Kursk state medical university



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LESSON FOUR


INTERNATIONAL NON-PROPRIETARY NAMES (INN)

It has already been stated, that a great number of synonyms appeared in world drug sale due to the existence of a great number of trade names for one and the same pharmaceutical substance.

In the second half of the 20th century this fact drew the attention of the World Health Organisation authorities. It was proclaimed that common international names for pharmaceutical substances are necessary to cancel the negative influence of the synonym abundunce.

To determine what substances are contained in this or that drug and to identify these substances, a special Commission of the World Health Organization has been introducing International Non-Proprietary Names (INN) to pharmaceutical substances.



The INN is a public property and any drug manufacturer from any country may use it as the name for his product. The INNs are used by national Pharmacopoeias, by all kinds of reference listings of drugs, on the drug labels with the aim of identifying pharmaceutical substances.

If a company produces a drug, consisting of one pharmaceutical substance, under its own trade name, the INN is given on a label below the trade name, for example:

CORINFAR®

(nifedipin)

In foreign names of drugs an INN is often identified with the generic or official name of a drug.

The World Health Organisation recommends that INN should reflect the chemical structure of the pharmaceutical substance and / or its relation to a certain drug group:

Memorize the following Common Stems useful to define the relation of drugs to certain pharmacological groups:
Pharmacological Groups (continued)

Anesthetics

- aesthes – (feeling, nervous sensation) – drug producing loss of

-esthes-; estes- sensation and blocking the awareness of painful

stimuli;


-cain- - local anesthetics.
Antibiotics – soluble, biologically active substances, derived from molds or bacteria that inhibit the growth of other microorganisms.

They recognize four main groups of antimicrobic antibiotics:

-cillin- - antibiotics-penicillins;

-cyclin- - antibiotics- tetracyclins;

-mycin- – (myco- mold) - antibiotics produced by a red mold;

-micin-

-ceph-, cef-, cep- (head) - antibiotics-cephalosporins.

Hormones - chemical substances, formed in one organ or part of the body and carried in the blood to another organ or part; depending on the specificity of their effects. A number of hormones are formed by ductless glands, but secretin and pancreozymin, formed in the gastrointestinal tract, by definition are also hormones.

-cort- (pertaining to adrenal cortex) - adrenocortical hormones;

-andr-, -test-, -ster- (male) - steroid hormones – androgens;

-oestr-, -estr- (female) - steroid hormones – estrogens;

-thyr-, -tyr-,- tir- (thyroid gland) - thyrotropic hormones and their

synthetic analogues.



Antipyretics

-pyr- (fever) - reducing fever.

-pir-

Antifungal agents

-myco – (mold) - against fungi.

-miko-; mico-

-fung- (fungus)
Drugs influencing blood coagulation

-c(o)um-,- c(o)amar-, -arol- - anticoagulants (preventing the blood

coagulation);



-thromb-, -tromb- (clot) - thrombolytics (destoying the clots).

To be continued…
EXERCISES:

1. Copy the drug names, pay attention to the spelling of the

CSs and give their meanings:

1. Anapyrin 2. Oxytetracyclin 3. Mutamycin 4. Hydrocortisonum


5. Levothyroxinum 6. Ethyloestradiolum 7. Dicoumarolum 8.

Trombonil 9. Iodognost 10. Mycoseptin 11. Tomapyrin 12.

Extencillin.


2. Underline known to you CSs:

1. Acylpyrin 2. Estradurin 3. Locacorten 4. Hepatrombin


5. Sincumar 6. Testosteronum 7. Benemycin 8. Ultracain 9.

Beclocort 10. Andriol 11. Triiodthyrosin 12. Pyranal 13.

Tetracyclinum 14. Anaesthesinum.
3. Match the drug name in a) with the drug group in b):

a) 1. Doxycycline 2. Azlocillin 3. Protandren 4. Ethinylestradiol


5. Synandrone 6. Micosper 7. Thyroxin 8. Metasteron

b). 1. thyrotropic hormones 2. androgens 3. estrogens 4. antibiotics-

tetracyclins 5. antibiotics-penicillins 6. antifungal agents
4. Write out the names of antibiotics:

1. Cycloplantin 2. Mycosolon 3. Isocillin 4. Mufungar


5. Doxycycline 6. Aminocaine 7. Gentamycinum 8. Ftorocort
9. Metasteron 10. Klimicin 11. Dicumaryl 12. Acyclovir.

5. Write out the names of a) adrenocortical hormones, b) androgens:

1. Dilcoran 2. Kornilat 3. Pulmicort 4. Tensiomin 5. Mexicord


6. Sicorten 7. Diacordin 8. Testoenatum.
LESSON FIVE

NAMES OF COMPOUND DRUGS

Compound drugs are those containing two or more pharmaceutical substances. Each compound drug gets its brand name. The ingredients of the mixture are not enumerated under their own names. The names of compound drugs are abbreviations constructed from some parts of ingredient names.

For example, the tablets, containing equal quantities (0,2 gm) of Amidopyrinum and Phenacetinum are called “Pyraphenum”, those containing Amidopyrinum and Analginum 0,2 gm each are called “Pyranalum”, etc.

Usually, the name of a compound drug follows the name of the drug form as an application and is taken into quotation marks:

e.g.: Suppositoria “Bethiolum” (“Bethiol” suppositories);

Dragee “Undevitum”.

The names of compound drugs may give the following information:



  1. on composition:

SOLPADEIN – contains Sorbitol, Paracetamol, Codeine phosphate,

Coffein;



  1. disease:

SPASMALGIN – from –spasm- (involuntary contraction of muscles)

and - alg- ( pain)



  1. effect in the body:

Ultracain -ultra - excess, exaggeration, beyond;

-cain - local anesthetic;

There are names of compound drugs reflecting some

additional information, for example:

Balsamum “ Stella auraria” - balsam “Golden Star”

Guttae “Denta” - drops “Denta” (dens, dentis m – tooth)


NB! Grammar comments:


Thus, the nomenclatural names of compound drugs are presented by two nouns:

1 – the one, denoting a drug form in the Nominative case and

2 – the one, denoting a drug name also in the Nominative case in the quotation marks:

e.g.: balsamum “Sanitas”

(what?) –Nom. + (what?)- Nom.

tabulettae “ Theophedrinum”


NB! 1) A quotation mark may be absent, but they preserve the Nominative form of the drug name, e.g. dragee Complivitum.



Pharmacological Groups (continued)

Drugs, influencing the Central Nervous System

-barb- - derivatives of the barbituric acid with soporific

and hypnotic effect;



-mal-, -nal- - soporific (inducing sleep);

-som(n)-, -son-, - (dream) hypnotic;

-hypn-,-ipn-

-dorm- - (to sleep) soporific (somniferous)

-nox-,-noct- - (night) somniferous

-раx-,-рас- - (peace) somniferous
Psychotropic, antidepressant drugs:

- sedatives (relaxing without sleep):

-sed-

-relax- - relaxing

- tranqulizers (calming and quieting)

-stress-, -tran(qu)-

-azin- - derivatives of Phenothiazin

-azepam- - derivatives of Diazepam
Antiseptic, antimicrobic, antiviral drugs:

-sulfa- - antimicrobic sulfonamides;

-sept-, -micr- - antiseptic (inhibiting the growth of

infectious agents);



-vir- - antiviral (opposing a virus, weakening or

abolishing its action);



-cid-, -bact- - antibacterial (bactericidal - destructive to or

preventing the growth of bacteria)



-io- - iodine-containing agents used as

1) inhibiting the growth of infectious agents

and 2) for X-ray as a diagnostic drug.

To be continued…

EXERCISES:

1. Analyze the drug names, underline familiar to you CSs:

1. Prodormol 2. Barbamylum 3. Seduxen 4. Septolete


5. Somnopentyl 6. Tranxene 7. Insomin 8. Phenothiazin.9. Eunocin
10. Hypnomidate 11. Hexenalum 12. Degmicid 13. Phenazepam
14. Pacidrim.
2. Copy the drug names, underline familiar to you CSs:

1. Stalicid 2. Sulfatrim.3. Apodorm 4. Rothypnol 5. Bromisovalum 6. Sedatival 7. Dormigal 8. Retrovir 9. Deseptyl 10. Sulfamonomethoxinum 11. Groseptol 12. Thiopentalum-natrium 13. Normanox 14. Guasept 15. Tranxene.


3. Write out the names of relaxing and somniferous drugs:

1. Somneton. 2. Cyclosedal 3. Temazepax 4. Cyclobarbitalum


5. Bromodorm 6. Poteseptil 7. Hypothiazidum 8. Hypnoter 9. Dermovate 10. Dormicum 11. Degmicidum 12. Sediston 13. Superseptyl 14. Zovirax

4. Define the meanings of the CSs:

1. Mycoseptin 2. Septocid 3. Dormised 4. Noctosom 5. Anaesthalgin 6. Hypnodorm 7. Ipnosed 8. Dormonal 9. Sonapax 10. Cycloviran


11. Acyclovir 12. Viraride 13. Sulfasalazinum 14. Fulsed.
5. Write out the names of antiseptic and antiviral drugs:

1. Microcid 2. Bensedin 3. Aseptosyl 4. Sonepam 5. Lidocain


6. Mesacol 7. Ophthalmo-septonax 8. Pantocidum 9. Ketoviran. 10. Panavir.

LESSON SIX

NAMES OF VITAMINS

VITAMINS are substances found in foods and in minute quantities

essential for good health, growth and life itself.

Vitamins are prescribed either under their alphabetical symbols (A, B, C, D, E, H, K, P) or under their international generic names adopted by biochemists (Axerophtholum, Thiamunum, etc. )

Some vitamins designated by a letter are not homogenous in their structure though they are chemically related. In this case their ordinal numbers are added to the names expressed through alphabetical symbols, for example : B1, B2, B12, K1, P6, D3 ,etc.

Due to the appearance of a great number of heterogenous vitamins designated by one and the same letter, it became acute to change alphabetical symbols into verbal designations. The assumed the naming of vitamin substances according to the biochemical terminology. Most of vitamin names reflect the chemical structure of a vitamin:

e.g.: Vitaminum B1 - Thiaminum

Vitaminum B12 - Cyanocobalaminum

Vitaminum B2 - Riboflavinum

Sometimes therapeutic effect of the substance is reflected in its name:

e.g.: Vitaminum A - Axerophtholum – Retinolum

Vitaminum B6 - Pyridoxinum

Vitaminum C - Acidum ascorbinicum

Drugs containing two or more vitamins (multivitamins) get generic and trade names including the Common Stem –vit-, for example:



Vitaplex A, Pyrivitol, Cobavite, Aldevit, Macrovit, etc.


NAMES OF ENZYMES

ENZYME – organic catalyst; a protein, secreted by cells, that acts as a catalyst to induce chemical changes in other substances, itself remaining apparently unchanged by the process.

In Latin the names of enzymes are generally constructed by adding the suffix –as(um) to the name of the substance on which it acts, the substances activated and / or the type of reaction, e. g. :

Latin -Lipasum - English – Lipase.

Other Common Stems for designating enzymes are: -enz,-zym-,-zim-.


Pharmacological Groups (continued)

Cholagogics

-chol-, -bil-,-col- - promoting the flow of bile;
Laxatives

-lax-,-pur(g)- - promoting defecation; purgatives;
Anthelminthics:

-verm-, -helm(int)-, -elm- - destroying or expelling intertinal

worms;

Diuretics


-ur-, -diur- - promoting the excretion of urine
Diagnostic Drugs

-gnost- (knowledge)

-trast- (contrast) medical substances used for

-graph-, -graf- roentgenography (X-ray and

-vid-,-vis- (vision) radiography)

-io – (iodine)

NB! In case the Common Stems designating cholagogic or diuretic

drugs are found in the same names with the CSs designating

diagnostic procedures, they change their primary meanings for:

“ drugs used for diagnostics of the diseases of the bile-producing or

urinary systems”, for example:

Auxobil – a cholagogic drug, but Bilignost is a diagnostic drug for the

bile producing system.


EXERCISES:

I. Analyze the drug names, give the meanings of the CSs:

Enzystal 2. Betavitam 3. Pantelmin 4. Vermox 5. Robavite


6. Aethyotrastum 7. Depuran 8. Urovison 9. Ribonucleasum 10. Cholestid 11. Demolaxin 12. Iopagnost
2. Analyze the drug names, underline the CSs:

1. Vitohepat 2. Helmirasin 3. Acignost 4. Cocarboxilase 5. Eulaxan 6. Uroflux 7. Avermol 8. Sennapur 9. Endografin 10. Dodecavit


11. Streptodecasum 12. Diuramid 13. Menzyme 14. Hyasum 15. Crinuril.



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