Освіта чернівеччини чернівці 2013
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- Text № 39 Chimps and orangutans may experience midlife crises.
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- Text № 40 Naples chefs take sides in the ‘ultra pizza’ wars
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10) He united the Greek cities in the League of Corinth and became its…
Text № 39 Chimps and orangutans may experience midlife crises. Chimps and orangutans may experience midlife crises, say scientists Study suggests the well-being of captive apes declines in middle age then picks up as they approach old age Ian Sample, science correspondent 19 November, 2012 There comes a time in some men’s lives when the days seem darker, death more certain, and the only sensible response is to blow the life savings on a sports car. Radical and often ill-advised changes in lifestyle are typical for the midlife crisis but, if it is more than a myth, then humans may not be the only animals to experience it. Now an international team of scientists claims it has found evidence for a slump in well-being among middle-aged chimpanzees and orangutans. The lull in happiness in the middle years, they say, is the ape equivalent of the midlife crisis. The findings of the study, which was published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, suggest that the midlife crisis may have its roots in the biology humans share with our closest evolutionary cousins. “There’s a common understanding that there’s a dip in well-being in middle age,” Alex Weiss, a psychologist at Edinburgh University, told the Guardian. He said that they took a step back and asked whether it’s possible that the midlife crisis is not just something human. The team from the US, Japan, Germany and the UK asked zookeepers and others who worked with male and female apes of various ages to complete questionnaires on the animals. The forms included questions about each ape’s mood, the enjoyment they got from socializing, and their success at achieving certain goals. The final question asked how zookeepers would feel about being the ape for a week. They scored their answers from one to seven. More than 500 apes were included in the study in three separate groups. The first two groups were chimpanzees, with the third made up of orangutans from Sumatra or Borneo. The animals came from zoos, sanctuaries and research centres in the US, Australia, Japan, Canada and Singapore. When the researchers analyzed the questionnaires, they found that well-being in the apes fell in middle age and climbed again as the animals moved into old age. In captivity, great apes often live to 50 or more. The animals’ well-being was at its lowest, on average, at 28.3 and 27.2 years old for the chimpanzees, and 35.4 years old for the orangutans. “In all three groups we find evidence that well-being is lowest in chimpanzees and orangutans at an age that corresponds more or less to midlife in humans,” Weiss said. “On average, well-being scores are lowest when animals are around 30 years old.” Robin Dunbar, Professor of Evolutionary Psychology at Oxford University, was skeptical about the findings. “What can produce a sense of well-being that varies across their lifetimes like this? It’s hard to see anything in an ape’s life that would have that sort of pattern. They’re not particularly good at seeing far ahead into the future; that’s one of the big differences between them and us.” Alexandra Freund, Professor of Psychology at the University of Zurich, was also skeptical. She said, “In my opinion, there is no evidence for the midlife crisis.” But Weiss believes the findings could point to a deeper understanding of the emotional crisis some men may experience. “If we want to find the answer to the question of what’s going on with the midlife crisis, we should look at what is similar in middle-aged humans, chimps and orangutans,” he said.
1. Humans are the only species who experience midlife crisis. 2. An international team of scientists declares it has found evidence for a slump in well-being among middle-aged chimpanzees and orangutans 3. The study aimed to find out whether apes also suffer from a midlife crisis. 4. It was carried out in Scotland. 5. The study’s authors interviewed zookeepers and others about the apes’ behaviour. 6. The study showed that apes, like humans, reach a crisis when they are middle aged. 7. The target study group consisted of gorillas, chimpanzees and orangutans. 8. The authors of the study chose great apes as they share most of our DNA. 9. Two professors of psychology in Switzerland and in the UK are very excited about the results of the study. 10. The study’s authors hope that the findings will help us understand what happens to us when we reach middle age.
1. Why did the study’s authors choose to look at great apes? 2. Why was the study carried out? 3. How and where was it carried out? 4. What were the findings of the study? 5. Why do two experts not really believe the study’s findings? 6. What do the study’s authors hope the findings will achieve?
In Naples, the birthplace of the margherita, there is much discussion over the addition of stilton cheese, port and even liquorice Tom Kington 20 May, 2012 Enzo Coccia seems evangelical while he discusses his spring pizza –with lots of asparagus, buffalo mozzarella, sheep’s cheese, lard and beans. “They may say I am a heretic, but I just want to experiment,” says the controversial maker of what people call gourmet or “ultra pizzas”. The fashion for ultra pizzas has spread throughout Italy. But as Coccia is constantly reminded, this is Naples, the home of the tomato and mozzarella margherita. Since opening in 2010, Coccia’s restaurant, La Notizia, has led an army of angry traditionalists to express their contempt for Coccia’s strange combination of salt cod and mozzarella, his use of figs and pesto and his €25 truffle oil pizza. His innovative approach has divided a city. “There is no such thing as gourmet pizza. We are not OK with this,” said Sergio Miccu, head of the Neapolitan Association of Pizza Makers, which has got EU certification for the margherita and another Neapolitan standard, the tomato, garlic and oregano marinara. “Pizza was born as a food for the poor and any complicated pizza loses its identity,” he added. To prove his point, Miccu listed the elements that make the perfect – and now Brussels-patented – margherita: a 33cm diameter, 2–3cm high crust, San Marzano tomatoes, cow’s milk mozzarella from the region of Campania and olive oil, all cooked in a wood oven after the dough has risen for nine hours. But a growing number of pizza makers, from all around Italy, are pushing beyond that. They are following the example of a Rome restaurant, La Gatta Mangiona, which has experimented with duck and asparagus, and steamed chestnut and mushroom pizzas. In a country that normally uses simple ingredients and traditional recipes, pizza makers are now attempting stilton and port pizzas, as well as shrimp, saffron and liquorice pizzas. What makes Coccia different is that he has dared to open for business in the town where pizza was first made popular. It was in Naples, in 1889, that a pizza maker named his new mozzarella, tomato and basil pizza – which give the white, red and green of the Italian flag – after Margherita of Savoy. Naples’s pizzas got a further boost from the 1954 Italian comedy, The Gold of Naples, with Sofia Loren. Five decades on, Starita, the local restaurant which prepared her for the role, is still popular. “I am completely against these gourmet pizzas – a pizza restaurant must be quick and cheap and make at least 400 pizzas a night,” said Antonio Starita, 70, whose grandfather opened the restaurant in 1901. “I have seen cream being used, and it doesn’t get worse than that,” he added, while making pizza dough. At Di Matteo on Via Dei Tribunali in the heart of Naples, where 600 pizzas are served a day and a margherita costs €3, the owner, Salvatore di Matteo, rejected the fashion for ultra-pizzas. “For me,” he said, “gourmet means talking about what you eat.” A third of Di Matteo’s business is folded and fried pizzas – typically stuffed with ricotta, provola cheese and cicoli, a local type of pancetta. For Neapolitans, he said, it is even more of a tradition than the margherita. “Fried pizza was bigger than oven-baked pizza in Naples until the 1950s. It needs good oil and a pizza maker who can tell the oil’s temperature just by looking at it – it’s such a hard technique that it hasn’t become popular outside Naples,” he said. For food expert Davide Paolini, the new gourmet pizzas “can be great, but it’s no longer pizza”. He did, however, praise the work of the new pizza chefs in perfecting the dough base. “Gourmet pizza makers are doing serious research on flours and methods of raising the dough, particularly Enzo Coccia,” he said. While his ingredients may be raising eyebrows in Naples, Coccia’s light, perfectly baked pizza bases are winning praise from his peers. After a long night’s baking, he still has the energy to describe the perfect mix of humidity, volume and temperature for raising dough. “This hasn’t changed much since the Greeks, but we are always looking to improve things,” he said. At a second restaurant on the same street his menu is strictly traditional. As for the ingredients in his gourmet business, some may be unusual but all are local. “I did a fried pizza with mussels and pancetta based on my grandmother’s skewers of mussels and pancetta, dipped in egg and breadcrumbs then fried,” he said. “If I am innovating, it is only because I know the traditions.”
Text № 41 The wild animals from Africa attract big-game hunters from many parts of the world. Hunting expeditions, called safaris, go after Africa’s lions, leopards and such grass-eating animals as the rhinoceros. Hunting and expending settlement have greatly reduced the size of the game herds. To protect the animals, many wild animal preserves have been established in central, eastern, and southern Africa. Herds of antelopes, giraffes, and zebras live in Africa’s grasslands. Animals that prey on them include hyenas, jackals, leopards, and lions. Elephants once roamed across much of the continent, but thousands have been killed for their ivory tusks. Today, large elephant herds are common only in eastern and south-eastern Africa. Chimpanzees, gorillas, and monkeys live in the rain forests. Tropical rivers and swamps are the homes of crocodiles and hippopotamuses. Birds and reptiles are plentiful almost everywhere in Africa except in the deserts. Such large water birds as flamingos, pelicans, and storks live in eastern Africa. Ostriches live in southern and eastern Africa and in the western Sahara. Such disease-carrying insects as the mosquito and the tsetse fly live in the African tropics. The mosquito carries malaria germs, and the tsetse fly carries sleeping sickness germs. Mark the statements true (T) or false (F)
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Text № 42 Food is by far the most important farm product. But farms also provide many other kinds of products, from natural fibers to ornamental flowers and trees. Some far products are used only to feed livestock. These forage crops include alfalfa, clover, and many grasses, such as bluestem, grama, and timothy. Forage crops are extremely important because they make commercial livestock production possible. Farmers produce almost all the world’s food, including some fish and game. Most food products come from crops. The rest come from animals, especially cattle, hogs, and other livestock. The world’s farmers grow about 85 major food crops. They can be divided into eight groups. The main group is cereal grains. Grain is grown on half the world’s cropland and supplies much of the nourishment in the human diet. The chief grains are barley, corn, millet, oats, rice, rye, sorghum, and wheat. Various root crops make up the second most important group of food crops. Like cereal grain, root crops are grown throughout the world and are a basic food for many people. The leading root crops are potatoes, sweet potatoes, and a tropical plant called cassava. The six remaining groups of major crops are: (1) pulses, which consist mainly of dry beans and dry peas; (2) fruits and vegetables other than root crops and pulses; (3) oil-bearing crops, such as soybeans and coconuts; (4) sugar-bearing crops, especially sugar cane and sugar beets; (5) nuts; (6) cocoa beans, coffee, and tea. Some oil crops, especially soybeans, are used to make flour and meal as well as oil. Cattle, chickens, goats, hogs, sheep and other livestock are the main animals raised for food. Livestock are raised in every country and supply nearly all the world’s meat, eggs, and milk. Farmers also raise a few kinds of animals other than livestock for food. For example, many farmers keep bees for honey. Farmers on fish farms raise freshwater food fish, such as catfish and trout, and saltwater shellfish, such as mussels and oysters.
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a) milk and cheese b) some fish and game c) fruit and vegetables
a) 85 major food crops b) 95 major food crops c) 75 major food crops
Text № 43 Air surrounds the Earth just above the land and sea. It is often called the atmosphere. Air seems like nothing, but it is really several gases mixed together. Without air, there could be no living plants or animals on the earth. You are breathing air this very minute. You must breathe air to live. People have stayed alive more than a month without food, and more than a week without water. But a person can live only a few minutes without air. Air has no colour, no smell, and no taste. Yet air is just as real as water or land. You do not usually see air, because it is transparent. The light rays pass straight through air. However, objects appear to be wavy if we look at them through a patch of warm air surrounded by cold air. For example, warm air rising above a hot radiator makes things behind it seem wavy. In this manner, you actually seem to see air. You can feel air against your face when the wind blows. You can also see waves, clouds, and tree branches move as air pushes against them. Air can blow large sailboats across the widest oceans. It can turn windmills and pump water. Most sounds come to us through the air. If there were no air, the world would be silent, because sound cannot travel in a vacuum. Air has weight, and it is this weight that keeps balloons that are lighter than air high above the earth. Air shows resistance to any motion. This air resistance keeps birds and airplanes up in the air, just as water resistance helps a water skier skim on the surface of the water. There is an “ocean” of air just as real as any ocean of water. When you walk, you push along the bottom of this ocean of air much as a crab crawls on the bottom of the sea. The ocean of air covers a larger area than all the oceans of water put together. It is many times deeper than the earth’s oceans and it covers all the earth. Directory: ld ld -> Dsci 3870: Management Science ld -> Primary holiday activities ld -> Vitae weldon A. Lodwick Born: São Paulo, sp, Brasil – January 26, 1944 education ld -> Vitae weldon A. Lodwick Born: São Paulo, sp, Brasil – January 26, 1944 education ld -> Members of The War of 1812 Society in Virginia participate in a Plaque unveiling at the Old Donation Episcopal Church in Virginia Beach The program: Below the Master of Ceremonies, Dr Thomas Whetstone presides ld -> Kristen Corbosiero, former daes post doc Ron McTaggart-Cowan, and McGill University Professor John Gyakum ld -> State of Florida ld -> - ld -> The harmony society Download 1.39 Mb. Share with your friends:
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