22.6Complementary approaches to concept mapping as part of mixed-methods research: the role of Leximancer fuzzy concept mapping
The author’s current research is at heart a multi-methodology – cf. (Avison, Wood-Harper, Vidgen and Wood, 1998) - mixed-methods and inherently exploratory approach to a research question which can be simplified to:
“What is the contribution of personal information management systems PIMS to the working model and personal work system of knowledge workers?”
Mixed methods research mainly refers to quantitative and qualitative research in differing mixes. For an introduction to the issues, see (Ågerfalk 2013). (Goldkuhl 1995) presents a Habermasian view of information and action which is in contrast both to pragmatism as seen in (Ågerfalk 2010) and critical realism as seen in (Mingers et al. 2013) and (Zachariadis et al. 2013).
Table indicates how two contrasting forms of concept mapping are used in experiments already underway or soon to be started. These two forms of concept mapping (which I believe to be complementary) are:
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Conceprocity concept-process maps. Conceprocity CIAOPEA or TROPICPEA models are the result of conscious analysis and specific design by Conceprocity modellers.
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Leximancer “fuzzy” concept maps.
Concerning Leximancer: (Smith and Humphreys, 2006) report that the Leximancer system is a relatively new method for transforming lexical co-occurrence information from natural language into semantic patterns in an unsupervised manner. It employs two stages of co-occurrence information extraction—semantic and relational—using a different algorithm for each stage. “The Leximancer system performs a style of automatic content analysis. The system goes beyond keyword searching by discovering and extracting thesaurus-based concepts from the text data, with no requirement for a prior dictionary, although one can be used if desired. These concepts are then coded into the text, using the thesaurus as a classifier. The resulting asymmetric concept co-occurrence information is then used to generate a concept map.” (Smith and Humphreys, 2006).
Thus what I term Leximancer “fuzzy” concept maps emerge from unsupervised (or, better in practice, semi-supervised) semantic mapping of natural language text. Figure shows the result of a semi-supervised Leximancer analysis of the author's PhD journal (circa 130,000 words):
Figure Fuzzy concept map of the author's PhD journal produced using Leximancer
Leximancer automatically recognises only single-word concepts. Most of my research concerns compound concepts; here is the list used when producing Figure 5:
• information system (merge with IS)
• personal information management system (merge with PIMS)
• work system
• personal work system (merge with PWS)
• action research
• knowledge management (merge with KM)
• knowledge representation (merge with KR)
• personal knowledge management (merge with PKM)
• Personal Information Management (merge with PIM)
Table also evidences the significance of concept mapping in this research work.
Table Experiments planned or underway in the current research of Mark Gregory
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Experiment
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Concept mapping approach
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Analyse my own auto-ethnography using Leximancer emergent or fuzzy concept maps. This involves using Leximancer to enquire into my auto-ethnographic PhD journal (130000 words).
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Leximancer. I will learn how to seed Leximancer with compound concepts (e.g. information system, personal information management, personal information management system) and thus to refine and focus the resultant concept map. An early attempt at this analysis appears as Figure
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Building various text corpora and then analysing them
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Leximancer; seeking the emergence of significant vocabulary as a fuzzy concept map
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Seeking evidence of a systems approach in the PIM literature; expecting the null hypothesis
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Key information systems literature
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Seeking evidence of a systems approach in the IS literature; expecting the hypothesis but at a low level of significance
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Key literature concerning the epistemology and ontology of personal information management and personal knowledge management
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Seeking an emergent vocabulary
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Analyse my own auto-ethnography using Conceprocity; the outcome will be a directed and synthetic concept map
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Conceprocity TROPICPEA; the outcome expected to be an initial definition of a Working Model
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Observing the usability and usefulness of Conceprocity mapping used by postgraduate students as a means of understanding and elucidating research articles
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Conceprocity CAPRI; perhaps some use of TROPICPEA; the outcomes expected to be (1) a better understanding of the extent to which these two usage profiles are used and useful to students and probably (2) refinements to both usage profiles
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Encourage recognised PIM researchers to audit their own personal information management approach in the form of a PIM Audit; to discuss the resultant approaches and perhaps to map some of them
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Limited use of Conceprocity TROPICPEA
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Mentored action research with a small number of research volunteers. I aim to get RVs to surface their working model and then to improve it. This requires, inter alia, mentored Conceprocity modelling informed by a prior PIM audit
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Evaluation will make limited use of Conceprocity TROPICPEA
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Analyse and prototype Simpleton, a simple PIM web app
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Autoethnography. Concept mapping only used in initial requirements analysis
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