Language in contrastive linguistics
Language is systems of symbols in the brain which are designed for the purpose of communication. It is “is a storehouse filled by the members of a given community” and consists of embodied ideas.
Language classification
Language can be divided into individual and social, contact and dynamic, social and interlanguage.
Social and individual language
Social language is used in spoken and in written and common to the speakers in the community. It sometimes can be understood as standard. In learning, teaching second language and translation, social language is the target language.
Language is embodied experience. Experience exists in the mind and language is individual. Individual language is a typical one. Therefore, it can be as either social or interlanguage.
Language is a human tool used to establish and to maintain contact between people in particular situation. In some situations, a common means of communication may be lacking at first and needs to be created. In other situations, multiple languages may be available and a new mode of communication drawing on these multiple repertoires may emerge.
Contact and dymamic language
Language is in progress. It changes during time to meet the needs of communication. The property is called dynamic. Dynamic language is a type of diachronic one in many aspects, such as they develop through time. The property belongs to both of social and individual languages, native learner's language and his interlanguage.
When people use different languages to communicative with one another, their languages aremessed up with other. The languages are called contact ones or pidgins.
In second language learning, learner’s native language and his or her second language begin to be pidgins.
Interlanguage
Interlanguage is the type of language produced by second language learners who are in the process of learning a language. This language is composed of numerous elements from the native language and the second language. Therefore, it is clearly different from both the learner’s native language and the his or her second language. The relation between interlanguage and learner’s native language, his or her language can be illustrated as in Figure 1.1:
Figure 1.1: Transitional Dialects (Corder, 1971: 151 – Adapted from Smaoui: 72)
The processes forming an interlanguage, according Krzeszowski (1990: 193 - 195) are:
1Overgeneralization of target language rules,
2Transfer of training,
3 Strategy of target-language learning,
4 Strategies of communication involve yet another form of simplification,
5Transfer from the source language.
Interlanguage, as natural language, has all the properties and aspects of a language such as phonology, syntax, morphology, semantics, and pragmatics of language.It is a particular type of language in contrastive studies for the purpose of second language leaning, teaching and translation.
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