Освіта чернівеччини чернівці 2013
Text № 24 Beware – chewing gum!
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- Mark the statements true (T) or false (F)
- Text № 25 Unusual women of the past
- Text № 27 Violent games and human brain
- Text № 28 Face transplant man Richard Norris has ‘life restored’
- Text № 29 Food shortages could force world into vegetarianism, warn scientists
Text № 24 Beware – chewing gum! Towns and cities across the UK are sticking together to try get more done to clean chewing gum off the streets. Councils in 20 places want companies that make chewing gum to contribute towards cleaning up the mess that it leaves on the streets. It costs local councils around £150 million every year to scrape gum off the streets. The group says that every single piece of gum costs 10p to clean up, but only costs 3p to make. They add that if gum companies handed over 1p from every pack sold it would add £9 million to the clean – up fund. A spokesman for Westminster Council in London said they spend £100,000 every year on cleaning up discarded chewing gum. Alan Bradley added ”It is time the manufacturer and the people who throw this mess on to the ground take responsibility for their actions – it is time to make the polluters pay”. On Monday the Government – backed Chewing gum Action Group is holding a conference on the issue too. People who drop gum in the street could face fines of up to £75 from Monday. The aim of scheme, being tried out in Preston, is to get gum chewers to throw their gum in the bin when they’ve finished with it, not on the floor. Specially trained wardens will issue law breakers who refuse to bin their chewing gum with fine starting at £50. The government – backed campaign will also run adverts to convince people that getting the sticky stuff off the street is a real problem. Anti – gum dropping adverts will appear on posters in shopping areas and in telephone kiosks. Disposal pouches for people to use to get rid of their gum will also be handed out in pedestrian areas.
Circle the correct item 1. The problem the UK towns and cities face is… a) the low cost of chewing gum. b) increasing damage by chewing gum. c) low fines the polluters pay. d) damage by advertising chewing gums.
a) organise advertising campaign against gum producing companies. b) limit the growing production of chewing gum by the leading manufacturers. c) make more money necessary to clean up streets of British towns and cities. d) train special wardens to issue law breakers with fines.
a) to produce a piece of gum is cheaper than to clean up the mess it leaves b) if every pack of gum were sold cheaper local authorities would add £9 million to the clean up fund. c) gum producing companies should contribute £100,000 every year to do away with the problem. d) local councils should spend about £150 million every year to scrape gum off the streets.
a) £75.
b) £50. c) £150.
d) £9. 5. Discarded chewing gum… a) never makes any problems to people. b) should be given to specially trained wardens. c) cannot be get rid of because it sticks to bins. d) should never be on the ground.
a) convince people to get rid of chewing gum. b) appear on posters in shopping areas. c) help people realise their responsibilities. d) aim at handing out special ads in pedestrian areas.
One English woman soldier in the seventeenth century was Christian Walsh, the wife of a man who was made to join the army, although he did not want to be a soldier. Christian refused to accept the situation, unlike most women in those days. She cut off her hair, dressed as a man and joined the army, calling herself Kit Cavanagh, in order to look for her husband. It was thirteen years before she found him and during that time she fought in several different countries. She was only discovered to be a woman when doctors were operating on her for an injury she had received while fighting. A rather different example, from around the same time, is Anne Bonney. It is not certain why she left Ireland, where she was born, and went to the islands which are now called the Bahamas. However, we know that when she got there, she fell in love with a sailor called John Rackham. She worked with John to steal a ship from the local port. They obviously chose the ship carefully, because it was the fastest one in the port at the time. For the next ten years they sailed round the Caribbean, attacking other ships and stealing everything valuable from them, as well as taking sailors to help on their own ship. One day, Anne was surprised to discover that a boy they had taken off another ship in this way was really a young woman. She told Anne her name was Mary Read. She said she had dressed like a man to increase her opportunities, because in those days of course most women were expected to stay at home. Earlier, Mary had fought in the army, but had stopped pretending to be a man for a short time when she married a soldier who had realized that she was a woman. Unfortunately her husband died, and so Mary started to dress as a man once again and became a sailor. Anne and Mary continued their criminal career with John Rackham, but in the end their ship was caught by the navy. The two women went on fighting even after all the men were taken prisoner, but they avoided punishment and disappeared. Nobody knows what happened to them after that. Perhaps they pretended to be men and joined another ship, or maybe they got married.
1. The writer says many women joined armies before the twentieth century. 2. Christian Walsh wanted to marry a soldier. 3. Kit Cavanagh spent thirteen years in the army. 4. Kit fought the doctors when they tried to operate. 5. Anne Bonney went to the Bahamas to find John Rackham. 6. Anne helped John to get a fast ship. 7. Mary was already working on a ship before she met Anne. 8. Mary joined the army in order to be with her husband. 9. Anne and Mary went to prison after john Rackham. 10. It is uncertain what happened to Anne and Mary in the end.
1. One English woman soldier in the seventeenth century was Christian Walsh… a) the mother of a sailor b) the wife of a man who was made to join the army c) a local housewife who didn’t want to marry d) a widow 2. She cut off her hair, dressed as a man and joined the army… a) to protect her husband from the army b) in order to look for her husband c) in order to cook her husband tasty dinners d) unlike most women in those days
a) because she wanted to earn a lot of money b) for an injury she had received c) for an earthquake d) it is not certain why she left
A) attacking other ships and stealing everything valuable from them b) searching gold and money c) discovering new lands d) stealing ships from the local ports
a) to bear a child for her man b) when she married a soldier c) when she had decided to become a nun d) because in those days most woman were expected to stay at home
a) because they could not live without sailing b) in order to increase their opportunities c) but in the end their ship was caught by pirates d) but in the end their ship was caught by the navy
The three general aims of the alchemists – transmuting base metals into gold, prolonging life indefinitely, and manufacturing artificial life – failed to be met. Very few alchemists obtained any success, but Friar Nicolas Flamel of Paris, who claimed to have found the secret of transmutation, is said to have died very rich. In the year 1400, the cautious Henry IV of England passed a law against ‘the art of multiplication’, which meant creating gold or silver by alchemy. A subsequent Henry, the sixth, took a different tack in 1455 when he granted four commissions to scoundrels who assured him they could produce all sorts of gold. But along the way, alchemists made many genuinely valuable contributions to knowledge, though such fundamental discoveries as the chemical elements and the manner in which they form compound substances, escaped them. Their basic ‘elements’ were fire, air, earth and water, and they believed that all substances were combinations of sulphur, mercury and common salt, which they said were themselves composed of the four elements. In modern times, there was a great excitement among those who still clung to belief in alchemy when it was determined that all real elements are composed of the same particles (electrons, protons, neutrons) in different ratios; the immediate assumption was that the long-sought process of transmutation was at last possible. True, elements are now transmuted; an atom at a time, by high-energy bombardment with subatomic particles, but this is as similar to the notions of the alchemists as the space flight by rocket is to attaining earth-orbit on a pogo stick. Eventually, when the nonsense and misinformation were boiled out of alchemy, it became chemistry. Mark the statements true (T) or false (F)
Circle the correct item
Text № 27 Violent games and human brain Playing violent computer games can make you care less about violence in real life, according to a study. Researchers watched a group of people playing games with brutal killings and high-powered weapons in them. Then they showed them photos of real violence and found they were not as shocked by them as expected. They did this by monitoring their brains. However, the group was still very shocked by other disturbing pictures of things like dead animals. The scientists recorded how shocked the people were by looking at a certain type of brain activity, which measures how much effect a picture has on the brain. People have tried to prove that violent games made people more aggressive in the past, but others said it was that more aggressive people simply chose games which were more violent. One of the psychologists who did the survey, Bruce Bartholow, said: “As far as I’m aware, this is the first study to show that exposure to violent games has effects on the brain that predict aggressive behaviour.”
Circle the correct item 1. If you play violent computer games, you are likely … in real life. a) not to pay too much attention to violence b) to become rather careless d) to care more about violence 2. Researchers… a) played games with killings and weapons b) were shocked by what they had discovered c) took pictures of people playing violent games d) observed and checked the players’ brains
a) weren’t shocked looking at pictures of real violence b) became cruel and disturbed animals in real life c) were shocked by the pictures of dead animals d) found pictures with dead animals not shocking
a) could measure the effect a picture has on a human b) recorded how active peoples’ brain was c) shocked people by the results of their research d) also looked at other activities people had
a) being aggressive is always a result of violent computer games b) less aggressive people never play violent computer games c) more aggressive people tend to choose violent computer games d) those who don’t play violent computer games never become aggressive
James Meikle 28 March, 2012 When Richard Norris first saw his new face in a mirror, three days after a 36-hour face transplant operation, he was lost for words. But his doctors expressed how he felt – “this is so cool,” one of his surgeons kept repeating. Norris, 37, had worn a mask since a gun accident took away his lips, nose and the front part of his tongue in 1997. His vision was not badly affected by the accident so, as soon as possible after his surgery at the University of Maryland Medical Center, he asked to see the results of the operation. On the same day, he told them that he could smell too. The operation took place on 19 and 20 March. A week later, he was able to brush his teeth and shave. His new face, said lead surgeon Eduardo Rodriguez, is “a combination of two individuals”. Norris is the twenty-third person to have had a partial or full face transplant. The first was performed in France, in 2005, on a woman who had been attacked by her dog. A picture of how Norris looks now shows how his face has changed since his high-school graduation in 1993, and since the gun accident that destroyed much of his face. Norris had been living as a recluse, avoiding eating in public and shopping for groceries at night. Since the accident, he has not had a full-time job and has already had numerous operations. “This accidental injury just destroyed everything,” said Rodriguez. “His friends and colleagues went on to start getting married, having children, owning homes. He wants to make up for all that.” The operation involved more than 150 doctors, nurses and other staff. It was part of a remarkable 72 hours in which surgeons also transplanted a heart, both lungs, a liver and a kidney from the same anonymous donor, to other patients. For Norris, the surgeons transplanted teeth, the upper and lower jaw, a portion of the tongue and all facial tissue from the scalp to the base of the neck. The most dramatic moment, according to Rodriguez, was after the team had removed all previous attempts to reconstruct Norris’s face. All that was left was part of his tongue and minimal protection for his eyes. That was the point of no return. “At this point we had to be successful.” Now, however, Norris’s face will need only minor, outpatient procedures. Many developments in Baltimore have been made possible by US defense and naval research departments, which have provided funding for face and hand operations for wounded soldiers. More than 1,000 soldiers have been injured in Iraq and Afghanistan and the government believes up to 200 may be eligible for face transplants. Doctors say they hope to operate on military patients soon. Norris was chosen from five potential patients, said Rodriguez. The selection process included psychological testing. He described Norris’s reaction to seeing a mirror “as one of the most emotional moments for him as well as for all of us. He put down the mirror and thanked me and hugged me, which was a wonderful gift …” The operation, said Rodriguez, had “restored the 15 years he had lost. We are making him a functioning member of society again.” Rolf Barth, a transplant surgeon, said researchers had found there were fewer rejections with transplants involving a large amount of bone marrow with its own blood supply. Norris would have to take drugs for the rest of his life to stop his body from rejecting the face. “This was the perfect patient to put into practice what we had discovered in the laboratory,” he said. Rodriguez, at a press conference to explain the surgery, said: “It is a surreal experience to look at him. It’s hard not to stare. Before, people used to stare at Richard because he wore a mask … Now they have another reason to look at him, and it is really amazing.” Answer the questions 1. How long did the face transplant operation take? 2. When did Norris have the gun accident? 3. How was Richard Norris injured? 4. When was the first face transplant? 5. When did Norris shop for groceries? 6. How many people had had a partial or full face transplant before Richard Norris? 7. How many medical staff were involved in the operation? 8. How many other potential patients were in the group from which Norris was chosen? 9. How many troops may be eligible for face transplants? 10. How long did the operation to transplant Norris’s new face take?
1. Richard Norris’s face transplant was the first in the world. 2. No one had tried to reconstruct Norris’s face before. 3. The new face came from one donor. 4. People stared at Norris because he wore a mask. 5. Norris also had heart and liver transplants. 6. Norris isn’t yet able to see his face in the mirror.
John Vidal, environment editor 26 August, 2012 Water scientists have given one of the strongest warnings ever about global food supplies. They say that the world’s population may have to change almost completely to a vegetarian diet by 2050 to avoid catastrophic shortages. Humans get about 20% of their protein from animal-based products now. However, this may need to decrease to just 5% to feed the extra two billion people expected to be alive by 2050, according to research by some of the world’s top water scientists. “There will not be enough water to produce food for the expected nine-billion population in 2050 if we follow current trends and changes towards diets common in western nations,” the report by Malik Falkenmark and colleagues at the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) said. “There will be just enough water if the proportion of animal-based foods is limited to 5% of total calories.” Warnings that water scarcity could limit food production come at the same time as Oxfam and the UN prepare for a possible second global food crisis in five years. Prices for items such as corn and wheat have risen nearly 50% on international markets since June. The price increase has been caused by severe droughts in the US and Russia, and weak monsoon rains in Asia. More than 18 million people are already facing serious food shortages across the Sahel. Oxfam says that the price increase will have a devastating effect in developing countries that rely heavily on food imports, including parts of Latin America, North Africa and the Middle East. Food shortages in 2008 led to fighting and riots in 28 countries. Changing to a vegetarian diet is one way to increase the amount of water available to grow more food in a world where the climate is becoming increasingly erratic, the scientists said. Animal protein-rich food uses five to ten times more water than a vegetarian diet. One third of the world’s arable land is used to grow crops to feed animals. Other options to feed people include stopping waste and increasing trade between countries that have a food surplus and countries that don’t have enough food. “Nine hundred million people already go hungry and two billion people are malnourished although per-capita food production continues to increase,” they said. “Seventy per cent of all water is used in agriculture, and growing more food to feed an extra two billion people by 2050 will place greater pressure on water and land.” The report is being released at the start of the annual world water conference in Stockholm, Sweden, where 2,500 politicians, UN groups, non-governmental groups and researchers from 120 countries meet to discuss global water supply problems. Competition for water between food production and other uses will increase pressure on essential resources, the scientists said. “The UN predicts that we must increase food production by 70% by mid-century. This will put additional pressure on our water resources, which are already stressed, at a time when we also need more water to satisfy global energy demand and to create electricity for the 1.3 billion people who are without it,” said the report. Overeating, malnourishment and waste are all increasing. “We will need a new recipe to feed the world in the future,” said the report’s editor, Anders Jägerskog. Directory: ld ld -> Dsci 3870: Management Science ld -> Primary holiday activities ld -> Vitae weldon A. Lodwick Born: São Paulo, sp, Brasil – January 26, 1944 education ld -> Vitae weldon A. Lodwick Born: São Paulo, sp, Brasil – January 26, 1944 education ld -> Members of The War of 1812 Society in Virginia participate in a Plaque unveiling at the Old Donation Episcopal Church in Virginia Beach The program: Below the Master of Ceremonies, Dr Thomas Whetstone presides ld -> Kristen Corbosiero, former daes post doc Ron McTaggart-Cowan, and McGill University Professor John Gyakum ld -> State of Florida ld -> - ld -> The harmony society Download 1.39 Mb. Share with your friends:
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