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Impacts- the view of poverty fails to address capitalism
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Impacts- the view of poverty fails to address capitalismMCMICHAEL ET AL 2007 – PROF DEVELOPMENT SOCIOLOGY CORNELL POVERTY OF THE GLOBAL ORDER, GLOBALIZATIONS VOL 4 NO 4 Naturalizing a Conceptual Poverty To reiterate, the poverty of the global order is that its legitimacy depends not simply on progress in phenomenal terms (one-sided measures), but also on the progressive naturalization of its epistemological foundations. A key to this process is the construction of 'poverty' as an original, rather than a social, condition.4 While we do not minimize the fact that most of the world's people's material needs are grossly unmet, the conceptual problem is that solutions to end deprivation proceed from an unproblematic empirical, or phenomenal, understanding of scarcity (of material means). There is little investigation of the relationships producing scarcity, and there is scant recognition that representing scarcity in market terms ignores other means of livelihood. Conventional solutions to poverty resort to market rule, and renew the development industry—they do not disturb conditions of inequality, becoming rather methods of controlling and re-producing dominant visions of what count as viable futures (cf. Fraser and Honneth, 2003). New ways of labeling old wine is a critical strategy for naturalizing the epistemological foundations upon which an unequal world is remade.Shiva articulates one way of naturalizing poverty (and development): The paradox and crisis of development arises from the mistaken identification of the culturally perceived poverty of earth-centred economies with the real material deprivation that occurs in market-centred economies, and the mistaken identification of the growth of commodity production with providing human sustenance for all. (1991, p. 215) To represent 'earth-centred economies' as poor, via comparative measures of wealth, identifies them as frontiers for capital accumulation, discounting alternative value systems, which is Shiva's point. Analogously, Kothari (1997) argues that alternatives exist in micro-initiatives by the poor, and that their survival strategies constitute the basis for imagining the future. However, 'earth-centred economies' and informal networks are not necessarily virtuous alternatives, and their diversity may be repackaged as commercial opportunity, and advertised as responsible corporate practice (Da Costa, 2007). Such romanticizations risk repeating development studies' normative preoccupation with the poor. Our point is that we cannot treat alternatives as inherent signs of resistance to the poverty of the global order, for they are frequently viewed as resources ripe for appropriation as new frontiers for capital accumulation—as we have seen, for example, with micro-financing initiatives and fair trade. Impact- CalculationTheir managerial attempts to view people inn poverty only as numbers presents a way of thinking about politics that ultimately leads to violence Dillon, Professor of Politics and IR at Lancaster University, 1999 (Political Theory vol. 27 n. 2) The subject was never a firm foundation of justice, much less a hospitable vehicle for the reception of the call of another Justice. It was never in posession of that self-posession which was supposed to secure the certainty of itself, of a self-posesssion that would enable it ultimately to adjudicate everything. The very indexicality required of sovereign subjectivity gave rise rather to a commensurability much more amenable to the expendability required of the political and material economies of mass societies than it did to the singular, invaluable, uniquenss of the self. The value of the subject became the standard unit of currency for the political arithmetic of states. They trade in it still to devestating global effect. The technologisation of the political has become manifest and global. HE CONTINUES…Economies of evaluation necessarily require calculability. Thus no valuation without mensuration without indexation. Once rendered calculable, however, units of account are necessarily submissible not only to valuation, but also, of course, to devaluation. Devalution, logically, can extend to the point of counting as nothing. Hence, no mensuration without demunsaration either. There is nothing abstract about this: the declension of economies of value leads to the zero point of the holocaust. However liberating and emancipating systems of value rights may claim to be, for example, they run the risk of counting our the invaluable. Counted out, the invaluable then loses its purchase on life. Herewith the necessity of championing the invaluable itself. For we must never forget that, “we are always dealing with whatever exceeds measure.” Impact- Spirit InjurySprit Injury is a slow death where people are systematically devalued and silenced destroy their way of life WING 1997 – PROF LAW U IOWA CONCEPTUALIZING VIOLENCE, 60 ALB. L. REV. 943 The multiple effect of violence on these women, simultaneously coming from outside and inside their culture, constitutes a "spirit injury" to women, and thus on the entire culture. Spirit injury is a critical race feminist term which contemplates the psychological, spiritual, and cultural effects of the multiple assaults on these women. 38 Spirit injury "leads to the slow death of the psyche, of the [*953] soul, and of the identity of the individual." 39 Women come to believe in their own inferiority, and that there is justification for the violence against them, because "[a] fundamental part of ourselves and of our dignity is dependent upon the uncontrollable, powerful external observers who constitute society." 40 If society places a low value on certain members, they in turn will perceive themselves as having a lesser worth in that society. Because they are devalued by both the outside society of the oppressor and the inside society of their own culture, as well as by the intimate inside of their own family, women cannot help but be profoundly silenced and experience a loss of her self-actualization. The spirit injury becomes "as devastating, as costly, and as psychically obliterating...as robbery or assault." 41 On the group level, the accumulation of multiple individual spirit injuries can "lead[] to the devaluation and destruction of a way of life or of an entire culture." 42 Neither international nor domestic law adequately remedies the spirit injuries that oppressed women or men face on an individual or group basis. Directory: file -> view view -> Western Europe after wwii view -> Author study: paul fleischman view -> Qpa1 7ela study Guide view -> Arctic Oil/Gas Neg view -> November 1970 Approximately 150,000-500,000 deaths Bhola Cyclone Bangladesh view -> Grade Level: 6 Unit of Study: Caribbean glce view -> Citation: Duffield, Katy view -> Table of Contents Lesson # view -> Chinese Wind Energy Disad Download 350.73 Kb. Share with your friends:
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