Map-21 is a highway bill, not a transportation bill, it cuts support for public transit in favor of highway expansion
Download 0.57 Mb.
|
- Navigate this page:
- Access to transportation is necessary for social mobility and value to life
- Equal access to government funded transportation is key for the pursuit of happiness and quality of life
- The structures of classism force the internalization of classist beliefs, causing dehumanization
- Classism causes devaluation of life
Impact – Exclusion/NVTLGovernment must step in to bridge the socio-economic gap caused by unequal access to transportation—key to mobility and value of lifeLewis 11 (David, PhD. and senior vice president for the International Transportation Forum, “Economic Perspectives on Transport and Equality”, pg 26-27, 5/12, http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/DiscussionPapers/DP201109.pdf) AH Poverty, inequality and social exclusion are closely tied to personal mobility and the accessibility of goods and services. Evidence of the economic role of transport in promoting belter living standards and greater wellbeing can be seen in the effects of both overall public investment in transport infrastructure, and in the impacts of specific transport policies, projects and multi-project plans. At the level of overall public expenditure, transport capital investment measurably promotes growth in worker productivity: This is significant because productivity growth is key to facilitating growth in personal incomes and living standards, and to closing income disparities between regions and sub-regions. At the level of specific policies, investments and plans, transport is seen to create economic wellbeing for a wide range socially disadvantaged groups, including the poor, elderly people, people with disabilities, children, young adults, and women. Such benefits include greater accessibility to work and other life-chances and reduced stigmatic harms associated with social exclusion. This paper argues that transport planning, economic evaluation, and governance modalities need to do a better job of adapting to the perspective on transport as a legitimate policy instrument for diminishing inequality and creating a just distribution of social value. Analysis methods to identify and measure such value, and governance mechanisms to ensure that equity objectives are properly served, are beginning to appear. This is a trend to be encouraged, particularly through the extension of economic evaluation methods and governance mechanisms to: • Account for a wider range of transport benefits and effects than traditionally recognized; • Address multi-project and multi-policy plans as well as individual projects; and • Shape transport plans with measures, both transport and non-transport, that mitigate systematic social biases; and • Give transport a direct, proactive role in fostering equality (rather than merely mitigating social biases) by encouraging the development of emerging policy development and planning methods that are rooted less in welfare economics and more in the operational ideas of social justice. Access to transportation is necessary for social mobility and value to lifeGomide et al No Date (Alexandre, Sabina Leite and Jorge Rebelo, World Bank Urban Transport System in Brazil, “Public Transport and Urban Poverty: A Synthetic Index of Adequate Service”, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTES/Resources/pt&urban_poverty.pdf) AH According to the Brazilian Constitution, public transport is an essential service. Those who are not car owners, especially lower socio-economic groups, depend entirely on public transport to have access to job opportunities, social services (e.g. health and education), and to activities that guarantee human dignity and social integration, such as leisure, visiting friends and relatives, and shopping, among others. In other words, public transport does not only allow human mobility, but it helps combat urban poverty. However, if the service is not adequate to people's needs, especially people on extremely low incomes, as shown in recent studies (Gomide, 2003; Itrans, 2004), it may become a hindrance to essential opportunities and activities, i.e., a barrier to social inclusion. Equal access to government funded transportation is key for the pursuit of happiness and quality of lifeLewis 11 (David, PhD. and senior vice president for the International Transportation Forum, “Economic Perspectives on Transport and Equality”, pg 26-27, 5/12, http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/DiscussionPapers/DP201109.pdf) AH The recession has attuned the general public to the idea of transport infrastructure as something to be ramped up quickly when an economic slowdown motivates the need to stimulate employment. But as attention turns to reducing public sector deficits, it is vital to recognize that the fundamental economic purpose of transport policy is not the transitory jobs that arise during the construction of infrastructure projects. Transport policy is about nothing less than creating societies in which people can prosper and live a good life. To be sure, travel itself creates no economic value: Unless we‘re on a cruise, the time, money and effort spent getting from here to there represent a cost, not a benefit, of daily life. It is the life activities for which travel is the means of access that produce economic opportunity and value in peoples‘ lives - activities such as work, accessing food and water, going to the doctor, visiting family and friends, going to the pub, seeing a film. Recognizing that almost everything people do in the pursuit of well-being and happiness requires travel, the quality of government transport policy is ultimately manifest in nothing less than the quality of peoples‘ lives. The structures of classism force the internalization of classist beliefs, causing dehumanizationBarone no date (Chuck, Professor of Economics and American Studies at Dickinson College, “The Foundations of Class and Classism”, http://users.dickinson.edu/~barone/ClassFoundations.PDF) AH At the personal or individual level, the internalization of classist beliefs, attitudes, and behavior is the result of a socializing and conditioning process which consists of installing on individuals patterns of behavior, mannerisms, and beliefs that insure conformity to class roles. To occupy such roles people have to be conditioned. Acting out or occupying these roles requires that we give up part of our uniquely human qualities, of choosing our own identities. We are given the choice as young children to play out our socially expected role(s), a painful process at best, or get punished with far worse. If you are female and act like a boy, or white and act black, or owning class and act working class, if you resist role conditioning, you risk humiliation and isolation, being ostracized and subjected to emotional and physical abuse. Material success and economic security are hold out as rewards in return for occupying oppressor roles, replacing genuine human needs with an artificially created materialism which serves both to keep people in their socially constructed roles and fuel capitalist accumulation. Role conditioning begins at birth, extends through young adulthood and is then reinforced throughout adulthood. As a result of this social conditioning many of the working class internalize negative beliefs and stereotypes about themselves. We are bombarded daily with thousands of subtle and not so subtle messages about ourselves and others. These classist messages have a powerful affect on people, making the social construction of reality appear as the natural state of human beings. Classism experienced on a daily basis by working class people reinforces class conditioning. Working class people tend to view themselves and be seen by others as not very smart or stupid, uneducated and inarticulate, poor leaders, lacking in ability and lazy, crude and uncivilized. But they view those in the middle and owning class as superior and more intelligent, ambitious, with greater poise, self-confidence and leadership (Argle 1994:Ch 9). Classism causes devaluation of lifeLanghout et al 7 (Regina Day., Francine Rossell, and Jonathan Feinstein, The Review of Higher Education, Volume 30, Number 2, Winter 2007, pp. 145-184, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/review_of_higher_ education/v030/30.2langhout.html) AH Although gaining more attention recently, classism is an area that has historically lacked consideration in psychological literature (Ostrove & Cole, 2003). Classism is a type of discrimination, much like sexism or racism. In the case of classism, people occupying lower social class levels are treated in ways that exclude, devalue, discount, and separate them (Lott, 2002). Researchers have examined individual experiences related to social class or socioeconomic status, but the emphasis has not been on defining empirical domains of classism and assessing base rates. An emphasis on assessing classism fits well with Ostrove and Cole's (2003) call for a critical psychology that can investigate, among other things, social class as it relates to experiences of discrimination. Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. Objective files -> Pop Warner History files -> North Carolina Inclusion Initiative Mapping Where Children with ieps are Being Served Purpose files -> Fall 2013 Spring 2014 Program Data: Standard 1 Exhibit 4d files -> Hanban – asia society confucius classrooms network 2010 request for proposal files -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations Download 0.57 Mb. Share with your friends:
|