Japan Aff Michigan 2010 / ccgjp lab – 7wks
A2: Topicality – Military Presence Not Troops
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- A2: Deterrence (Nuclear Umbrella)
- Nuclear Umbrella via the US Is key to deterrence in Japan
- A2: Deterrence
A2: Topicality – Military Presence Not TroopsMilitary presence means troops - our evidence is Japan specific Maddox, 10- chief foreign commentator of The Times, Degree in politics, philosophy, and economics from St. Johns, Oxford (3/12/2010, Bronwen, “US may have to move troops from Okinawa to reduce military presence,” http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article7059805.ece, CJC) US forces may need to move from Okinawa to the Japanese mainland to reduce the vast military presence on the island, according to Japan’s foreign minister. “There is excess weight (of us forces) on Okinawa and I think the burden should be shared more evenly throughout the country,” said Katsuya Okada. It is the most direct indication from any Japanese minister that the US may have to cut back the number of forces and bases on the southern island which underpins its military influence across the Pacific. Mr Okada’s remarks, in an exclusive interview with The Times, comes as an old dispute of where to relocate the US’s most controversial base on Okinawa has taken a sharp turn for the worse, bringing a chill to the US-Japan security alliance on its 50th anniversary. A2: Deterrence (Nuclear Umbrella)Nuclear Umbrella provides sufficient deterrence for JapanVan de Velde, 2009 [January, 11, James R., “Japan’s nuclear umbrella: U.S. extended nuclear deterrence for Japan”, Professor at Yale University, http://www.springerlink.com/content/h80q141853328ml7/] Although adhering to three nonnuclear principles of not possessing. manufacturing or allowing the introduction of nuclear weapons into Japan, and calling for nuclear disarmament. Japan has not renounced the utility of nuclear deterrence. Japan has secured an extended nuclear deterrent from the United States. a nuclear “umbrella,” and supports U.S. global and theater nuclear strategy. But unlike the NATO allies. Japan maintains its extended deterrent without stationing nuclear weapons inside its territory and officially does not allow U.S. nuclear weapons to visit Japanese ports or American bases inside Japan. How Japan and the United States manage this strategy, in contrast with the U.S. extended nuclear deterrent strategy for NATO, is the focus of this study. Whether by accident, evolution or design. Japan constructed and maintains a credible and stable nuclear deterrent. Japan maintains a level of nuclear deterrence despite its so-called nuclear allergy and its three nonnuclear principles of not manufacturing. possessing or allowing the introduction into its territory of nuclear weapons. Japan’s continued nonnuclear status is the result not only of Japan's particular aversion to policies that rely on possession of nuclear weapons but of the continuing and successful “nuclear strategy" Japan has developed and remains comfortable in pursuing. Japan has devised the dual strategy of calling for nuclear disarmament and prohibiting the presence of weapons inside Japan while acknowledging the utility of deterrence and securing an extended nuclear deterrent from the United States. Nuclear Umbrella via the US Is key to deterrence in JapanKyodo News, 2009 [November, “Japan lobbied for robust nuclear umbrella before power shift in September”, http://www.japantoday.com/category/politics/view/japan-lobbied-for-robust-nuclear-umbrella-before-power-shift-in-sept, Japan Today.] Before the shift in political power in Japan in September, the Japanese government aggressively lobbied a U.S. congressional nuclear task force to maintain the credibility of the U.S. ‘‘nuclear umbrella’’ as a deterrence against possible attacks from China, North Korea and other nations, according to sources familiar with the matter Monday. The lobbying by the only country to have suffered atomic bombings for robust nuclear deterrence capabilities came just before U.S. President Barack Obama pledged that his country would pursue the ‘‘peace and security of a world without nuclear weapons.’‘ Meeting with members of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States, Japanese senior diplomats expressed their deep concerns about the future capability of the U.S. nuclear umbrella, which has been expected to deter military attacks against Japan even after the end of the Cold War, the sources said. The diplomats also told the commission, created by legislation Congress passed under the administration of President George W Bush, that a capability to penetrate underground targets with low-yield nuclear devices would strengthen the credibility of an extended nuclear deterrence protecting Japan, they said. The U.S. military currently has only one type of high-yield nuclear earth-penetrator, the B61-11, which has about 20 times the explosive power of the Hiroshima type atom-bomb. It would potentially be so destructive and devastating to innocent civilians that most U.S. military analysts and officials consider the B61-11 too powerful to use in battlegrounds. A2: DeterrenceNuclear Umbrella key to non proliferationRuhle, 2010. [Michael. "Under the umbrella." The World Today 66.3 (2010): 7-8. Academic OneFile. Web. 23 June, http://find.galegroup.com/gtx/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodId=AONE&docId=A222049326&source=gale&srcprod=AONE&userGroupName=lom_umichanna&version=1.0 [Headnote]In his now famous Prague speech last April, United States President Barack Obama endorsed the vision of a world without nuclear weapons. He sent a strong political signal: if repairing the fragile nuclear nonproliferation arrangements required a credible disarmament commitment by the nuclear weapons states, America was willing to lead by example. But setting that example could become much more complex if a whole host of new nuclear states is to be avoided. The American nuclear umbrella is still needed to shelter many nations, preventing them from pursuing their own nuclear paths. THE APPROACH OF THE UNITED STATES administration is clear. A strong commitment to arms control and nonproliferation, including hosting a summit meeting on nuclear security in April, should prepare the ground for a successful Review Conference of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, scheduled for May. Such a success would help foster a new consensus between the nuclear and non-nuclear weapons states about adopting more far-reaching nonproliferation measures. However, maintaining effective global nonproliferation requires more than a new dynamic in arms control and disarmament. There is another dimension that will be at least as important as cutting existing nuclear arsenals: the US nuclear umbrella, America's willingness to extend nuclear deterrence to allies and friends. While some arms controllers are quick to dismiss extended deterrence as a relic of the past and an obstacle to deep reductions of the US nuclear posture, a closer look reveals that the nuclear umbrella is still a cornerstone of a predictable international order. Without it, the emergence of new nuclear nations would be a foregone conclusion. Today, more than thirty nations rely on extended US deterrence, including the members of NATO, South Korea and Japan. In addition, several other states without formal defence agreements, like Australia and Taiwan, are also believed to be beneficiaries of the umbrella. These extended commitments have become a major nonproliferation tool. American protection satisfies the security interests of allies and thus dampens any temptation to develop nuclear weapons of their own. Current developments in Asia and the Middle East demonstrate that the significance of extended deterrence has not changed. With Iran and North Korea challenging the political and military status quo in their respective regions, US security guarantees are crucial to nuclear nonproliferation. Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. 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