Map-21 is a highway bill, not a transportation bill, it cuts support for public transit in favor of highway expansion
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- Classism leads to the stigmatization underprivileged groups and justifies oppression
Impact – LibertyThe federal government has a constitutional and moral obligation to extend the right of movement to lower classesDombroski 5 (Matthew A., Columbia University Law School, J.D., Columbia Law Review, Vol. 105, No. 2 (Mar., 2005), pp. 503-536, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4099316)AH Of course, the right to intrastate travel and the right to interstate travel need not have an identical constitutional source. There is significant support for the assertion that the right to travel is inherent in notions of individual liberty and thus may be extended to intrastate, as well as interstate, travel. For example, as suggested by the "as freely as in our own States" language in Justice Taney's dissent in the Passenger Cases, the right to interstate travel logically requires an underlying right to intrastate travel.'32 Similarly, in Saenz v. Roe, the Supreme Court cited Edwards v. California'33 as establishing a "right to go from one place to another, including the right to cross state borders while en route."134 This articulation suggests the right to travel attaches to the individual and creates a right to intrastate travel at least as great as the right to interstate travel. Various other sources support the simple, unexamined assertion that the liberty to travel across state borders is meaningless without first having the ability to travel within the state to the interstate border."35 For example, the Second Circuit recognized the right to intrastate travel in Spencer v. Casavilla,'36 although it failed to articulate a constitutional source for this right. In addition to general notions of liberty and blind assertions that intrastate movement is necessary to interstate movement, some propose that a right to intrastate travel could emanate from the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.'37 The Third Circuit considered the question in depth in Lutz v. City of York and concluded, while admitting its analysis to be "ad hoc," "that the right to move freely about one's neighborhood or town, even by automobile, is indeed 'implicit in the concept of ordered liberty' and 'deeply rooted in the Nation's history.' "The court based its conclusion on cases that included the right to move without restraint by the state as part of one's personal liberty.'39 While admitting the troubling aspects of finding new fundamental rights in the Due Process Clause because of Lochner,140 the court went on to conclude that the right of local travel is a fundamental right provided by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.141 In contrast, due to the uncertainty regarding the source of such a right, the Sixth Circuit denied the plaintiffs claim in Wardwell v. Board of Education, stating that it "find[s] no support for plaintiffs theory that the right to intrastate travel has been afforded federal constitutional protection."142 The Supreme Court has said little to resolve this conflict.14 Like the right to interstate travel, the right to intrastate travel lends support to the existence of a right to transportation, though perhaps not serving as an established right out of which the right to transportation emanates. Unlike the right to interstate travel, the right to intrastate travel is not widely accepted.'44 However, many of those who have analyzed the right to intrastate travel argue that it emanates from personal liberty. This suggests that, if more widely accepted, it might be an appropriate basis for a right to transportation.145 Even so, the right's useful- ness would be determined by its fundamentality and the resultant level of scrutiny laws and regulations that violate the right would receive. Until the circuit split on the existence of such a right is resolved, its usefulness as a source for founding other rights is limited. Unlike the right to interstate travel, which only protects a very limited type of mobility, and the right to intrastate travel, which is not widely recognized, freedom of movement is a generally accepted doctrine that secures the individual a right to be free from undue government restrictions on movement. Often cited in support of the right to interstate travel' and the right to intrastate travel, freedom of movement has also regularly been conflated with these rights. As stated in Kent v. Dulles, freedom of movement, both within and across our national borders, is "basic in our scheme of values."' As fundamental as what a person eats, reads, or wears, freedom of movement is important for cultural, political, social, and business activities. As such, the Supreme Court has long recognized, subject to certain limitations, a right to move freely distinct from the right to interstate and intrastate travel. Classism leads to the stigmatization underprivileged groups and justifies oppressionBarone no date (Chuck, Professor of Economics and American Studies at Dickinson College, “The Foundations of Class and Classism”, http://users.dickinson.edu/~barone/ClassFoundations.PDF) AH It is these economic struggles that form the underlying basis of classism. The actual content of class relations (class culture) is elitist, i.e., class oppression and privileges are defended on the basis of one person/group claiming to be more important, smarter, better, more deserving, more qualified, etc. than another person/group. These attitudes frame class behavior and thus inter-class social relations. The oppressed person/group (the working class) is viewed as less intelligent, less talented, inferior, and thus not worth very much. Such views can be patronizing ("they are doing the best they can") or they can be vicious ("working class people are stupid, dirty, lazy, and uncivilized"). Classist patterns and attitudes such as these are the source of much prejudice and have been used to denigrate and discriminate against working class people, and to rationalize current and past oppression of millions of people the world over. Widespread anti-union sentiments, attacks on welfare and the poor, and negative media stereotypes of working class people, especially TV sitcoms, are examples of classism in action (Puette 1992; Bullock 1995: 127-130). Such individual classist beliefs and attitudes frame inter-class relations (behavior), and they facilitate the systematic economic exploitation and oppression of working people. The objective structures of class oppression and exploitation require, on a subjective level, socially held classist beliefs and attitudes. On a social level, individually held beliefs are rooted in a cultural belief system, a classist ideology which rationalizes class oppression as just and equitable. In the U.S. it is a cultural belief in the ideology of individual achievement, the myth of meritocracy, where anyone can make it if they work hard, that individuals rise on the basis of their own individual effort and ability. Success honors those who make it and failure stigmatizes those who fail. Although cast in terms of individuals and equal opportunities, this ideology is classist. It casts working class people as inferior and incompetent, and middle and owning class people as superior. It allows people to rationalize and ignore class oppression, to see and understand the social universe as merely the result of individual interaction, and to view class oppression as "normal" and a "natural" part of a secular or divine order. The Bell Curve, the recent best-selling book by Herrnstein and Murray, is an attempt to renew and legitimate this view in the face of currently growing class and racial inequality and bigotry(Fischer, et al 1996). Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. Objective files -> Pop Warner History files -> North Carolina Inclusion Initiative Mapping Where Children with ieps are Being Served Purpose files -> Fall 2013 Spring 2014 Program Data: Standard 1 Exhibit 4d files -> Hanban – asia society confucius classrooms network 2010 request for proposal files -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations Download 0.57 Mb. Share with your friends:
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