American Imperialism
From Isolationism to Expansionism
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Why?
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Examples:
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Military
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Alfred T. Mahan argued for a strong Navy in his book “Influence of Sea Power Upon History”
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Protection of territories
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Refueling ports
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Increase trade
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Economic/Political
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Need for raw materials and markets.
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Open Door Policy— U.S. declares continued trade with China.
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Boxer Rebellion
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Dollar Diplomacy— Taft’s idea to give economic support to other countries.
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Roosevelt Corollary of the Monroe Doctrine— justified sending U.S. troops to intervene in Central America.
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Social
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Spread of American institutions
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Missionary zeal
White Man’s Burden
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Annexation of Hawaii
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Sandford B. Dole
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Missionaries
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Military Port
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Commodore Perry opens Japan to trade
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Henry Cabot Lodge and Theodore Roosevelt pushed for expansionism— what is that?
Desire to expand territory for economic, social, or political gain
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How was this different from previous U.S. foreign policy?
Isolationism was original foreign policy (neutrality)
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Panama Canal
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Huge undertaking that Theodore Roosevelt oversaw
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Improved trade and military movement
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Malaria/challenges of geography
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Think About It: How did these events move the U.S. into the position as a world power? Social, economic and political motives in addition to acquiring territory moved the U.S. as world power.
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Spanish American War
Review this short war and its impact by filling in the blanks
When?
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USS Maine is sent to Cuba to protect U.S. interests
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Explodes and seen as an attack on the U.S.
Where?
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San Juan Hill Victory of Rough Riders led by
Theodore Roosevelt
How?
Yellow journalism increases support
U.S. fought Spain in Cuba and the Phillipines
U.S. defeats Spain quickly
Significance
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U.S. acquired territory from Spain—Guam, Puerto Rico, and Philippines
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Platt Amendment— U.S. could intervene in Cuba
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What was the result? U.S. moves into world power
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Why is this war considered a turning point? U.S. began to have more international influence
Turning Point!
Who?
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Yellow journalism—Pulitzer and Hearst newspapers used this exaggerated form of journalism
Why?
DéLome letter calls President
McKinley weak. Americans are
outraged
__________________________
USS Maine sinks and the U.S. blames Spain
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Technological Innovations?
Poison gas
Tanks
Machine guns
Airplanes
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Effects of Technological Innovations
Western Front— hundreds of miles of battle front along eastern France
Trench warfare … led to a
Stalemate led to …
Massive casualties
Who?
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President Wilson initially declared neutrality
Allies vs. Central Powers
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American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) led by John J. Pershing
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Argonne Forest one of the most famous battles (1918)because it shattered the German defenses
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Alvin York won the Congressional Medal of Honor
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Journalism—Pulitzer and Hurst newspapers used this exaggerated form of journalism
When? 1914-1918
World War I—Why is this a Turning Point?
Another Turning Point!
Significance
Germany reparations and accept
guilt
Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points
created League of Nations
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Great Migration
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U.S. returns to isolationism
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International instability
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Espionage Act of 1917/Sedition Act restricted freedom of speech
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Selective Service Act
Causes?
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Militarism:
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build-up of military
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Alliances:
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joining forces with countries with similar ideology
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Imperialism
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exercising control over another nation
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Nationalism:
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extreme loyalty to your nation
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Assassination of — Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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Reasons for United States Entry
When 1917
Sussex Pledge
Lusitania is sunk
Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare
Ties to Allies
Zimmerman Telegram
Sussex Pledge
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The Roaring Twenties
(The Great American Mullet)
Instructions: Fill in the importance of each of the following:
“Business in the Front”
“Change in the Back”
POLITICAL
“Return to Normalcy” — President Harding’s
reduced role of U.S. government / laissez-faire
policies
Harding & Teapot Dome Scandal
18TH Amendment—Prohibition of Alcohol
19th Amendment— women’s right to vote
21st Amendment—repealed prohibition
ECONOMIC
$Economic Boom—How did these impact the
Economy?
$Mass Production/Assembly Line-allowed faster, less costly means of production
$Henry Ford—built first affordable cars on a large scale
$Laissez-Faire-little government regulation led to rapid growth in business
$Buying-on-Credit-allowed consumers to purchase goods and to pay in installments; increased buying
SOCIAL
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Red Scare/Sacco-Vanzetti—reflected nativist feelings related to anti-communism
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Growth of nativism-after WWI, increased fear led to Red Scare
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Immigration Quota/Citizenship Act of 1924-restricted immigration from Southern/Eastern Europe
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Eugenics-desire to restrict certain groups; driven by nativism (Racism by science)
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Great Migration influenced culture-movement of African Americans to large urban areas for jobs
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Social Darwinism-survival of the fittest applied
to society and business
SOCIAL—modernism v. traditionalism
Adventure—
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Charles Lindbergh—1st person to fly the Atlantic Ocean
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Glenn Curtiss — Aviation Pioneer that was 1st to design seaplane that could take off and land on water
Changing Role of Women—
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Flappers-greater independence
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Frances Willard — Temperance Movement
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Women’s Rights Movement
Cultural Values—
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Prohibition Organized Crime-increased
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Scopes “Monkey” Trial— clash between traditionalism and modernism over teaching evolution.
Clarence Darrow
William Jennings Bryan
Art, Music & Literature
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Jazz Age – birth of new music-awakening of African American Culture
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Harlem Renaissance
Langston Hughes-literature
Marcus Garvey-political activist
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Tin Pan Alley—NYC area that mixed culture and music to form new pop music
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Lost Generation —F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby; Ernest Hemingway; Sinclair Lewis-captured the spirit of change in the 20s with new values
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Why was this a Turning Point?
Great Depression to New Deal
America’s Road to Recovery
Review this information by completing the blanks and questions.
1920’s
Warning Signs—
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Overproduction
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Speculation and buying on margin
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Buying on credit
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Bad banking practices
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Federal trade policies
1929
What was Black Tuesday?
Day in 1929 when stock prices fell to all-time lows and led to stock market collapse
1930’s
Immediate reactions—
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People who invested in stock market couldn’t repay loans
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Bank runs/failures
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Reduced demand for goods/unemployment
Hoover—
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Rugged individualism
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Believed government involvement should be limited
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Reconstruction Finance Corp.
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Mexican Repatriation Act— Hoover passed act to send Mexican American immigrants to their home country
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Hoovervilles
Effects of the Great Depression—no safety net at the time
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Widespread unemployment
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Business failures
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Foreclosures
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Homelessness – hobos
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Americans looked to government to solve economic problems
Dust Bowl—
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Where? area of the Great Plains
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Why? periods of drought, over-production of soil, winds
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Impact? economic disaster that destroyed harvests and farms
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Dorothea Lange—photographer who captured the difficulties
FDR is elected (1932)—
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Promised a New Deal- turning point in government involvement in the economy
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“Fireside Chats” reassured Americans
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Eleanor Roosevelt —political activist
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Frances Perkins – 1st female U.S. Cabinet member as Secretary of Labor
New Deal provided—
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Relief—bank holiday—CCC, PWA, WPA, (Alphabet Soup) programs
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Recovery —support production
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Reform—FDIC; Security Exchange Commission; Social Security Act
Opposition—
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A number of people were critical of FDR’s New Deal including constitutional challenges that the federal government was overstepping its power
FDR’s Court-packing—
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FDR plan to add appointed justices to the Supreme Court to vote in favor of New Deal
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Viewed as challenge to separation of powers
New Monetary Policy—
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Moved from gold standard to fiat (paper) money to expand money supply and stimulate economy 13
FDR’s NEW DEAL
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Instructions: What is important about the following—
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Relief
(Short-term)
Is like — a band-aid
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Recovery
(Stimulus)
Is like — a cast
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Reform
(Systematic)
Is like — prevention
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Bank Holiday: closed all nation’s banks to stabilize and restore consumer confidence
Emergency Mortgage Loans:
to support business and consumers
Work Relief Programs:
CCC;PWA; WPA hired workers for federal projects
Decreased spending
Decreased wages
Unemployment
Increased spending
Increased employment
Increased wages
All of these are in effect today!
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National Recovery Administration: federal program that set prices and production controls plus a minimum wage
Agricultural Adjustment
Administration: paid farmers to plant fewer crops; government also bought overages
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Social Security Administration:
workers/employers pay into system that provides support for the unemployed and elderly
Securities & Exchange
Commission: organized to oversee the stock market and prevent corruption
Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.:
insures bank deposits up to $250,000
Tennessee Valley Authority:
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Pacific Theatre
Hideki Tojo—military leader of Japan; prime minister during Pearl Harbor Attack Flying Tigers—volunteer U.S. pilots who supplied China Bataan Death March—U.S. prisoners forced by Japanese on 60 mi. march in Philippines Island-Hopping—military strategy of liberating islands from Japan Navajo Code Talkers—group of military who used Navajo language to code communication Chester Nimitz— U.S. Pacific fleet commander; instrumental in stopping Japan’s advance Douglas Macarthur— commanded U.S. Army in the Pacific George Marshall—acted as Chief of Staff-Army; worked with FDR regarding military/strategy Battle of Midway—turning point in war in Pacific Atomic bombs dropped—Hiroshima & Nagasaki; war ends
American Home Front: Isolationism to War
Neutrality Acts/Lend Lease Act—early U.S. attempts to remain neutral/support Britain Roosevelt—president during WWII; initially supported internationalism until Pearl Harbor Appeasement—attempt to prevent conflict by giving in to demands; ex. Germany Pearl Harbor—U.S. enters war after Japan executes surprise attack on naval base Executive Order 9066 + Internment Camps—wartime fear resulted in internment of Japanese Americans; raised constitutional issues Office of War Information + Propaganda—government organization that supported war effort; posters, radio programs, conservation War bonds, rationing, victory gardens—efforts to economically support the war Volunteering/patriotism—government encouraged citizens to support/sacrifice Enlist—Selective Service/Training Act provided build-up of armed forces in 1940; recruits known as GIs Mobilization—gathering military equipment & personnel to support war effort Vernon J. Baker—received Congressional Medal of Honor for courage in Europe U.S. entry—FDR asks Congress to declare war Dec. 8, 1941
European Theatre
Adolf Hitler—Nazi leader of Germany; extreme nationalism; wanted Europe Benito Mussolini—fascist leader of Italy Joseph Stalin—established totalitarian dictatorship in Soviet Union Dictatorship—weak economic and political factors following WWI allowed dictators to seize power Aggression—German invasions Poland, etc.; Italy built-up military; Japan seized much territory in Asia Winston Churchill—prime minister of Great Britain; defiantly defended Britain Fascism—aggressive nationalism; expansion of territory George Patton—commanded U.S. forces invading N. Africa/Sicily Dwight Eisenhower—Supreme ALLIED cOMMANDER in Europe Omar Bradley—Americancommander of D-Day invasion of Omaha and Utah beaches, coast of France D-Day Invasion & Normandy—largest amphibious operation that moved Allies eastward to German strongholds Tuskegee Airmen— African American fighter pilot group that served with distinction; paved way for military integration Holocaust—Nazi murder of nearly 6 million Jewish people Liberation of concentration camps— as Allies advanced into Europe, U.S. Army units were some of the 1st to report camp atrocities
Place the starred events below and its date in the correct location on the map. Then write the importance of each in the boxes below.
Aug.1945 Atomic bombs dropped
1942 Battle of Midway
Dec.7, 1941 Pearl Harbor attacked
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WORLD WAR II
Turning Point!
June 6, 1944, D-Day Invasion
A Battle of Ideology
United Nations
a
Team Democracy
Team Communism
United States/ Western Europe
U.S.S.R. (Soviet Union)
Who was involved?
Political Characteristics:
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communist government
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one political party
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restricted freedoms
Economic Characteristics:
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communist economy
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no private property
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government controls industry
Political Characteristics:
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representative government
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multi-party system
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protected freedoms—Economic Characteristics
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private ownership of property
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supply & demand set prices
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limited government involvement
U.S. Responses: Add the significance of each. Truman Doctrine — support any country fighting communism Containment Policy prevent the spread of communism Marshall Plan —economic support given to countries in Europe NATO/Collective Security —U.S., Canada, & 10 Western European countries pledged to defend each other against communism Domino Theory —intervention in areas that could fall to communism Eisenhower Doctrine —containment policy in the Middle East
Soviet Responses: Add the significance of each.
Warsaw Pact— Soviet Union and Eastern European alliance to defend each other
Satellite Nations —communist countries of Eastern Europe
Iron Curtain — phrase used by Churchill to describe the division Western and communist Eastern Europe
Berlin Wall — built by the Soviet Union to cut off East Berlin from democratic West Berlin
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COLD WAR
UNITED STATES How did life change?
Space Race—increased funding for education & space program Education Priorities—math,science Moon-Landing—continued advancement of science Arms Race—acceleration of defense spending Red-Scare—fear of communism led to internal security issues HUAC—Congressional committee formed to investigate disloyalty Joseph McCarthy senator who led harsh accusations against Americans as a fear of communism Rosenberg Trials—reflected fear of communist spies; couple charged with spying and executed Venona Papers—revealed identities of communist spies including Julius Rosenberg Détente—foreign policy of Nixon which relaxed tension with Soviet Union using diplomacy Star Wars—name given to Reagan’s SDI program to defend U.S. against Soviet missiles
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