They are suffixes, which developed specific meanings in the medical terminology.
-oma, omatis n (Engl. –oma)
1. tumour, any benign neoplasm (newly formed tissue);
2. localized collection of some fluid in the tissues.
e.g.: myoma a benign neoplasm of muscular tissue;
chondroma a benign neoplasm derived from
mesodermal cells that form cartilage;
osteoma a benign slow-growing mass of mature bone;
but: haematoma – localized collection of extravasated blood in the
tissues.
-itis, itidis f (Engl. –itis)
1. inflammatory disease
2. inflammation
e.g.: gastritis inflammation, esp. mucosal of the stomach;
rhinitis inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane;
encephalitis inflammation of the brain.
osis, osis f (Engl. -osis)
Syn. -iasis, iasis f (Engl. –iasis)
-
any process or its result,
e.g.: symbiosis - a process of living together;
lithiasis (litho- calculus, stone) – formation of calculi of any
kind.
-
a pathological condition, caused by some agent or substance,
e.g.: mycosis - any disease caused by a fungus;
helminthiasis – disease caused by intestinal worms.
-
A chronic pathological condition in some organ or tissue,
e.g.: nephrosis (nephr- kidney) – chronic degenerative disease of
the kidneys;
arthrosis (arthr- joint) – chronic disease of the joints.
4. Abnormally large number or amount (esp. of blood cells and tissue cells)
e.g.: leucocytosis an abnormally large number of leucocytes;
fibrosis excessive amount of fibrous tissue cells.
-ismus, i m (Engl. -ism)
1. phenomenon, quality, fact.
e.g.: subjectivismus - Engl. subjectivism– the quality of being
subjective.
2. deviation from some standard, norm; syndrome.
e.g.: infantilismus –Engl. infantilism a state marked by extremely
slow development of mind and body; childishness.
3. addiction to some substance; dependence.
e.g.: nicotinismus - Engl. – nicotinism - addiction to nicotine /
smoking.
4. poisoning,
e.g.: iodismus – Engl. – iodism poisoning with iodine.
EXERCISES:
1. Form nouns with the suffix –io; translate the derivatives into English:
Resectum (to resect, to cut out)
Sectum (to cut)
Extractum (to extract)
Extensum (to stretch)
Obturatum (to obstruct, to stopper up)
Contractum (to contract)
Transfusum (to transfuse)
2. Form nouns with the general meaning of “the doer of the action”; translate the derivatives into English:
Constrictum (to constrict)
Depressum (to depress)
Injectum (to inject)
Erectum (to erect)
Acceptum (to accept)
3. Form nouns with the suffix –ura; translate the derivatives into English:
Junctum (to join)
Strictum (to squeeze, to compress)
Curvatum (to curve)
Fissum (to split, to break down)
Commissum (to connect)
4. Construct the names of inflammatory diseases. Explain their localization:
Gastr…, ureter…, nephr…(kidney), splen…, cholecyst… (gallbladder), cyst…(urinary bladder), tonsill…, pancreat…, gingiv…, vascul…, hepat…, burs….
5. Form the terms with the meaning of “benign neoplasm”Explain their meanings:
Thymus, i m; papilla, ae f; hepar, atis n; lympha, ae f; fibra, ae f; myo -(muscle); chondro- (cartilage); osteo- (bone); nephro- (kidney); lipo- (fat).
6. Explain the meanings of the suffixes and the common meanings of the terms:
Acidosis, mycosis (myco- fungus), fibrosis, osteofibrosis (osteo- bone), lymphocytosis, lymphocytoma, lymphoma, morphinismus, mercurialismus, alcoholismus, arthrosis (arthro- joint), arthritis, nephrosis (nephro- kidney), nephritis, hepatitis, hepatoma, spondylosis (spondylo- vertebra), spondylitis, myositis (myo- muscle), myoma, ventriculitis, thrombosis (thrombo- clot), rhinitis (rhino- nose).
LESSON THREE
SIMPLE DERIVATIVES. PREFIXATION
Alongside with suffixation, another productive way of word-building is prefixation, that is the attachment of a prefix to a motivying base without changing the meaning but giving some additional information on localization (above, below, in, out, of, etc. ), direction (to, from, etc. ), absence or negation of something, etc. There are synonyms and antonyms among the prefixes which is due to the existence of Greek and Latin prefixes with the same or opposite meanings. The English medical terminology makes use of Greek and Latin prefixes, preserving the meanings attached to them in Latin.
e.g.: ad- ( approach); ab– (removal) - antonyms
musculus adductor - adductor muscle
musculus abductor - abductor muscle
epi- (above); supra – (above) - synonyms
suprascapularis – suprascapular – above the scapula
epitympanicus – epitympanic – above or in the upper part
of the tympanic membrane.
MEMORIZE THE PREFIXES:
ab- - from
ad- - to (assimilated variants: aff-, att-, all-, etc.
-
depending on the first letter of the root)
ana- - upward
ante-, prae- - before
anti-, contra-, - against, contrary to
cata- - downward
circum- - around
con-, com-, syn-, sym- - with, together
de-*, des- ,se- - 1. away from; 2. separation;
dia- - 1. between; 2. through 3. away from;
ecto-, exo-,extra- - positioned outside;
ex- - outside motion;
in- - 1) inside motion; 2) absence of some
guality;(assimilated variants il-;-im;-
ir,etc.)
inter-, meso*-, dia- - between; middle (layer);
intra-, endo-, ento- - inside
para*- - near
per- - 1. through; 2. facilitation of action;
peri*- - around
post-, meta- - after, behind
re- - 1. repeated action; 2. response;
3. backward motion;
retro- - behind; backward;
sub-, infra-, hypo- - below
super-, supra - epi - - above, over;
trans-, per-, dia- - through
*NB! Prefixes, which developed specific meanings in the medical terminology:
1. meso -+ name of an intraabdominal organ designates
mesentery of this organ;
e.g.: mesoduodenum – mesentery of the duodenum.
2. de(s)- + quality means worsening of this quality.
e.g. degeneratio – worsening of the generative function.
3. peri- when taken with the name of the organ, means
“capsule, tunic of connective tissue enveloping this organ”,
e.g.: “perimetrium” is the serous coat of the uterus;
“perinephrium” is the connective tissue and fat
surrounding the kidney.
4. 1) The prefix para- in combination with the name of an organ means “tissue, especially connective, adjacent to this organ”:
e.g.: “paracystium” are the tissues adjacent to the urinary
bladder;
“parametrium” is the connective tissue of the pelvic
floor.
2) para- + function has an additional meaning of “a departure from the normal, abnormal function”:
e.g.: “paracusia” is impaired hearing.
3) para- + name of a disease designates “a disease similar to the mentioned one”:
e.g.: “paracholera” is a disease clinically resembling
Asiatic cholera but due to the vibrio specifically
different from Vibrio cholerae.
NB! Some prefixes are used to describe the state of a function.
Eu- - normal function;
a-, an- - 1) absence; without; 2) facilitation of action;
dys- - bad, painful, difficult; malfunction;
hyper- - excessive function;
hypo- - low or deficient function.
EXERCISES:
I. Answer the questions:
1. What prefixes have the meaning a) direction through; b) between?
2. What prefixes are used to denote a) disturbance, difficulty of a
function? b) excessive function c) absence of a function?
3. What prefixes correspond to the English against?
4. What stratum of the heart muscle is external?
a) endocardium b) epicardium c) myocardium
5. Which of the strata of the skin is medium? Why?
a) entoderma b) mesoderma c) ectoderma
6. What prefix has the meaning contrary to the meaning of the prefix –
ab? Give examples in Latin and in English.
7. Explain the meanings of the words: apathia, sympathia, antipathia,
if –“pathia” means “feeling, mood, emotion”.
8. What terms will have the meaning of “ rapid breathing, stop of
breathing, weakening of breathing, difficulty of breathing, normal
breathing”, if “ breathing” is designated through the Combining form
-pnoё ?
9. Combining form “-tonia” denotes “the tone”. What terms will you
construct to express: a) absence of tone?
b) difficulty, trouble in a tone?
c) excessive tone?
d) lowered tone?
e) normal tone?
10. What prefix is used to denote mesentries?
11. NB! Explain the meanings of the terms and recollect the primary
meanings of the prefixes an- and per-, minding that in the given terms
they designate “facilitation of an action”:
aneurysma (- eurysm means dilation);
pertussis (- tussis means coughing).
2. Fill in the blanks:
1. In the meaning of “after something” the Latin prefix … is used, and in the meaning of “behind” the prefix … is used.
2. The upper part of the abdomen is called epigastrium, the middle part is called …, the lower part is called …
3. Terms denoting “tunic of connective tissue enveloping a muscle, a nerve, a tendon” are constructed with the help of the prefix …. For example: …mysium, …neurium, …tendineum.
4. In the terms “parametrium”, “paranephritis” the prefix “para-“ denotes ….
3. Write prefixes with the meanings opposite to:
In-; extra-; prae-; super-; epi-; hyper-; ana.
4. Explain the meanings of the prefixes in the following terms:
1. sub-, infra-, hypo-;
super-, supra-, epi-
Subscapularis, supraspinalis, supratrochlearis, submandibularis, infracostalis, suprasternalis, subnormalis, epigastricus, infratemporalis, suprarenalis, subfemoralis, epitympanicus, subcutaneus.
2. in-, ex-, intra-, extra-;
inter-, meso-, dia-;
endo-, ecto-;
Intermuscularis, intracellularis, endocervicalis, extrapyramidalis, intracranialis, interalveolaris, extrapulmonalis, interosseus, extrauterinus, mesoduodenum, mesogastrium, inhalatio, invasio (vado – movement), injectio, diastole (the dilation of the heart cavities), diaphysis (the shaft of a long bone as distinguished from the epiphysis), interatrialis, inspiratio, expiratio.
3. ante-, prae-, pro-;
post-, meta-, retro-, re-;
Praevertebralis, retrobuccalis, postnatalis, praenatalis, reactio, pronephros, metanephros, retroarticularis, prolongatus, metaencephalon, reinfectio, praecordialis, metathalamus, retroduodenalis, prodromalis (dromos – running), revaccinatio, praecancerosus, retroperitonealis, antepositio, retropositio.
4. ad-, ab-;
M. adductor, m. abductor, adhaesio, adaptatio, adsorbtio, absorbtio.
5. trans-, per-, dia-;
Transmissio, diarrhoea, transfusio, perforatio, transplantatio, diameter, transformatio, dialysis.
6. contra-, anti-;
con/com-, syn/sym-;
Symbiosis, syndesmosis, conjunctiva, compositus, syndromum, compressio, synphalangia, symmetria, synergismus, synkinesia, antibiotica, antidepressiva, contractio, contrapertura, contraceptiva, antisepticus, anthelminthicus.
7. dys-, eu-;
Dysrhythmia – eurhythmia.
Dyspnoё – eupnoё.
Dystonia – eutonia.
8.circum-, peri-, para-;
Circumflexus, circumanalis, circumarticularis, circummandibularis, periosteum (osteo- - bone), perivascularis, pericranium, perilymphaticus, periconchalis, paradenitis (aden- - gland), paracystitis (cysto- - urinary bladder), parahepaticus.
9. ana-, cata-
Anamnesis – catamnesis (-mnesis – memory)
Anabolismus – catabolismus
NB! anaplasia = cataplasia (loss of structural differentiation especially in malignant neoplasms; a degenerative change in cells or tissues that is the reverse of the constructive developmental change; a return to an earlier or embryonic stage).
10. dis-, dia-, (separation), se-, des- (removal); de- (1- away from; 2- change for the worse).
Diffusus, dialysis, diagnosis, desinfectio, degeneratio, demobilisatio, deformatio, decompensatio, separatio, secretio, dedifferentiatio, dementia, deoxydatio, descendence, disjunctio, dislocatio.
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