Oceans clean up affirmative
Answers to: Depth of the Ocean
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- [___] Outside experts agree the mooring system for the platform would be less complex than many oil and gas drilling operations.
- Answers to: Depth of Plastics / Sinking Plastic
- Answer to: Consumption K – 2AC
- Answer to: Consumption K – Perm Ext
- Answer to: Consumption K – Link Turn
- [___] Scientific research resulting from building the clean up system would provide better evidence to convince skeptics about the scope of the issue.
- Answer to: Consumption K - Alternative Fails
- Answer to Plastic Bag Ban CP - No Solvency- Clean up needed
- Answer to Plastic Bag Ban CP - No Solvency- Other types of plastic
- Answer to Plastic Bag Ban CP - Permutation : Double Solvency
Answers to: Depth of the Ocean[___][___] Technology exists to moor the ocean clean up system in 4,000 meters of water.Slat, founder and lead designer The Ocean Cleanup Project, 2014 (Boyan, “Responding to Critics”, The Ocean Cleanup, http://www.theoceancleanup.com/blog/show/item/responding-to-critics.html) Boyan: In fact, many small moorings have been placed in over 5000 m of depth by oceanographic institutions like NIOZ and NOAA. The deepest moored oil rig is the Shell Perdido Spar at 2500 m of depth. The Ocean Cleanup will be placed at 3900 m. So we collaborated with the market leader in offshore anchoring systems, who came to the conclusion that “The tools and methods that are available to offshore engineering world can readily be applied for the realization of this project. It is Vryhof Anchors’ professional opinion that with the current knowledge and technology, the mooring of the objects at the given water depths is feasible. The mooring configuration and deployment procedures are similar to proven solutions at 2500 m water depth.” (Senol Ozmutlu, PhD). (feasibility study, chapter 3.7) [___] Outside experts agree the mooring system for the platform would be less complex than many oil and gas drilling operations.Slat et al, founder and lead designer The Ocean Cleanup Project, 2014 (Boyan, “A Feasibility Study”, http://www.theoceancleanup.com/fileadmin/media-archive/theoceancleanup/press/downloads/TOC_Feasibility_study_lowres.pdf) Keeping the array in position at all times will place substantial demands on a passive mooring system. At the given water depths, a fiber rope mooring system is the only option to use. To ensure integrity of the system, chain and wire rope is used at the bottom and top ends. A Stevmanta Vertical Load Anchor (surface area 14 m²) is sufficient to withstand the design loads including the safety factor. “Although it is a new type of floating concept, the size and weight of the object as well as the potential risks (environmental as well as commercial) are less severe than the majority of offshore structures in oil and gas. The tools and methods that are available to offshore engineering world can readily be applied for the realization of this project. It is Vryhof’s professional opinion that with the current knowledge and technology, the mooring of the objects at the given water depths is feasible. The mooring configuration and deployment procedures are similar to proven solutions at 2500 m water depth. The concept is executable regarding anchor and mooring line installation and load transfer from the tension member to the seafloor.” Senol Ozmutlu, PhD, Projects Director, Vryhof Anchors Answers to: Depth of Plastics / Sinking Plastic[___] [___] Most plastics are found near the surface especially the large plastics which make up 80% of the trash in the gyres. Slat, founder and lead designer The Ocean Cleanup Project, 2014 (Boyan, “Responding to Critics”, The Ocean Cleanup, http://www.theoceancleanup.com/blog/show/item/responding-to-critics.html) “Perhaps one of the worst assumptions evident in this design is that the plastic will be on the sea surface. Researchers have shown that plastic suspends in the water column at 100-150 meters due to wave action and sea state.” Boyan: This is misleading. It is true that the mixed layer can stretch to these depths during winter months, and it’s true that very small amounts of plastic can be found throughout the water column, but as our past 3 expeditions to the gyres have shown, the vast majority of plastics can be found in the top 1-3 m (depending on wind and sea state). This explains why researchers (as well as 5Gyres themselves) sample the surface layer of the oceans to measure plastic pollution. When we conservatively look at the data taken in winter months only, the surface layer contained 10x more microplastics than the layer at 4.5 m of depth. Hence our barriers stretch down to 3 meters, to capture the most of plastic. And in fact, here I am only addressing the small particles. The large plastics (that make up over 80% of the plastic in the gyres) are all at the sea surface. (feasibility study, chapter 2.2, 2.3) Answer to: Consumption K – 2AC- Perm do the plan and the alternative. Extend all the reasons the case is good idea – to clean up awful plastic in our oceans. At the same time go ahead and question your consumption habits. - No link. The plan was conceived in the spirit of the criticism. Our goal is to reduce the harm of human consumption of plastics in the ocean. - Effective governmental policy and individual action are fundamental to transforming our society. The permutation is the most effective option. David Roberts Social Scientist Grist 2007 The power of voluntary actions Social scientists respond to Mike Tidwell http://gristmih.grist.org/print/2007/9/11/13338/9554?show_comments=no The history of racial policy and WWII demonstrate the importance of both policy and voluntary actions. Much public debate and many small individual actions transpired to make racial discrimination less and less socially acceptable in the century and a half before LBJ signed the Civil Rights Act. Try telling descendants of those rescued by the underground railroad that it didn't matter. Even in the more urgent crisis of WWII, in addition to the mandatory policies, mass persuasion campaigns encouraged voluntary actions. Politicians realized they needed public support for the war effort, and for legislation. Remember the "We can do it!" poster encouraging women to join the labor force? The victory gardens? Voluntary actions provided direct physical support, strengthened the norm of supporting the war effort, and boosted morale. Both voluntary action and policy changes were crucial to winning the war. Finally, if articles such as Tidwell's teh people their actions don't matter, they may undermine any action to fight global warming at ah, including political action. Immediate, small steps toward sustainability are surely better than no steps at ah. And hypocrisy also gives ammunition to opponents of environmental legislation -- many may ask, why should I support a law asking me to sacrifice when those hypocritical environmentalists aren't even walking the walk? De-emphasizing personal actions may make us feel better -- "fixing the problem is the politicians' job, not ours" -- but it is delusion. To fight global warming in a democracy, we must do everything we can as individuals, including changing our lifestyles to reduce their impact on the environment and working for better policies. Policy is but one tool for producing the behavior change needed to halt global warming. Given the magnitude of the problem, ah tools are needed. Answer to: Consumption K – 2AC- Turn - Cleanup efforts raise attention to mobilize groups to reduce plastic usage. Slat et al, founder and lead designer The Ocean Cleanup Project, 2014 (Boyan, “A Feasibility Study”, http://www.theoceancleanup.com/fileadmin/media-archive/theoceancleanup/press/downloads/TOC_Feasibility_study_lowres.pdf, p 39) Firstly, cleanup concepts have demonstrated the potential to attract attention, including the concept that is the subject of this feasibility study as introduced in Chapter 1.7 (Slat, 2012). If used wisely, this attention could not only emphasize the scale and urgency of the plastic pollution problem, but can also be used to help preventive measures, by stressing the importance of closing the tap first. And since the cost of preventing and cleaning plastic pollution on land is likely to be lower than offshore, this could also quantify the financial incentive for improved pollution control on land. - Reducing consumption is inherently difficult. Albert C. Lin Professor of Law, University of California at Davis. Brigham Young University Law Review 2008 Tackling the problems posed by consumption quickly entangles one in questions of lifestyle choices and equity. For all humans - indeed, for all living things - consumption is necessary for life. Distinguishing between basic needs and less urgent wants requires a consideration of values and norms that is unlikely to produce general agreement. n70 And even if such distinctions could readily be made, few would be willing to agree that consumption to satisfy wants, as opposed to needs, necessarily amounts to overconsumption. Even the concept of sustainability, which claims to provide an objective [*62] framework for evaluating consumption decisions, provides no easy answers. n71 As Jim Salzman has observed, "sustainable consumption's ultimate objective remains indistinct, blurred by disagreement over appropriate measures, issues of international and intergenerational equity, and most important, implications on individual lifestyles." n72 Answer to: Consumption K – Perm ExtPersonal choices spill over and create big changes in government legislation policy. This proves the perm works best because individual and policy action work hand in hand. David Roberts Social Scientist Grist 2007 The power of voluntary actions Social scientists respond to Mike Tidwell http://gristmih.grist.org/print/2007/9/11/13338/9554?show_comments=no Dismissing the importance of small personal behavior choices in favor of a sole focus on policy changes is a big mistake. Small behaviors are important not only for the direct environmental impact they have, but because they often lead to more and more pro-environmental behaviors over time. Research shows that personal action and political action to protect the environment go hand in hand, rather than undermining each other. When people do something like buy a more expensive and perhaps less aesthetically pleasing compact fluorescent lightbulb, they justify it to themselves and others. This tends to result in changes in their self-perceptions (I am a person who cares about fighting global warming), their beliefs (global warming is a really important problem), and how others see them (they really care about the environment). The more people voluntarily engage in pro-environmental behaviors and justify it themselves and others, the more it creates social pressure to do good things for the environment. Numerous psychological studies have shown that people are more likely to agree to take a big action if they've previously agreed to smaller, similar actions. Thus, changing a light bulb may lead to higher impact behaviors like giving up plastic water bottles, insulating one's house, living closer to work, reducing meat consumption, and actively supporting legislation that will likely require personal sacrifice. When ExxonMobil hears about people changing lightbulbs and buying Priuses, they should expect public policy changes to follow. Don’t reject the plan. Ocean law can have benefits that benefit the environment. John Charles Kunich, Associate Professor of Law, Roger Williams University School of Law Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 2005 Losing Nemo: The Mass Extinction Now Threatening the World's Ocean Hotspots This is not to say that there is no value in the current legal regime. In some regions, an individual nation's laws have helped to slow the destruction of important marine hotspots, such as Australia's Great Barrier Reef. Likewise, on occasion a group of nations has come together to coordinate efforts and effectuate local improvements, as with the Mediterranean Action Plan. n465 Because many of the most notable known marine hotspots consist of coral reefs within the EEZ of sovereign nations, there is the potential for very substantial success, if more nations were to follow the lead of Australia and New Zealand in aggressively safeguarding these proximal buried/submerged treasures. The WHC has the potential to be of significant value in these near-shore hotspots as well, if only the host nations were inclined to inscribe them. Answer to: Consumption K – Link Turn[___] Visualization— ocean clean-up efforts allow people to easily see the extent of pollution.Slat et al, founder and lead designer The Ocean Cleanup Project, 2014 (Boyan, “A Feasibility Study”, http://www.theoceancleanup.com/fileadmin/media-archive/theoceancleanup/press/downloads/TOC_Feasibility_study_lowres.pdf, p 39) Secondly, a cleanup would be able to make the problem more visible. Although the numbers (by both mass and particle count) are large, it is hard to visualize, because the debris is dispersed over a vast area, with concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10 parts per m³ (Goldstein et al., 2013). However, by concentrating and/or extracting a significant percentage of plastic from the oceans, coverage of this collection process could help in raising awareness about the problem as well. [___] Scientific research resulting from building the clean up system would provide better evidence to convince skeptics about the scope of the issue.Slat et al, founder and lead designer The Ocean Cleanup Project, 2014 (Boyan, “A Feasibility Study”, http://www.theoceancleanup.com/fileadmin/media-archive/theoceancleanup/press/downloads/TOC_Feasibility_study_lowres.pdf, p 39) Finally, a cleanup project contributes to the scientific understanding of the oceanic plastic pollution problem. Both the research in the R&D phases before a cleanup as well as a large-scale cleanup itself would provide much better insights into the amount and composition of plastics in the oceans. Most recently for example, it has been recommended reducing the uncertainties of debris mass estimates “by developing large-scale, cost-effective techniques to monitor subtropical gyre accumulation zones that are millions of square kilometers in size” (Law et al., 2014). Answer to: Consumption K - Alternative FailsReducing consumption is politically problematic. Albert C. Lin Professor of Law, University of California at Davis. Brigham Young University Law Review 2008 Initiatives to address consumption at the level of the individual consumer have been far more sporadic than measures aimed at manufacturers. n162 The notion of consumer sovereignty has become deeply entrenched in American culture, making any proposal that might impinge upon it politically problematic. n163 Such measures challenge lifestyles, norms, and popular conceptions of liberalism and individual freedom. n164 Thus, it is unlikely that sumptuary laws - laws that directly prohibit consumption of luxury goods - will enjoy a [*76] resurgence. n165 Similarly, rationing and other measures that directly limit consumer choice will not receive serious consideration in the absence of a public sense of crisis. n166 Social movements will fail to reduce consumption. Albert C. Lin Professor of Law, University of California at Davis. Brigham Young University Law Review 2008 To reduce overall consumption levels, campaigns could encourage consumers to buy fewer goods. n196 Adherents of the voluntary simplicity movement, for example, seek to reduce material consumption in favor of a simpler lifestyle and more time with family, community, and nature. n197 "Freegans" live off of consumer waste to minimize their ecological impact and to reduce their support of the corporate economy. n198 Such movements, however, have experienced little success in the past, and would require significant shifts in social norms and values. n199 Promoting changes in values through the law is unlikely to be any easier than through voluntary movements. n200 Answer to Plastic Bag Ban CP - No Solvency- Clean up needed[___][___] Despite efforts like the counterplan to ban plastics, worldwide plastic use will continue to grow.Slat et al, founder and lead designer The Ocean Cleanup Project, 2014 (Boyan, “A Feasibility Study”, http://www.theoceancleanup.com/fileadmin/media-archive/theoceancleanup/press/downloads/TOC_Feasibility_study_lowres.pdf, p 39) The long-term solution for this environmental issue involves decreasing plastic waste and creating better disposal practices on land and at sea, at an international level. MARPOL 73/78 is the international convention for the prevention of marine pollution, and prohibits the disposal of plastic from ships anywhere in the world’s oceans. However, its enforcement varies globally, and clearly this regulation effects, at most, only 20% of all plastics entering the seas. Other measures to reduce the detritus of plastics in the environment are ordinances banning plastic single use items such as plastic bags and polystyrene3. Despite these efforts, the use of plastic worldwide continues to grow. Answer to Plastic Bag Ban CP - No Solvency- Other types of plastic[___][___] Many types of plastic in the ocean, the counterplan only prevents a small amount from making it there. The passive collection system could gather them all.Maritime Reporter, 2012 (“Project to Clean Up North Pacific Garbage Patch,” Tuesday, February 21, 2012 http://www.marinelink.com/news/project-pacific-garbage342616.aspx) Debris Collection ¶ Set-up by Ocean Voyages Institute of California in 2008, a California 501(c)3 non-profit organization, Project Kaisei is the ‘Ocean Clean-up initiative’ of the Institute, focused on increasing awareness of the scale of marine debris, its impact on the environment and the solutions for both prevention and clean-up. The project aims to prevent further accumulation of marine debris in the ocean and apply new technologies to begin removing this waste. ¶ Project Kaisei’s research findings have identified that debris falls into four major categories. ¶ • One: Ghost nets/derelict fishing gear, ¶ •Two: Floating consumer debris, ranging from car fenders to large plastic storage bins, plastic bottles and containers of all shapes and sizes,¶ • Three: Smaller plastic debris, ranging from tooth brushes to children's toys to broken down pieces of plastic, and ¶ • Four: Micro plastics. ¶ According to the project team, the four debris categories each present different challenges for clean-up that require technologies to be created and modified to find the best devices for extracting these different categories of debris. Having the availability of the satellite communications link is fundamental to the continued development of this global initiative and gives clean-up operations the ability to communicate and modify clean-up technologies being tested while at sea.¶ Answer to Plastic Bag Ban CP - Permutation : Double Solvency[___][___] The Counterplan presents a false choice. We should not need to decide between cleaning up or using less but need to do both to save the oceans.Slat et al, founder and lead designer The Ocean Cleanup Project, 2014 (Boyan, “A Feasibility Study”, http://www.theoceancleanup.com/fileadmin/media-archive/theoceancleanup/press/downloads/TOC_Feasibility_study_lowres.pdf, p 39) Many initiatives have been set up with the aim of trying to combat plastic pollution (especially in the past 10-15 years), ranging from prevention to extraction. Although not completely understood, the currently known sinks of the North Pacific gyre are likely to be small, and a large and continuous increase in plastic pollution has been measured over time (see Chapter 2). Given the implications for ecology, economics and human health as explained in Chapter 1.3, a cleanup would reduce these negative impacts. Based on the counterarguments outlined in 1.4.3 above, the statement that the solution to the plastic pollution problem should be either prevention or cleanup is not valid. A cleanup could also benefit preventive efforts as well. Hence, the effect of a combination of both prevention and cleanup will be greater than either of them alone, and this combination is the only solutionthat could reduce the amount of plastic pollution in the oceans within our lifetimes. 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