THE NOMINATIVE CASE PLURAL OF THE ADJECTIVES

THE NOMINATIVE CASE PLURAL OF THE ADJECTIVES

Very often they use abbreviations in the Anatomic Nomenclature to designate singular or plural of names of anatomic structures. The singular and plural abbreviations differ from each other in that the final letter of the plural abbreviation is doubled. for example:

a. - arteria ( artery) Aa. -arteriae (arteries)

b. - bursa (bag) bb. -bursae (bags)

gl. - glandula (gland) gll. -glandulae (glands)

for. -foramen forr. -foramina (openings)

lig. - ligamentum (ligament) ligg. -ligamenta (ligaments)

m. - musculus (muscle) mm. -musculi (muscles)

n. - nervus (nerve) nn. -nervi (nerves)

r. - ramus (branch) rr. -rami (branches)

vag. -vagina (sheath) vagg. -vaginae (sheaths)

v. - vena (vein) vv. -venae (veins)
EXERCISES

I. Define the declension of the nouns and form their Nom. Plural forms:

Pyramis, idis f; cellula, ae f; dens, ntis m; facies, ei f; os, ossis n; gyrus, i m; cornu, us n; septum, i n; ductus, us m; articulatio, onis f; bursa, ae f; crus, uris n; plexus, us m; appendix, icis f; ligamentum, i n.
2. Give the Dictionary form of the nouns in the Nom. plural; translate them into English:

Palpebrae, tubera, retia, ganglia, cornua, labia, vasa, meninges, dentes, processus, juncturae, alveoli, sinus, musculi, cartilagines, canales, partes, arteriae, rami, aures, radices, tuberositates, alae, venae.

Lata, posterior, major, craniale, vertebrale, brevis, flava, liber,

proprium, dorsale, thyroideum, osseus, simplicissimus, bronchialis,

sacrale, zygomaticum, longus, alaris, latissimum, minima, optima.

Nodi ( lumbales, lymphatici, pectoralia, epigastrici, pulmonales,

dextri, internae, iliaci, occipitales, profunda, mastoidei)

Ligamenta (interosseae, interspinalia, flava, palmaria, intercarpei,

alaria, dorsalia, supraspinalia)

dentes (acustici, longae, incisivi, permanentes, major, brevia,

minores)

plexus (iliaci, rectales, inferiores, gastrici, medii, medianae,

viscerales, vasculares)

foramina (ethmoidalia, minora, nervosae, palatini)

Musculi subcostales, tubercula dentis, pyramides renales, venulae rectae, sinus intermedii, ganglia cardiaca, plicae gastricae, nervi craniales, nervi spinales, venae intercostales inferiores, arteriae ciliares posteriores longae, vasa lymphatica superficialia, cartilagines alares minores, cartilagines nasales accessoriae, gyri temporales transversi, ossa membri inferioris, venae digitales dorsales pedis, vasa sanguinea retinae.

Inferior veins of the cerebrum, pectoral cardiac branches, lesser

sublingual ducts, dorsal branches of the tongue, anterior superior

alveolar arteries, transverse folds of the rectum, iliac plexuses, lesser

palatine canals, posterior superior alveolar foramina, pelvic ganglia,

pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone, sinuses of the aorta,

muscles of the back, short gastric veins, interphalangeal articulations

of the foot, synovial bags and sheaths.

Gll. intestinales, vv. centrales, rr. orbitales,vagg. synoviales, bb.

trochantericae, aa. nutriciae, mm. interspinales, nn. cardiaci, forr.

palatina minora, aa. superiores, mm. interossei, nn. profundi, rr.

oesophagei, aa. sigmoideae, forr. incisiva, vv. cavernosae, nn.

articulares, ligg. interossea.

1. glandula, ae f - gland

2. retina, ae f - retina; nervous tunic of the eyeball

3. plica, ae f - fold

4. palpebra, ae f - eyelid

5. gyrus, i m - gyrus, convolution

6. ramus, i m - branch

7. nucleus, i m - nucleus

8. communis, e - common
LESSON THIRTEEN

PLURALS

THE GENITIVE CASE OF THE NOUNS OF THE

1^st – 5^th DECLENSIONS

The requirements to the construction of the Genitive plural are the same as those for the Nominative plural, i. e. one should know the Dictionary form of a noun and be able to single out its base before attaching the Genitive plural ending (see the table):

Decl.	Gender	Genitive Plural	Example: D.f. & Gen.pl.
I	f	-arum	Vertebra, ae f - vertebrarum
II	m n	-orum -orum	Sulcus, i m - sulcorum Ligamentum, i n - ligamentorum
III	m f n	Gen. Base + -um -um (-ium*) -um (-ium*)	Pulmo, onis m –pulmonum Articulatio,onis f - articulationum Crus, uris n - crurum
IV	m n	-uum -uum	Processus,us m - processuum Cornu, us n - cornuum
V	f	-erum	Facies, ei f - facierum

e. g. auris, is f - Gen. pl. – aurium

2. nouns with the base ending in 2 consonants,

e. g. dens, ntis m – Gen. pl. – dentium

3. nouns of the neuter gender ending in –e, -al, -ar

in Nom. pl. ,

e. g. animal, alis – Gen. pl. – animalium

rete, is n - Gen. pl. - retium

Genitive plural according to the 2^nd declension:

Group / declension	Genitive plural endings
	m	f	n
I / -orum -arum -orum 1st, 2nd decl. longorum longarum longorum
II / the base of the Gen. sing, + 3rd decl. –ium -ium -ium brevium brevium brevium
Comparative degree -iorum -iorum -iorum 3rd decl. majorum majorum majorum

1. Put the terms into the Nominative and Genitive Case plural:

vas sanguineum, valvula semilunaris, nervus spinalis, vena minima,

dens premolaris, papilla lingualis, alveolus dentalis, cornu minus,

septum interradiculare, concha nasalis, facies articularis, glandula

lingualis, ligamentum flavum, canalis alveolaris, processus

transversus.

2. 
   Write the Dictionary form of each word.Translate the terms into
   

a lesser wing; an ethmoid foramen; a minimum vein; a ciliary

process, articular surface, membraneous leg, lymphatic vessel,

anterior margin, anterior surface, mastoid notch, transverse ligament,

posterior horn, pterygoid canal, nasal bone, palatine groove,

transverse palatine fold.

3. 
   Make Grammar analysis of the terms: define the part of speech, Case
   

Nuclei nervorum cranialium, vagina synovialis mm. peroneorum

communis, sinus venarum cavarum* atrii dextri, forr. venarum

minimarum, noduli valvularum semilunarium, plexus cavernosi

concharum, tunica conjunctiva palpebrarum, vv. meningeae mediae,

nn. vasorum, retinaculum tendinum musculorum flexorum,

commissura palpebrarum lateralis, vagg. tendinum digitorum pedis,

rr. alveolares superiores anteriores, forr. palatina minora, ganglia

thoracica, aa. ciliares posteriores longae, rr. tractus optici.

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* Lat. vena cava - Engl. vena cava (literal translation – hollow vein).

Nom. plural – venae cavae (Engl. venae cavae);

Gen. plural – venarum cavarum (Engl. of venae cavae).

4. 
   Write the Dictionary form of each word. Translate the terms into
   

alveolar foramina, long elevator muscles of the ribs, short elevator

muscles of the ribs, chiasm of the tendons (Camper’s chiasm),

retinacula of extensor muscles, ligaments of tendons, vessels of

vessels, red and yellow bone marrow, septum of frontal sinuses,

foramina of pulmonary veins of the left atrium, anterior and posterior

tubercle of cervical vertebrae, sinus of venae cavae of the right

atrium, short extensor muscles of the fingers, superior retinaculum of

the tendons of peroneal muscles, fibrous sheaths of the fingers of the

hand.

1. 
   commissura, ae f – commissure – connection;
   
2. 
   medulla, ae – marrow, any soft marrow-like structure;
   
3. 
   medulla ossium – bone marrow;
   
4. 
   medulla spinalis – spinal marrow; spinal cord;
   
5. 
   valvula, ae f – valvule; a valve, especially one of the
   

6. 
   atrium, i n – artrium;
   
7. 
   retinaculum, i n – retinaculum; a halter, a band;
   
8. 
   nodulus, i m – nodule, a small node;
   
9. 
   tractus, us m – tract ( path, track, way);
   

1. ruber, bra, brum – red

2. flavus, a, um – yellow

3. peroneus,a,um – syn. fibularis,e – peroneal; relating to the fibula

The rules for commonly forming plurals of anatomical terms in

medical English are as follows:

1. For words ending in –a, retain the –a and add –e:

bursa bursae

bulla bullae, etc.

2. 
   For words ending in – us, drop the – us and add – i:
   

bronchus bronchi

nucleus nuclei, etc.

Some exceptions to this rule are for the Latin nouns of the 4^th declension: in their Latin variant they retain their form ending in –us. Their English equivalents are viruses and sinuses:

3. 
   For words ending in -um, drop the -um and add – a:
   

diverticulum diverticula

ovum ova, etc.

4. 
   For words ending in –on, drop the –on and add –a:
   

spermatozoon spermatozoa,etc.

5. 
   For words ending in –sis, drop the –is and add –es:
   

metastasis metastases

epiphysis epiphyses

prosthesis prostheses,etc.

6. 
   For words ending in –ix and –ex, drop the –ix or –ex and add –
   

varix varices,etc.