Title: Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering

Title: Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering

ISO Abbreviated Title: J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A-Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng.

JCR Abbreviated Title: J Environ Sci Heal A

ISSN: 1093-4529

Issues/Year: 8

Journal Country/Territory: United States

Language: Multi-Language

Publisher: Marcel Dekker Inc

Publisher Address: 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016

Subject Categories:

Engineering, Environmental: Impact Factor 0.572, 15/36 (1999); Impact Factor 0.377, 25/36 (2000); Impact Factor 0.376, 24/38 (2001); Impact Factor 0.463, 22/37 (2002); Impact Factor 0.481, 25/35 (2003); Impact Factor 0.501 26/35 (2004); Impact Factor 0.786, 21/37 (2005)

Environmental Sciences: Impact Factor 0.572, 83/126 (1999); Impact Factor 0.377, 106/127 (2000); Impact Factor 0.376, 107/129 (2001); Impact Factor 0.463, 108/132 (2002); Impact Factor 0.481, 114/131 (2003); Impact Factor 0.501 116/134 (2004); Impact Factor 0.786, 104/140 (2005)

Schuhmacher, M., Domingo, J.L., Xifró, A., Granero, S., Llobet, J.M. and de Kok, H.A.M. (1998), Presence of dioxins and furans in vegetation samples collected in the neighbourhood of a municipal solid waste incinerator. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 33 (2), 195-212.

Full Text: J\J Env Sci Hea Par A-Tox Haz Sub Env Eng33, 195.pdf

Abstract: Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were analyzed by GC/MS in 24 vegetation samples collected in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste incinerator. Samples were taken within a radius of 3000 m from the stack in each of the three main wind directions in that area. Total TEq levels for PCDD/Fs ranged between 1.07 ng/kg (dry matter) and 3.05 ng/kg (dry matter), with median and mean values of 1.88 y 1.92 ng/kg (dry matter), respectively. OCDD/F and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD/F were the dominating dioxin and furan congeners found in vegetation samples. Although the highest PCDD/F level (3.05 ng TEq/kg) was found at the north-west (1000 m from the stack) direction, for most congeners and contributors to Teq the highest concentrations were observed at distances less than 250 m from the facility. The present results should be of concern for future assessments on the correlation between decreases in the atmospheric PCDD/F emission from the incinerator and the decline in the levels of PCDD/Fs in vegetation.

Keywords: PCDDs/PCDFs, Vegetation, Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator, Montcada (Spain), Dibenzo-p-Dioxins, Chlorinated Dioxins, Human Exposure, Environment, UK

Low, K.S., Lee, C.K. and Lee, K.L. (1998), Removal of reactive dyes by quaternized coconut husk. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 33 (7), 1479-1489.

Full Text: J\J Env Sci Hea Par A-Tox Haz Sub Env Eng33, 1479.pdf

Abstract: Coconut husk modified through the use of N-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)-trimethylammonium chloride was evaluated for its ability to remove reactive dyes from aqueous solution. Sorption of dyes was pH dependent and favorable sorption occurred at low pH. In contrast, natural coconut husk showed very little uptake of these reactive dyes. The maximum sorption capacities of the modified coconut husks for Reactive Blue 2, Reactive Yellow 2, Reactive Orange 16 and Reactive Blue 4 were 128.9, 182.2, 254.5 and 423.7 mg/g respectively. Column experiments using textile effluent showed that the reactive and disperse dyes in the effluent could be successfully removed.

Keywords: Sorption, Reactive Dyes, Quaternized Coconut Husk, Textile Effluent, Cost, Sorption

Kapoor, A. and Viraraghavan, T. (1998), Application of immobilized Aspergillus niger biomass in the removal of heavy metals from an industrial wastewater. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 33 (7), 1507-1514.

Full Text: J\J Env Sci Hea Par A-Tox Haz Sub Env Eng33, 1507.pdf

Abstract: Ln this study we report the use of dead A. niger biomass immobilized in polymer polysulfone in the form of spherical beads to remove heavy metals from an industrial wastewater. A packed bed column containing A. niger beads was able to remove approximately 38 % copper, 58 % lead and 16% zinc at the end of 12 hours from the industrial wastewater containing 0.08, 0.66 and 1.78 mg/L copper, lead and zinc respectively.

Keywords: Adsorption, Aspergillus niger, Heavy Metal, Immobilization, Industrial Wastewater

Ramachandran, V. and D’Souza, T.J. (1998), Behaviour of cadmium in contrasting Indian soils. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 33 (8), 1583-1605.

Full Text: J\J Env Sci Hea Par A-Tox Haz Sub Env Eng33, 1583.pdf

Abstract: Adsorption behaviour, chemical speciation and plant uptake of cadmium (Cd) was studied in two contrasting soil types of India, namely, an Ultisol and a Vertisol. Results indicated that both soil types followed Freundlich adsorption isotherm; the adsorption capacity (mu g Cd g^-1 soil) of Vertisol was about thirty times more than that of Ultisol. Data on chemical speciation studies have shown that the extraction of plant-available forms of Cd (exchangeable + adsorbed + organic-bound fractions) was considerably higher from Ultisol than from Vertisol. The results of adsorption behaviour and chemical speciation studies were well reflected in the plant-uptake studies, where, a significant reduction in forage yield was observed at 100 ppm Cd in Ultisol and 200 ppm Cd in Vertisol due to significantly higher plant tissue concentrations of Cd grown in the Ultisol than that grown in the Vertisol.

Keywords: Cadmium, Adsorption, Chemical Speciation, Plant Uptake, Indian Soil, Sewage-Sludge Application, Cation-Exchange Capacity, Plant Uptake, Cultivated Soils, Calcareous Soils, Australian Soils, Polluted Soils, Heavy-Metals, Zinc, Availability

Tsai, T.D. and Vesilind, P.A. (1999), Zinc adsorption by lime-treated montmorillonite clay. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 34 (1), 103-124.

Full Text: J\J Env Sci Hea Par A-Tox Haz Sub Env Eng34, 103.pdf

Abstract: In this research, lime-treated montmorillonite clay is used to adsorb Zn(II) in a wide range of Zn(II) concentrations. Batch test results show that the adsorption of Zn(II) by montmorillonite appears to be dominated by different adsorption mechanisms. At low Zn(II) concentrations, chemisorption affects the amount of Zn(II) adsorbed by montmorillonite. When lime is added, physisorption becomes increasingly important. At high Zn(II) concentrations, physisorption is the dominant mechanism for Zn(II) adsorption. Lime also enhances the ability of montmorillonite to adsorb Zn(II) at low initial Zn(II) concentrations, and does not significantly affect the ability of montmorillonite to adsorb Zn(II) at high initial Zn(II) concentrations. In chemisorption, montmorillonite provides cation exchange sites for the adsorption of Zn(II). In physisorption, montmorillonite acts as not only nucleation center to adsorb zinc hydroxide-oxides but also helps to coagulate the zinc hydroxide-oxides. Lime-treated clay can therefore be an effectively used to adsorb metals such as zinc even at very high metal concentrations. The significance of these findings is in the design of landfill liner. A mixture of montmorillonite (bentonite) clay and lime is shown to have characteristics that would make this material a superior landfill liner. The lime-treated clay has low hydraulic conductivity, enhanced metal removal capability, and better resistance to penetration by sharp objects.

Keywords: Metal Adsorption, Sorption, pH, Minerals, Lime-Treated, Montmorillonite, Chemisorption, Physisorption, Nucleation Center, Coagulant

Aksu, Z., Eğretli, G. and Kutsal, T. (1999), A comparative study for the biosorption characteristics of chromium(VI) on Ca-alginate, agarose and immobilized C. Vulgaris in a continuous packed bed column. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 34 (2), 295-316.

Full Text: J\J Env Sci Hea Par A-Tox Haz Sub Env Eng34, 295.pdf

Abstract: A comparative biosorption of chromium(VI) ions to Ca-alginate and agarose biopolymers and immobilized C. Vulgaris, a green alga was investigated. The experiments were carried out in a packed bed column operated in a continuous mode, as a function of the flow rate and inlet chromium(VI) ion concentration. The removal percentage of chromium(VI) ions related to the effluent volumes were also determined. Agarose and agarose-algae systems showed a rapid chromium(VI) uptake initially while chromium(VI) ion adsorption to Ca-alginate and Ca-alginate-algae systems was limited initially by the diffusion of the solute through the pores. Ca-alginate was not a good biosorbent for chromium(VI) ions and immobilization of C. Vulgaris to Ca-alginate only marginally increased the biosorption yield. However, agarose and agarose immobilized C. Vulgaris increased the biosorption capacity. Total chromium(VI) removal by agarose and agarose-C. Vulgaris systems were higher than that of Ca-alginate and Ca-alginate immobilized C. Vulgaris at the same time interval.

Keywords: Chromium(VI), Ca-Alginate, Agarose, Immobilized C. Vulgaris, Biosorption, Packed Bed Column, Heavy-Metals, Cladophora-Crispata, Removal, Biomass, Ions

Yuan, G., Seyama, H., Soma, M., Theng, B.K.G. and Tanaka, A. (1999), Adsorption of some heavy metals by natural zeolites: XPS and batch studies. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 34 (3), 625-648.

Full Text: J\J Env Sci Hea Par A-Tox Haz Sub Env Eng34, 625.pdf

Abstract: The adsorption of some heavy metal ions by mordenite and clinoptilolite has been investigated using batch techniques and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). At 10^-5 M of Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn, and in the presence of 10^-3 M Ca as a competing cation, the preferential sequence of adsorption was Pb > Cu > Cd > Zn for mordenite, and Pb > Cu > Zn > Cd for clinoptilolite. The adsorption capacities and removal efficiencies of the zeolites for the two highly toxic heavy metals, Cd and Pb, were also determined at a low-to-medium concentration range (10^-6 to 10^-3 M), and at a zeolite: solution ratio of 50: 30 (mg: mL), in competition with 10^-3 M of Ca. Below 10^-4 M, both mordenite and clinoptilolite removed Pb from the solution almost completely. As Pb concentration increased, removal efficiency decreased. However, the zeolite samples (particularly mordenite) were not effective in reducing Cd concentrations to the legal µg/L level. Solution pHs and the photoelectron binding energies of adsorbed Pb (4f (7/2)) and Cd (3d (5/2)) gave no evidence of precipitation of Pb and Cd as hydroxides or carbonates during adsorption. Up to one-third of the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of mordenite, and half that of clinoptilolite, were used fur Pb adsorption. A much smaller fraction of the CEC was used in Cd adsorption. XPS showed that Na ion was the principal cation involved in the exchange adsorption of Pb and Cd. As such, clinoptilolite with 676 mmol/kg of exchangeable Na adsorbed more Pb and Cd than mordenite with only 326 mmol/kg of exchangeable Na. Comparing surface (XPS) with bulk (average) concentrations of adsorbed Pb and Cd showed that Pb was evenly distributed within zeolite particles but Cd accumulated on particle surfaces. This may be because the hydration energy of Cd ion is larger than that of Pb ion.

Keywords: Fly-Ash, Removal, Clinoptilolite, Lead, Exchange, Cadmium, Cations, Ions, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Zeolite, Adsorption, Pb, Cd

Sayrafi, O., Sayrafi, S.A. and Salim, R. (1999), Removal of cadmium from polluted water using decaying leaves: Effect of acidity. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 34 (4), 835-851.

Full Text: J\J Env Sci Hea Par A-Tox Haz Sub Env Eng34, 835.pdf

Abstract: The effect of pH on the removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions by dry leaves has been studied. Reed leaves showed a high capability of cadmium adsorption at almost any pH. The adsorption was particularly high at pH 1. Cypress, oak and pine leaves showed lower adsorption of cadmium ions at low pH values and this adsorption increased steadily at higher pH values. Reed and oak leaves have been found more efficient for removing cadmium from aqueous solutions than cypress and pine leaves in acidic, neutral or basic media. Reed was particularly efficient at very low pH which makes it suitable for removing cadmium from polluted water affected by acid rain. Almost all of the cadmium present in solutions having concentrations 10 mg/L was removed by reed leaves within 24 hours.

Keywords: Modified Cellulosic Materials, Heavy-Metals, Waste-Water, Aqueous-Solutions, Copper Ions, Biomass, Lead, Biosorption, Aluminum, Effluents

Ho, Y.S. and McKay, G. (1999), Comparative sorption kinetic studies of dye and aromatic compounds onto fly ash. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 34 (5), 1179-1204.

Full Text: J\J Env Sci Hea Par A-Tox Haz Sub Env Eng34, 1179.pdf

Abstract: A pseudo-second order and a pseudo-first order mechanism for the sorption of Omega Chrome Red ME as well as o-cresol and p-nitrophenol onto fly ash have been compared. Intraparticle diffusion processes and chemical sorption processes for the sorption also have been studied. The batch data for the sorption of Omega Chrome Red ME, o-cresol and p-nitrophenol onto fly ash have been analysed to predict the rate constant of sorption based on the assumption of a pseudo-second order mechanism. The equilibrium capacity and initial sorption rate have also been determined to study the effect of initial solute concentration and temperature on the sorption process. An activation energy of sorption has also been evaluated using the pseudo-second order rate constants.

Keywords: Pith, Dye, Kinetics, Sorption, Natural Adsorbents, Mass-Transfer, Acid Dye, Removal, Peat, Equilibrium, Dyestuffs, Wood

Li, Y.S., Liu, C.C. and Fang, Y.Y. (1999), Decolorization of dye wastewater by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of basic oxygen furnace slag. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 34 (5), 1205-1221.

Full Text: 1999\J Env Sci Hea Par A-Tox Haz Sub Env Eng34, 1205

Abstract: The basic oxygen furnace waste slag (BOF slag) generated from steel making plants has been used in dye wastewater treatment. It was shown to be effective for the decolorization of a dye chemical (acid black 1) wastewater by using BOF slag with hydrogen peroxide. In an acid solution, BOF slag can be dissociated to produce ferrous ions and react with hydrogen peroxide to generate hydroxyl radicals and oxidize target pollutant acid black 1. All of the factors that affect the decolorization of acid black 1 were studied including: hydrogen peroxide dosage, concentration of BOF slag, initial concentration of acid black 1 and pH value of solution. A kinetic model was proposed and used in the decolorization process. The reaction rate constants were calculated using the Rosen-Broke Optimization Algorithm with 4(th) order Runge-Kutta method based on the experimental data.

Keywords: Furnace Slag, Hydrogen Peroxide, Dye, Fenton Reagent, Oxidation, Degradation

Wu, F.C., Tseng, R.L. and Juang, R.S. (1999), Preparation of activated carbons from bamboo and their adsorption abilities for dyes and phenol. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 34 (9), 1753-1775.

Full Text: J\J Env Sci Hea Par A-Tox Haz Sub Env Eng34, 1753.pdf

Abstract: Based on iodine number, adsorption capacity of Methylene Blue, the BET specific surface area, and the yield, the conditions for preparation of activated carbon as adsorbents from bamboo were optimized. The activation temperature and activation time tested were in the ranges 700 similar to 880°C and 1 similar to 3 h, respectively. Equilibrium isotherms and rates for the adsorption of two dyes and phenol from aqueous solutions onto such activated carbons were measured at 30°C. The equilibrium isotherms could be fit by the Langmuir equation and the adsorption rates could be analyzed by a plot of amounts of adsorption versus the square root of time. The present results showed that the activated carbons prepared in this work appeared to be economically promising for the removal of dyes and phenol, compared to other commercial adsorbents.

Keywords: Aqueous-Solutions, Fly-Ash, Equilibrium, Removal, Adsorbents, Dyestuffs, Sorption, Cost, Waste, Color, Activated Carbon, Preparation, Bamboo, Optimization, Adsorption, Equilibrium, Kinetics, Dyes, Phenol

Aksu, Z. and Yener, J. (1999), The usage of dried activated sludge and fly ash wastes in phenol biosorption/adsorption: Comparison with granular activated carbon. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 34 (9), 1777-1796.

Full Text: J\J Env Sci Hea Par A-Tox Haz Sub Env Eng34, 1777.pdf

Abstract: The potential of using dried activated sludge and fly ash as a substitute for activated carbon was examined in this study. The pollutant binding rate and capacity of each biosorbent/adsorbent for the removal of phenol was shown as a function of initial pH and initial phenol concentration. The maximum phenol loading capacity of each sorbent was found to be 91.0 mg/g for dried activated sludge, 27.9 mg/g for fly ash and 108.0 mg/g for granular activated carbon at 100 mg/l initial phenol concentration. The phenol sorption data when applied to the Freundlich, Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson isotherm equations, showed better correlation to the Freundlich model for all the sorbents over the entire concentration range. It was suggested that both the fly ash and dried activated sludge sorbents can be used successfully for phenol removal as an alternative to commercial activated carbon.

Keywords: Phenol, Adsorption/Biosorption, Fly Ash, Dried Activated Sludge, Granular Activated Carbon, Aqueous-Solutions, Adsorption, Removal, Pentachlorophenol, Chlorophenols, Putida, Water, Dyes

Tseng, R.L., Wu, F.C. and Juang, R.S. (1999), Pore structure and metal adsorption ability of chitosans prepared from fishery wastes. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 34 (9), 1815-1828.

Full Text: J\J Env Sci Hea Par A-Tox Haz Sub Env Eng34, 1815.pdf

Abstract: The degree of deacetylation, molar mass, and the yield of chitosans prepared from four fishery wastes (shrimp shell, lobster shell, crab shell, and cuttlebone) under the same conditions were compared. The adsorption capacities and rates of Cu(II), Ni(II), and Cd(II) from water on chitosans were measured at 30°C. It was shown that the equilibrium isotherms of Cu(II) could be fitted by the Langmuir equation and those of Ni(II) and Cd(II) by the Freundlich equation. The rates of adsorption, analyzed by a plot of amount of adsorption vs, the square root of time, indicated different controlling mechanisms. The differences in metal adsorption among the four types of chitosans could be generally interpreted by their different pore structures such as pore size distribution and pore diameter.

Keywords: Aqueous-Solutions, Equilibrium, Adsorbents, Sorption, Cost, Dyestuffs, Removal, Chitosan, Preparation, Fishery Wastes, Pore Structures, Metal Adsorption, Equilibrium, Kinetics

Aksu, Z. and Çalik, A. (1999), Adsorption of iron(III)-cyanide complex ions to granular activated carbon. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 34 (10), 2087-2103.

Full Text: J\J Env Sci Hea Par A-Tox Haz Sub Env Eng34, 2087.pdf

Abstract: The adsorption of iron(III)-cyanide complex anions to granular activated carbon was investigated. The iron(III)-cyanide complex ion binding capacity of the adsorbent was shown as a function of initial pH, initial iron(III)-cyanide complex ion and adsorbent concentrations. The results indicated that a significant reduction of iron(III)-cyanide complex ions was achieved at pH 13.0, a highly alkaline condition. The equilibrium loading capacity of adsorbent was 410.0 mg/g at 1255.0 mg/l initial iron(III)-cyanide complex ion concentration at this initial pH value. The Freundlich, Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson adsorption models were fitted to the equilibrium data at pH 3.0, 7.0 and 13.0. The equilibrium data could be best fitted to the Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson adsorption models over the entire concentration range at all the studied initial pH values.

Keywords: Iron(III)-Cyanide Complex Anions, Granular Activated Carbon, Adsorption Isotherms, Cyanides

Dikshit, A.K., Pallamreddy, K., Reddy, L.V.P. and Saha, J.C. (2000), Arsenic in groundwater and its sorption by kimberlite tailings. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 35 (1), 65-85.

Full Text: J\J Env Sci Hea Par A-Tox Haz Sub Env Eng35, 65.pdf

Abstract: The experiments were conducted to investigate the sorption of arsenic from the groundwater onto kimberlite tailings, the mineral waste from diamond mining, in two phases-batch studies and column studies. In batch studies, the effects of different factors such as pH, adsorbent dose and adsorbent size on the performance of kimberlite tailings were investigated. Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium isotherm studies were also carried out. The adsorption capacity of kimberlite tailings was calculated as 0.25 mg/g of adsorbent. In column studies, the performance of fixed-bed kimberlite tailings was studied and the adsorption capacity was found to be 0.27 mg/g of adsorbent. Film diffusion was found to be the rate-limiting factor for the removal of arsenic by kimberlite tailings. Adsorption of arsenic was found to be pH dependent and higher removal efficiencies were observed near neutral pH range. The arsenic uptake increased with increase in adsorbent dose. Spent kimberlite tailings could be regenerated with dilute NaOH. The proposed treatment methodology was applied to the groundwater samples collected from various places of North 24-Parganas district situated in West Bengal, India. The samples were analyzed for the presence of total arsenic. The arsenic contamination of groundwater was found to be location specific in North 24-Parganas district. The maximum arsenic concentration at certain places was found to be many folds more than the WHO recommended limits. The treatment of arsenic contaminated water samples with kimberlite tailings showed 90-94% removal in 12 hours. The present study can be used as a basis for designing and developing filter columns, which can be attached to the tube wells for low cost and effective removal of arsenic.

Keywords: Adsorption, Arsenic, Kimberlite Tailings, Activated Allumina, Groundwater, Maximum Sorption Capacity, West Bengal, West-Bengal

Low, K.S., Lee, C.K. and Wong, S.M. (2000), Sorption enhancement of phosphorus by chemically modified rice hull. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 35 (2), 253-261.

Full Text: J\J Env Sci Hea Par A-Tox Haz Sub Env Eng35, 253.pdf

Abstract: Chemically modified rice hull was prepared through a single stage chemical reaction with N-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)-trimethylammonium chloride. The sorption characteristics of this material were studied under batch and continuous flow conditions. Parameters investigated under batch conditions were different initial concentrations, agitation rates, temperature and the interfering effect of other anions. Maximum sorption of P(V) calculated from Langmuir isotherm model was 9.53 mg/g and this value is higher than that of unmodified rice hull which could sorb only 0.23 mg/g of P(V). Under continuous flow conditions, it was found that the time for 50% breakthrough showed a linear relationship with bed-depth although it did not obey the Hutchin’s bed-depth service time model.

Keywords: Adsorption, Batch and Continuous Flow Studies, Chemical, Chloride, Flow, Isotherm, Langmuir Isotherm, Model, Modified, Modified Rice Hull, Phosphate-Removal, Phosphorus, Phosphorus Sorption, Reaction, Rice, Sorption, Temperature

? Aksu, Z. and Akpinar, D. (2000), Simultaneous adsorption of phenol and chromium(VI) from binary mixtures onto powdered activated carbon. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering,