Oceans clean up affirmative
Answers to: Ocean Clean Up Coming Now
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- Ocean of Plastic Advantage - Extensions
- [___] Plastics kill sea life large and small and the pollution rate is increasing.
- Answers To: Clean Up Efforts Kill Sea Life
Answers to: Ocean Clean Up Coming Now[___][___] Plastic bags, soda bottles and other garbage have been dumped into our oceans for decades creating a global crisis of trash filled oceans with no end in sight. Ocean waters filled with plastic will have negative impacts on humans and marine animals alike.California Coastal Commission, 2014 (“Plastic in the Ocean is bad. The Problem With Marine Debris” http://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/marinedebris.htm) Marine debris is defined as "any manufactured or processed solid waste material that enters the marine environment from any source." Debris is everywhere—found around every major body of water on the planet, and below water as well. Marine debris is a global pollution problem that impacts human health and safety, endangers wildlife and aquatic habitats, and costs local and national economies millions in wasted resources and lost revenues.¶ ¶ HOW DOES TRASH BECOME MARINE DEBRIS?¶ Many people assume that if trash exists in the ocean, it must be that the fishing and shipping industries are to blame. But in fact, only 20% of the items found in the ocean can be linked to ocean-based sources, like commercial fishing vessels, cargo ships (discharge of containers and garbage), or pleasure cruise ships.¶ ¶ The remainder (80%) is due to land-based sources, like litter (from pedestrians, motorists, beach visitors), industrial discharges (in the form of plastic pellets and powders), and garbage management (ill-fitting trash can lids, etc).¶ ¶ TRASHING CALIFORNIA'S BEACHES¶ California residents and tourists love our coast and ocean, making more than 150 million visits to California beaches each year. The effort to keep our shorelines clear of marine debris comes at a significant cost. A 2012 study determined that 90 west coast communities spend a total of more than $520,000,000 each year to combat litter.¶ ¶ In 1975, the National Academy of Sciences estimated that ocean-based sources, such as cargo ships and cruise liners, dumped 14 billion pounds of garbage into the ocean. In 1988, the U.S. signed onto MARPOL Annex V, joining 64 other countries that signed the international protocol that regulates ocean dumping and made it illegal to dump plastic into the ocean. Even so, plastic pollution is still a major problem. A 2001 study found an average of 334,271 pieces of plastic per square mile in the North Pacific Central Gyre, which serves as a natural eddy system to concentrate material. And debris in the marine environment means hazards for animals and humans. Plastic marine debris affects at least 267 species worldwide, including 86 percent of all sea turtle species, 44 percent of all sea bird species, and 43 percent of marine mammal species. Ocean of Plastic Advantage - Extensions[___][___] Plastics alone kill hundreds of thousands of animals in the earth’s oceans.California Coastal Commission, 2014 (“Plastic in the Ocean is bad. The Problem With Marine Debris” http://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/marinedebris.htm) Common items like fishing line, strapping bands and six-pack rings can hamper the mobility of marine animals and cause injury. Once entangled, animals have trouble eating, breathing or swimming, all of which can have fatal results. Plastics do not biodegrade and may continue to trap and kill animals year after year. Marine debris entanglements have been documented for 135 species of animals. An estimated 300,000 cetaceans die each year from entanglement in fishing gear. (Read summaries of some recent whale entanglements in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary.) ¶ ¶ Ingestion¶ ¶ Birds, fish and mammals can mistake plastic for food. Debris may cause choking and injuries, and with plastic filling their stomachs, animals may have a false feeling of being full and may die of starvation. Sea turtles mistake plastic bags for jellyfish, one of their favorite foods. Even gray whales have been found dead with plastic bags and sheeting in their stomachs. A recent study of harbor seals in the Netherlands found that more than 12% had plastic in their digestive system. 95% of Northern Fulmars studied in the North Sea between 2007 and 2011 were found to contain plastic, on an average 0.38 grams. This could equal as much as 8.4% of the bird's body weight.¶ ¶ [___] Plastics kill sea life large and small and the pollution rate is increasing.Cho, staff blogger for the Earth Institute, 2011 (Renee, “Our Oceans: A Plastic Soup”, Earth Institute, 1-26, http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/01/26/our-oceans-a-plastic-soup/) But we know the plastic debris on the surface of the ocean is taking its toll on marine life. Animals get strangled in fishing lines, nets, and plastic litter. Fish and seabirds ingest bits of plastic they mistake for food that can block their intestinal tracts and kill them, or make them feel full so that they do not eat real food. One of Moore’s expeditions collected hundreds of samples of fish, and conducted necropsies on them: over 1/3 had ingested polluted plastic fragments, including one 2.5 inch fish that had 84 pieces of plastic in its tiny gut. In 1999, Moore’s research in the Central Pacific found six times more plastic than zooplankton in the water. In 2002, off the coast of Southern California, he discovered the ratio of plastic to plankton was 2.5. Preliminary results on samples Algalita took in 2008 already show that there is a significant increase in the ratio of plastic to plankton in the water. Answers To: Clean Up Efforts Kill Sea Life[___] [___] Bycatch will be minimal. Plankton can float under our system and larger animals will be deterred by sound systems. Slat et al, founder and lead designer The Ocean Cleanup Project, 2014 (Boyan, “A Feasibility Study”, http://www.theoceancleanup.com/fileadmin/media-archive/theoceancleanup/press/downloads/TOC_Feasibility_study_lowres.pdf, p. 29) Because they are effectively neutrally buoyant, both phytoplankton and zooplankton are likely to pass underneath the barriers along with the current. But even assuming the worst - The Ocean Cleanup Array would harvest all the plankton it encounters - this would constitute a maximum loss of 10 million kg of planktonic biomass annually. Given the immense primary production of the world oceans, it would take less than 7 seconds to reproduce this amount of biomass. With regard to vertebrates, harm caused by the barriers seems unlikely because non-permeable barriers are used, although some bycatch may occur in the near vicinity of the platform’s extraction equipment. To prevent the possible impact on vertebrates, active deterrent techniques could be implemented near the extraction equipment. [___] The Ocean Cleanup Array floats and does not use nets so sea life can swim around it while plastics and debris stay in it.Ian Somerhalder Foundation, 2012 (“The Ocean Cleanup Array: An Amazing Environmental Invention”, http://www.isfoundation.com/news/ocean-cleanup-array-amazing-environmental-invention)
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