines http://www.insarag.org/methodology/guidelines (accessed 30 September 2016) 7 Philippines: Civil-Military Coordination, June 30 2016, 8 http://ochaimphil.github.io/Humanitarian-Bulletin/HumBulletinJune2016.html 9 Barber, “Localising the Humanitarian Toolkit,” 24. 10 Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (ECDA), 2014 11 Patrick Alcantara, “Lessons Learned from the Philippine Government’s Response to Typhoon Haiyan.,” Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning 7, no. 4 (2014): 335.Both of these laws have been lauded by the United Nations as among of the world's best in providing a legal framework for adaptation (see: Jha and Stanton-Geddes 2013; UNISDR, ILO, and UNDP 2010; Oxfam 2011) 12 The Act is under currently undergoing a sunset review by the Congressional Oversight Committee on its fifth anniversary. In consultation with sectors and agencies, the performance and organizational structure of implementing agencies will be assessed. The review will focus on the strengthening of the DRRM system, the Framework established by the law, and appropriation of funds. 13 Barangay (Philippino term for village or ward) is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines. 14 SNAP was adopted by Executive Order 888 in 7 June 2010. 15 Cite tender doc 16 17 (Reference: Operations Plan “Tulong-Bayanihan”, AFP HADR Plan, Implementation Plan to NDRRM Plan) 18 NDRRMC, 2014, p. 13, accessed 6 July 2016 19 Operation Tulong Bayanihan 20 SOP No. 3: Civil-Military Coordination Centre (CMCC)AFP-Vision 2028L A Word-class Armed Forces, Sources of National Pride, OTAG/OJ7, General Headquarters, Armed Forces of the Philippines, 2015 21 NDRP Plan, p. 3 22 Cite relevant portion of Act 23 (DRRM Act s 23); NDRP Plan, p. 3 24 DRRM Act of 2010 (RA10121), p.24 25 Ibid. 26 DRM Act, Section 12 27 National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, “Implementing Guidelines on the Use of Incident Command System (ICS) as an On-Scene Disaster Response and Management Mechanism under the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System (PDRRMS)” (Government of the Philippines, March 28, 2012), http://www.ifrc.org/docs/IDRL/-%20To%20add/MEMO%20re%20Implementing%20Guidelines%20on%20the%20use%20of%20ICS%20-%20edited.pdf. 28 National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) Circular dated May 10, 2007 entitled “Institutionalization of the Cluster Approach in the Philippine Disaster Management System, Designation of Cluster Leads and Their Terms of Reference at the National, Regional and Provincial Level”. 29 NDRP 30 NDRP Plan, Ch. 3, p.2 31 National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, Cluster G: Search, Rescue and Retrieval Cluster Operations Protocol, National Disaster Response Plan for Hydro-Meteorologcal Disasters, 2014 32 DRRM Act, rule 7; NDRRMC, Memorandum Circular No. 4 2012; Fundamentals of Incident Command System Training Powerpoint; NDRRMC Memo Circular no.4, 28 March 2012, Implementing Guidelines on the Use of the ICS as an On-Scene Disaster Response and Management Mechanism under the Philippine Disaster Risk and Reduction and Management System (PDRRMS) 33 DRRM Act, section 9 (g); Implementing Rules and Guidelines, rule 7 (h) 34 National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, “Implementing Guidelines on the Use of Incident Command System (ICS) as an On-Scene Disaster Response and Management Mechanism under the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System (PDRRMS).” 35 Implementing Guidelines, section 2b (3) 36 (Memorandum Circular No. 4, implementing guidelines). 37 Executive Order No. 82, Section 4 38 National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, “Implementing Guidelines on the Use of Incident Command System (ICS) as an On-Scene Disaster Response and Management Mechanism under the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System (PDRRMS).” 39 From ICS Training PowerPoint 40 Rebecca Barber, p. ii 41 DRM Act s 16 and s 18 42 Rebecca Barber 43 DRM Act 44 NDRP, 2014, p. 10 45 See OSOCC Guidelines, 2014 https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/Documents/2014%20OSOCC%20Guidelines_FINAL.pdf 46 Further details on the import of international relief items may be found here: 47 For more information on the IDRL Guidelines see: http://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/idrl/idrl-guidelines/ accessed 30 September 2016 48 Multinational Coordination Center, US Pacific Command Training and Exercises Directorate (J7), PowerPoint Presentation, 2015 49 RCG First Session Summary Report, 2014, p. 5, 50 OPLAN “Tulong-Bayanihan” AFP Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Response (HADR) Plan PowerPoint presentation, 2016 51 Oslo Guidelines - https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/Documents/Oslo%20Guidelines%20ENGLISH%20(November%202007).pdf (accessed 30 September 2016) 52 Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, “Guidance on the Use of Foreign Military and Civil Defence Assets (MCDA) Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda), Philippines” (OCHA, November 12, 2013), https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/Documents/Haiyan-Guidance-on-the-Use-of-MCDA.pdf. 53 US PACIFIC COMMAND Training & Exercises Directorate (J7), Multi-National Coordination Center, Powerpoint, 2015 54 CFE-DMHA, Disaster Information Report, Typhoon Hagupit, 2014 https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=4CwZojYZgVg%3D&portalid=0 55 Multinational Force Standing Operating Procedures (MNF SOP) V. 3, 2015 56 OPLAN “Tulong-Bayanihan” AFP Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Response (HADR) Plan PowerPoint presentation, 2016 57 Thomas Parker et al., “The U.S. Pacific Command Response to Super Typhoon Haiyan,” Joint Force Quarterly 82, no. 3rd Quarter (July 2016): 54–61. 58 US PACIFIC COMMAND Training & Exercises Directorate (J7), Multi-National Coordination Center, Powerpoint, 2015 59 CfE-DMHA, Advances in civil-military coordination in catastrophes: How the Philippines turned lessons learned fro Super Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) into best practices for disaster preparedness and response, 2015, p.5, https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=QEDCMlMtTc4%3D&portalid=0 60 Ibid., p. 14 61 National Disaster Management Law, 2013, paragraph 15 (g) 62 Ibid, paragraph 5 (p) 63 Ibid, paragraph 5 (o) 64 Col Nay Myo Hlaing, ‘National Civil-Military Coordination System in Myanmar’, Presentation to 15th ASEAN Regional Forum Intersessional Meeting on Disaster Relief, Nay PYI Taw, Myanmar, 25-26 February 2016. 65 Ibid, p. 5 66 Ibid, p. 5 67 For a breakdown of military roles and responsibilities during the four stages of disaster management see CfE-DMHA, Burma (Myanmar) Disaster Management Reference Handbook 2014, p.p. 50-53 68 Win Htein Kyaw, Lessons Learnt from 2015 Flood Response Operation in Myanmar, PowerPoint Presentation 2016 69 Col Nay Myo Hlaing, ‘National Civil-Military Coordination System in Myanmar’, Presentation to 15th ASEAN Regional Forum Inter-sessional Meeting on Disaster Relief, Nay PYI Taw, Myanmar, 25-26 February 2016. 70 Ibid. 71 Law Number 34 of 2004 contains provision for the active role of the Armed Forces in disaster response 72 Centre for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance, “Disaster Management Reference Handbook Indonesia” (CfE-DMHA, 2015). 73 Alagappa, Muthiah, ed. Coercion and Governance: The Declining Political Role of the Military in Asia. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. 594pp. (JQ26 .C64 2001) 74 Margareth Sembiring and Jonatan A. Lassa, “International Disasters in Asia Pacific: Indonesia’s Civil-Military Responses,” 2016. 75 IFRC, “International Disaster Response Law (IDRL) in Indonesia: An Analysis of the Impact and Implementation of Indonesia’s Legal Framework for International Disaster Assistance” (Palang Merah Indonesia and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 2014). 76 The ongoing ERP process has highlighted a range of scenarios mapping the scale of a potential disaster, potential international response and coordination mechanism, and associated guidelines. 77 78 ‘RCG on Humanitarian Civil-Military Coordination for Asia and the Pacific – December 2015’, Page 4, Directory: system -> files -> documents -> files documents -> Interagency Committee on the Health Effects of Non-ionising Fields: Report to Ministers 2015 documents -> Final report documents -> Foreign Research Reactor West Coast Shipment Spent Nuclear Fuel Transportation Institutional Program External Lessons Learned September 18, 1998 frr snf west Coast Shipment Institutional Program Lesson Learned files -> Report: Shelter Support Mission to Afghanistan documents -> Guidance for Public Health Units about the core capacities required at New Zealand international airports under the International Health Regulations (2005) Purpose files -> Rapid Education Needs Assessment Report files -> H Report of a Workshop on Coordinating Regional Capacity Building on Gender Responsive Humanitarian Action in Asia-Pacific Download 494.21 Kb. 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