Mark the statements true (T) or false (F)

1. 
   As a stereotype, most men would like to share childcare duties with their partners or wives.
   
2. 
   The New Dad does not mind helping with the vacuuming and washing-up when his partner asks him to.
   
3. 
   Parenting classes can give dads more confidence around the home.
   
4. 
   As to the survey results, we can define two types of fathers.
   
5. 
   Enforcer Dad can sometimes help his wife with the day-to-day childcare.
   
6. 
   Both Entertainer Dad and Useful Dads feel comfortable when his partner gets on with household chores.
   
7. 
   Not every woman dreams about Fully Involved Dad.
   
8. 
   Fathers and mothers have equal pay.
   
9. 
   Decent childcare presupposes flexible working hours.
   
10. 
    It’s not necessary to set clearly family responsibilities of both partners.
    

1.Most men would like to share childcare duties with …

a) their partners

b) wives

d) partners or wives.

2.Why would many fathers like to go to parenting classes?

a) To learn how to do day-to-day childcare.

b) Because they want to attend important school events.

c) Because they think it's important to be involved in the day-to-day care of children.

d) So they can be more confident in dealing with domestic issues.

3.How do Enforcer Dads view their role in childcare?

a) They don't see childcare as their responsibility.

b) They teach their children discipline by setting an example for them.

c) They keep children amused while their partner gets on with housework.

d) It's important for them to be involved in the day-to-day care of their children.

4. How do Fully Involved Dads find time to share childcare responsibilities with

their partners?

a) They run the home and the family, so their partners can focus on their professional duties.

b) They fit their work commitments to their partner's arrangements.

c) They often leave the office early.

d) They think it's their partner' s responsibility to negotiate flexibility at their workplace.

5. Entertainer Dad is at his best …

a) keeping his children laughing

b) allowing his partner to get on with household chores

c) arranging the children's school and extra activities

d) all the above mentioned.

6.Useful Dad is willing…

a) to help out around the house

b) to allow mother to be the 'team leader' in all things domestic and only help her.

c) to help children with home assignment

d) to do all the housework and be the 'team leader' in all things domestic.

7. What does Julie Mellor think employers should do?

a) Employers should provide both parents with equal pay and flexible working hours.

b) They should allow parent s to work from home so they can look after their children.

c)They should give women more support so they can take on more of the childcare responsibilities at home.

d)They should pay women more because they are often disadvantaged in the workplace.

8. All of the following words are synonymous with ‘chairwoman’ EXCEPT…

a) leader

b) manager

c) moderator

d) presiding officer

9. Which of the following words is an antonym to ‘disciplinarian’?

a) martinet

b) tyrant

c) despot

d) indulging boss.

10. The main idea of the text is …

a) Fathers are ready to participate in taking care of children, and this is surprising.

b) Fathers should be encouraged to participate in childcare more actively.

c) Working women want their partners to take over some childcare responsibilities.

d) Fathers are changing for better.

Some forms of life adapt more easily than others. For example, people can adjust to many different environments. They live in all kinds of climates, ranging from the tropics to the Arctic. Human beings are generalized. That is, the human body allows people to adapt more easily to different environments. But such living beings as mosquitoes and bamboo plants are more specialized. Because of their physical makeup, they can live only in a rather warm, wet climate.

Most living things die when they cannot adjust to their environment. Many kinds of plants and animals that once lived on the earth have become extinct. For example, giant reptiles called dinosaurs roamed the earth millions of years ago. But then, the swamps they lived in dried up, and the climate and food changed. The dinosaurs failed to adjust to these changes and died out. But certain dinosaurs are the ancestors of reptiles.

Living beings may adapt to changes in environment in two ways. A population (group of the same kind of organism) may adapt through evolution over many generations. It usually occurs gradually over long periods of time – thousands or millions of years. Or an organism may adapt within its own lifetime by adjusting its behavior or body chemistry in some way. Changes in behaviour are caused by such external conditions as weather, soil and the food supply.

1. 
   Adaptation is the ability of plants to adjust to their environment.
   
2. 
   Some forms of life adapt more easily than others.
   
3. 
   People live in all kinds of climates, ranging from the sub-tropics to Africa.
   
4. 
   The human body allows people to adapt more easily to different environments.
   
5. 
   Such living beings as butterflies and palms are more specialized.
   
6. 
   Most living things die when they cannot adjust to their environment.
   
7. 
   Giant reptiles called snakes roamed the earth millions of years ago.
   
8. 
   The swamps the dinosaurs lived in dried up and the climate and the food changed.
   
9. 
   Living beings may adapt to changes in environment in three ways.
   

1.Adaptation is the ability of animals, including human beings and plants…

1. 
   to change their way of life
   
2. 
   to adjust to their environment
   
3. 
   to move to another place of inhabitant
   

1. 
   situation
   
2. 
   climate
   
3. 
   weather
   

1. 
   adopt
   
2. 
   create
   
3. 
   hold-up
   

1. 
   countries
   
2. 
   sounds
   
3. 
   environments
   

1. 
   selective
   
2. 
   generalized
   
3. 
   simple
   

1. 
   live
   
2. 
   change
   
3. 
   die
   

1. 
   mammals
   
2. 
   reptiles
   
3. 
   birds
   

1. 
   three ways
   
2. 
   five ways
   
3. 
   two ways
   

1. 
   lifetime
   
2. 
   life history
   
3. 
   life-line
   

1. 
   internal conditions
   
2. 
   inner conditions
   
3. 
   external conditions
   

The purpose of most advertising is to sell products or services. Manufacturers advertise to try to persuade people to buy their products. Large business firms also use advertising to create a favorable “image” of their company. They want the company name to be known and respected for the products the firm makes or the services it provides. Local businesses use advertising to gain new customers and increase sales. Advertising thus plays a major role in the competition among the businesses for the consumer’s dollar. It is the cheapest and fastest way to inform large number of people about products or services for sale and to persuade them to buy. In many businesses, the volume of sales depends largely on the amount of advertising done.

Advertising is also used by individuals, political parties and candidates, social organizations, special-interest groups, and the government. Many people advertise in newspapers to sell used cars, homes, or other property. Political parties and candidates use advertising o try to win votes. Social organizations and special-interest groups often advertise to promote a cause or to influence the way people think or act.

Advertising is common in almost all countries. In many countries, however, the use of advertising is more restricted than it is in the United States. In most countries of Western Europe, for example, the governments limit the amount of advertising on television. The governments also make greater use of advertising for social, political and educational purposes. In Great Britain, for example, the government is the nation’s largest single advertiser.

1. 
   In everyday life, people come into contact with many kinds of advertising.
   
2. 
   Printed advertisements make up a large part of books.
   
3. 
   Billboard ads appear in many buses, subways and trains.
   
4. 
   The purpose of most advertising is to buy products or services.
   
5. 
   Manufacturers advertise to try to persuade people to buy their products.
   
6. 
   Local businesses use advertising to gain new customers and increase sales.
   
7. 
   Advertising plays a major role in the competition among the businesses for the consumer´s money.
   
8. 
   In many businesses the volume of sales depends largely on quality of advertising.
   
9. 
   Advertising is common in almost all countries.
   

1. 
   Advertising is…
   

1. 
   a letter
   
2. 
   a message
   
3. 
   an E-mail
   

1. 
   Printed advertisements make up a large part of…
   

1. 
   newspapers and magazines
   
2. 
   leaflets and magazines
   
3. 
   newspapers and leaflets
   

1. 
   Billboards dot…
   

1. 
   road-blocks
   
2. 
   road-ways
   
3. 
   roadsides
   

1. 
   The purpose of most advertising is…
   

1. 
   to produce
   
2. 
   to sell
   
3. 
   to buy
   

5. 
   Large business firms use advertising to create…
   
   1. 
      a favourable “image” of the company
      
   2. 
      an idea
      
   3. 
      a description
      
6. 
   Advertising is used to gain new customers and increase sales by…
   
   1. 
      local businesses
      
   2. 
      particular businesses
      
   3. 
      general businesses
      
7. 
   Many people advertise …
   
   1. 
      on TV
      
   2. 
      through the Internet
      
   3. 
      in newspapers
      
8. 
   Political parties use advertising…
   
   1. 
      to promote themselves
      
   2. 
      to win votes
      
   3. 
      to get a victory
      
9. 
   The governments limit the amount of advertising on television…
   
   1. 
      in Africa
      
   2. 
      in Asia
      
   3. 
      in Western Europe
      
10. 
    The government is the nation´s largest single advertiser…
    
    1. 
       in the USA
       
    2. 
       in Japan
       
    3. 
       in Great Britain
       

Aesthetics studies how artists imagine, create, and perform works of art; how people use, enjoy, and criticize art; and what happens in their minds when they look at paintings, listen to music, or read poetry, and understand what they see or hear. It also studies how they feel about art – why they like some works and not others, and how art can affect their moods, beliefs and attitudes toward life. One of the effects of art is the feeling that some things are beautiful and others are ugly. For many years, scholars regarded the stud of beauty as the whole or main problem of aesthetics. Now the subject has broadened to include many other aspects of art in relation to the life around it. One main task is to collect, organize, and interpret accurate information about the arts and aesthetic experience. Another is to help people judge the aims and values of art more intelligently.

1. 
   Aesthetics is the study of what is right and wrong in human behavior.
   
2. 
   Aesthetics studies all the arts, from all the countries and from all the periods of history.
   
3. 
   Aesthetics studies how scientists imagine, create and perform their discoveries.
   
4. 
   Aesthetics also studies how artists feel about art.
   
5. 
   One of the effects of art is the feeling that some things are beautiful and others are ugly.
   
6. 
   One main task is to collect, organize and interpret accurate information about the life of people.
   
7. 
   Aesthetics is usually regarded as a branch of psychology.
   
8. 
   The youngest branch to be given its own name which was first used in 1700´s was epistemology.
   
9. 
   Philosophers from Hegel to the present have discussed the philosophy of art.
   
10. 
    Since the late 1800s writers have been developing aesthetics into more independent field of study.
    

1. 
   Aesthetics is the subject that tries to understand…
   

1. 
   moral rules or principles or behavior
   
2. 
   the mental processes
   
3. 
   the arts in a broad and fundamental way
   

2. 
   Many persons study one of the arts…
   

1. 
   painting , music, poetry
   
2. 
   literature, music, poetry
   
3. 
   painting, music, sculpture
   

3. 
   Aesthetics tries to organize knowledge…
   

1. 
   carefully
   
2. 
   thoroughly
   
3. 
   systematically
   

4. 
   Aesthetics studies how artists…
   

1. 
   create, imagine and perform works of art
   
2. 
   arrange, imagine, create
   
3. 
   perform, find and imagine
   

5. 
   One of the effects of art is…
   

1. 
   the feeling
   
2. 
   the creation
   
3. 
   the image
   

6. 
   The whole or main problem of aesthetics is to study…
   

1. 
   beauty
   
2. 
   wonder
   
3. 
   perfection
   

7. 
   One main task of aesthetics is…
   

1. 
   to study, collect and organize
   
2. 
   to collect, organize and interpret
   
3. 
   to organize, workout and collect
   

8. 
   Aesthetics is usually regarded as a branch of…
   

1. 
   Psychology
   
2. 
   Philosophy
   
3. 
   Medicine
   

9. 
   The name of aesthetics was first used in…
   

1. 
   1800s
   
2. 
   1600s
   
3. 
   1700s
   

10. 
    Many of the rules have been…
    

1. 
   banished
   
2. 
   restricted
   
3. 
   abandoned
   

When Alaska entered the Union in 1959, it was the first new state in 47 years. About 500 miles (800 kilometers) of Canadian territory separate Alaska from Washington. Alaskans often refer to the rest of the continental United States as the “lover 48”. The Alaskan mainland’s most western point is only 51 miles (82 kilometers) from Russia. Alaska Little Diomede Island, in the Bering Strait, is about 2,5 miles (4 kilometers) from Russia’s Big Diomede Island. No other part of North America is closer to Asia.

Almost a third of Alaska is north of the Arctic Circle. The climate and soil as far north as the Arctic Circle permit farmers to raise livestock and grow barley, potatoes, and other crops. The summer sun shines about 20 hours a day, and crops grow rapidly.

Secretary of State William H. Seward bought Alaska from Russia in 1867 for $7,200,000– only about 2 cents per acre. Many Americans thought the region was the waste of ice and snow. But Alaska proved to be rich in fish, minerals, timber, and potential water power. The potential of resources taken from the region has paid back the purchase price hundreds of times. Huge oil reserves at Prudhoe Bay along the Arctic coast rank as Alaska’s chief source of wealth.

1. 
   Hawaii is the largest state in the United States.
   
2. 
   Alaska has more people than any other state.
   
3. 
   Juneau is Alaska's capital.
   
4. 
   Juneau ranks as the nation's smallest city in the area.
   
5. 
   When Alaska entered the Union in 1959 it was the first new state in 47 years.
   
6. 
   About 700 kilometers of Canadian territory separate Alaska from Washington.
   
7. 
   Alaska is closer to Asia than other states.
   
8. 
   Almost a half of Alaska is north of the Arctic Circle.
   
9. 
   The summer sun shines about 18 hours a day and crops grow rapidly.
   
10. 
    Alaska is famous for tall mountains and beautiful scenery.
    

1. 
   The largest state in the United States is…
   

1. 
   Texas
   
2. 
   Alaska
   
3. 
   Hawaii
   

2. 
   Alaska is almost … as large as all the rest of the United States.
   

1. 
   a fourth
   
2. 
   a sixth
   
3. 
   a fifth
   

3. 
   Alaska has … people than any other state.
   

1. 
   fewer
   
2. 
   larger
   
3. 
   an equal amount of
   

4. 
   Alaska´s capital is …
   

1. 
   New York
   
2. 
   Juneau
   
3. 
   Boston
   

5. 
   When Alaska entered the Union in 1959 it was the first new state in …
   

1. 
   46 years
   
2. 
   48 years
   
3. 
   47 years
   

6. 
   Alaskans often refer to the rest of the continental United States as the …
   

1. 
   “lover 48”
   
2. 
   “lover 52”
   
3. 
   “lover 38”
   

7. 
   No other part of North America is closer to …
   

1. 
   Australia
   
2. 
   Asia
   
3. 
   Europe
   

8. 
   Almost a third of Alaska is … of the Arctic Circle.
   

1. 
   east
   
2. 
   north
   
3. 
   west
   

9. 
   Alaska is famous for…
   

1. 
   high hills and picturesque valleys
   
2. 
   deep lakes and fast rivers
   
3. 
   tall mountains and beautiful scenery
   

10. 
    Alaska has the 13 next highest peaks and almost all the … in the United States:
    

1. 
   active volcanoes
   
2. 
   National parks
   
3. 
   vast valleys
   

When Alexander was 13 years old he became the pupil of Aristotle. He was always eager to learn. Aristotle inspired the talented youth with a great love for literature. The boy came to know and like Greek ways of living, and was impressed by the ideals of Greek civilization. He took part in sports and daily exercise to develop a strong body. Aristotle also inspired in Alexander a keen interest in other countries and races of men, and in animals and plants. Alexander’s education was not all from books. He talked with ambassadors from many foreign countries and with other noted men at his father’s court. When he was only 18, he commanded a part of Philip’s cavalry at the battle of Chaeronea. Alexander also acted as his father’s ambassador to Athens.