Management Information Systems a model of mis, Leading Research, and Research Trends

Timeline

Hierarchical databases became popular in the late 1960s, and IBM developed the Information Management System (IMS) in 1968. The hierarchical database never reached the popularity of the network database, but some products still use the hierarchical database model.

The defining moment for data management came in 1970 with the publishing of Edgar Codd’s “A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks,” which introduced the relational database model. His relational theory became database model became the foundation for the relational database prominently used today. However, the relational model did not receive immediate acceptance. In 1974, Bachman and Codd had an open debate between the pros and cons of the relational database model. Codd eventually won this argument, and that led to overall acceptance of the relational database.

Michael Stonebraker and Eugene Wong led the INGRES group at the University of California, Berkeley created the first prototype of the relational database. This prototype led to Ingres, Corp., Sybase, and SQL Server. At nearly the same time, Ray Boyce and Don Chamberlin developed the Structured Query Language (SQL), which was part of IBM’s implementation of the relational database, called SYSTEM R. Both of these prototypes were awarded the Software System Award by the Association for Computing Machinery in 1988.

Soon after these two famous prototypes were created, Peter Pin-Shan Chen published the famous paper, “The Entity-Relationship Model – Toward a Unified View of Data,” which introduced the entity-relationship model. This model incorporated semantic-based relationships into database design, this entity-relationship model has been the most widely used method for conceptual database design, and it has been extended by many authors in other areas of research.

In 1985, Stonebraker’s INGRES group changed into the Postgres group, and it changed it’s focus to researching the concept of object-oriented databases. A year later, the company GRAPHEL, Co. released the first commercial object-oriented database called Gbase. Much research has been done on the improvements of the object-oriented model over the relational model. However, because of the success of the relational database, the adoption of object-oriented database has not been that widely spread, partly because organizations have so much information sunk into the relational model, and partly because the relational model works so well.

Within the past fifteen years, the focus of research in data management has shifted from new database models to that of integrating different database schemas. In 1986, Batini defined a framework for schema integration in “A Comparative Analysis of Methodologies for Database Schema Integration.” In 1992, Spaccapietra approached integrating different schemas in his paper, “Model Independent Assertions For Integration Of Heterogeneous Schemas.” His model provided a way to integrate schemas using only basic corresponding elements and how they correspond. In Heterogeneous Distributed Database Systems, Ram proposes the Unifying Semantic Model (USM) as a model to semantically integrate heterogeneous data sources.

Lastly, the past few years has seen new models of database that are based on XML. With the ever-growing popularity of the Internet and especially database-driven applications on the World Wide Web, XML is gaining ground as a more-powerful markup language than HTML. In 1999, AG invented Tamino, which is a native XML database. It stores original XML objects and uses XML query techniques to search for information..