Personal Research Database

Full Text: 1993\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC28, 2005.pdf

Abstract: Factor analysis was conducted for all 15 stations in the Arkansas River basin. About 78.6 percent of the total variances of ten surface-water quality parameters are explained by the first three factors which were identified as groundwater and surface-runoff factors respectively. The computed factor scores were used to construct similarity measures to identify regional water-quality patterns by cluster analysis. The water-quality patterns identified by two different criteria have no significant difference. Results infer that the water quality in this area is largely controlled by groundwater discharge. Station 214 in the Arkansas River basin was used as an example of clustering of water-quality variables. The absolute correlations of the 16 variables were employed as the similarity measure. The 16 water-quality variables can be grouped into either 9 or 6 clusters. Each cluster consists of closely related water-quality variables.

Keywords: Factor Analysis, Cluster Analysis, Surface Water-Quality Patterns, Statistical Analysis, Arkansas River, Regional Flood Frequency

Safferman, S.I., Baud-Grasset, S., Brackett, K.A., Clark, P.J. and Bishop, P.L. (1993), A systematic scanning electron microscopy technique for evaluating combined biological/granular activated carbon treatment processes. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 28 (10), 2239-2262.

Full Text: 1993\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC28, 2239.pdf

Abstract: A systematic scanning electron microscope analytical technique has been developed to examine granular activated carbon used as a medium for biomass attachment in liquid waste treatment. The procedure allows for the objective monitoring, comparing, and trouble shooting of combined processes by direct visual examination of the biomass’s attachment characteristics and rating key criteria that have been found to have the greatest effect on the process’s performance. These criteria include the surface characteristics of the carbon; the quantity, type, and position of the biomass; and the amount of unidentifiable material. A set of instructions along with a set of reference photographs that illustrate the rating scale of each criteria were developed as was a standard data recording form. Several investigators rated samples from a variety of bioreactors to verify the practicality and quality of the technique. A comparison of the individual ratings indicated a significant correlation with each other as well as with the reactor’s operating status.

Keywords: Scanning Electron Microscope, Granular Activated Carbon, Biofilm, Fluidized Bed Reactor, Media

Hao, Y., Roach, A.L. and Ramelow, G.J. (1993), Uptake of metal ions by nonliving biomass derived from sphagnum moss and water hyacinth roots. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 28 (10), 2333-2343.

Full Text: 1993\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC28, 2333.pdf

Abstract: The effect of pH on the binding of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Co, Mn, Al, Ag, Au, and Tl by nonliving biomass derived from Sphagnum (peat) moss and water hyacinth root was investigated. The uptake of most metals was found to be very pH dependent, although in certain cases essentially no pH effect was seen. Maximum metal removal often exceeded 90% at the optimum pH. In separate experiments each biomass was subjected to three different types of chemical pretreatment with acid, base, and detergent to compare the metal uptake ability of treated and untreated biomass. Generally, all three types of pretreatment increased the ability of biomasss to remove metal ions from solution.

Keywords: Crassipes

Low, K.S., Lee, C.K. and Tai, C.H. (1994), Biosorption of copper by water hyacinth roots. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 29 (1), 171-188.

Full Text: 1994\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC29, 171.pdf

Abstract: Biomass of non-living dried water hyacinth roots, Eichhornia crassipes, showed high sorption for copper from aqueous solutions. Maximum sorption was 20.90 mgCu/g as determined from Langmuir isotherm. Several factors affecting sorption were investigated. They include effect of pH, initial concentrations, presence of chelators and other metals. The feasibility of removing copper from electroplating waste using this material in a packed-bed system was also discussed.

Keywords: Sorption, Copper, Water Hyacinth Roots, Eichhornia Crassipes, Electroplating Waste, Heavy-Metals, Removal, Crassipes, Cadmium

Bou-Olayan, A.H. and Al-Yakoob, S.N. (1994), Mercury in human hair: A study of residents in Kuwait. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 29 (8), 1541-1551.

Full Text: 1994\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC29, 1541.pdf

Abstract: Hair samples were collected randomly from 38 males and 68 females (ages from 2 to 57 years) with no known history of occupational exposure to mercury and were analyzed for total mercury. The mean (+standard deviation) mercury concentration in hair of males was 5.52±5.33 µg/g, while that of females was 4.05±4.40 µg/g. As donors’ ages increase the mercury hair levels appear to decrease, although a significant coorelation was not found (r = 0.44). A 21% of the studied population exhibited hair mercury levels above the 6 µg/g Swedish limit. The mean hair mercury levels showed an increase with increasing fish intake frequency,

Keywords: Scalp Hair, Population

Subramanian, V.V., Sivasubramanian, V. and Gowrinathan, K.P. (1994), Uptake and recovery of heavy-metals by immobilized cells of Aphanocapsa-Pulchra (Kutz) Rabenh. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 29 (9), 1723-1733.

Full Text: 1994\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC29, 1723.pdf

Abstract: Short term uptake of cu, ed and Zn by the Cyanobacterium Aphanocapsa pulchra (Kutz) Rabenh was studied under dark and light conditions. Uptake of heavy metals amended with different combination of metals and nitrate was studied. Uptake of metals in immobilized cells showed 75-94% removal in a retention time of 5 min. Increasing the retention time increased the removal percentage for Cd and Zn. The possibility of employing this organism for industrial effluent treatment is suggested. Zn interfered with Cd uptake and not the vice versa. All other heavy metal combinations showed no inhibitory effect on the uptake.

Keywords: Heavy Metal, Uptake, Blue-Green Alga, Aphanocapsa Pulchra, Biological-Systems, Accumulation, Toxicity, Microorganisms, Elements, Biomass, Binding, Copper, Green, Zinc

Wasay, S.A., Tokunaga, S., Haron, M.J., Uchiumi, A., Nagahiro, T. and Puri, B.K. (1994), Removal of Cu, Ir, Pd and Os ions in the form of chelates from wastewaters by naphthalene. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 29 (9), 1817-1828.

Full Text: 1994\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC29, 1817.pdf

Abstract: New effective methods have been developed for the removal of trace amounts of Cu(II), Ir(III), Pd(II) and Os(VIII) ions from wastewaters. These heavy metal ions were allowed to form chelates with 1-phenyl-4, 4, 6-trimethyl(1H, 4H)-pyrimidine-2-thiol (PTPT) and then adsorbed on microcrystalline naphthalene in a fluidized bed reactor. The metal-PTPT chelates were also extracted into molten naphthalene in a batch reactor. The percentage removals of these metals by both methods were found to be almost 100%. Those methods were evaluated with synthetic and real wastewaters containing several metal ions. The percentage removal decreased only to 96 to 99%, due to interference from other metals. The naphthalene can be recycled in the process after removing metals with a HNO₃ or NaOH solution.

Keywords: Heavy Metal, Pollution Control, Adsorption, Extraction, Naphthalene

Hung, I.F., Yu, C.C., Tung, C.J., Yang, Y.C. and Chou, K.D. (1994), Indoor radon concentrations in Taiwanese homes. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 29 (9), 1859-1870.

Full Text: 1994\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC29, 1859.pdf

Abstract: Many air pollutants may be present in the indoor environment. Commonly reported pollutants are carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, volatile organic compounds, radon and its progeny, asbestos fibers and airborne particles. Among these indoor pollutants, radon and its progeny have been known to increase the risk of lung cancer in the U.S. Various studies also found in general higher concentrations of air pollutants in the indoor environment. It is a serious concern to us because of the long periods of time we spend indoors. In this study, the alpha-track radon monitor was used in the screening of higher risk buildings in Taipei and Hsinchu city. None of the homes in the 32 buildings surveyed in these cities had air concentrations of radon exceeding the action level of 4 pCi/l recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Different sources to indoor radon concentrations are the underlying soil, building materials, outdoor water and gaseous fuels. Ventilation of the homes and seasonal variations are major factors of higher radon concentrations.

Keywords: Radon Concentrations and Taiwanese Homes, United-States Homes, Rn-222 Concentrations

Francek, M.A., Pan, V., Hanko, J.H. and Makimaa, B. (1994), Home condition and lead levels: A case study from the homes of pre-schoolers in Mt. Pleasant, Michigan. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 29 (9), 1879-1886.

Full Text: 1994\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC29, 1879.pdf

Abstract: This study assessed the relationship between soil and dust lead (Pb) levels and building material, exterior and interior (including window sill) condition, pet ownership, and the presence of a fireplace. Four dust samples and one soil sample were collected from the homes of 42 preschoolers in Mt. Pleasant, Michigan. The results of atomic absorption spectroscopy revealed that median Pb levels for both soil and dust were two to ten times higher for homes with wood exteriors. Significant variation in soil and dust Pb levels also occurred as a function of home wall condition. Poorly maintained homes had the highest Pb levels. No consistent significant relationship was observed between home Pb levels and a) the presence of pets and b) the presence of a fireplace. On the whole, households participating in the study had low Pb levels. This finding can be attributed to excellent home upkeep by the part of study participants.

Keywords: Lead, Soil, Dust, Michigan, House Dusts, Children, Toxicity, Exposure, Metals, Soil

Salim, R., Al-Subu, M.M. and Qashoa, S. (1994), Removal of lead from polluted water using decaying leaves. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 29 (10), 2087-2114.

Full Text: 1994\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC29, 2087.pdf

Abstract: Decaying leaves have been proven capable of partially removing lead from polluted water. Several factors affecting the removal process have been studied. These include the concentration of lead ions, concentration of leaves, drying leaves, degree of crushing of leaves, leaf extracts, pH, agitation and presence of competing and of complexing agents. The relative capability of some common types of leaves for the removal of lead from water has been studied.

The release of lead from leaves saturated with lead ions has been studied under the effect of varying pH, addition of competing ions and the addition of complexing agents.

The results of the present work indicate that the interaction between lead ions and leaves is mainly an adsorption process and fit the Freundlich adsorption isotherm whose parameters have also been calculated. A fractional order of reaction (0.7) has been determined for the reaction between lead ions and leaves using two methods of evaluation. A mechanism in which film diffusion being the most probable limiting step has been suggested.

Keywords: Lead, Decaying Leaves, Removal, Kinetics, pH, Concentration of Lead, Concentration of Leaves, Complexing Agents, Competing Ions, Adsorption Isotherms, Environmental Lead, Aluminum, Hyacinth, Cadmium, Copper, Hair

Kouimtzis, Th., Samara, C., Voutsa, D. and Zachariadis, G. (1994), Evaluation of chemical-parameters in Aliakmon river, northern Greece. Part I: Quality characteristics and nutrients. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 29 (10), 2115-2126.

Full Text: 1994\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC29, 2115.pdf

Abstract: A two-year survey on the water quality characteristics of Aliakmon river in northern Greece is described. Physicochemical parameters (temperature, acidity, alkalinity, conductivity, hardness), as well as nutrients and major ionic components (NO₃^-, NH₄⁺, PO₄^2-, SO₄^2-, Cl^-) were determined and their concentration levels were related to the flow characteristics of the river and the influence from urban, agricultural and industrial activities. The quality of the water is discussed taking into account the fact that this river will be used in the near future for the water supply of the city of Thessaloniki.

Akçin, G., Saltabas, Ö. and Afsar, H. (1994), Removal of lead by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 29 (10), 2177-2183.

Full Text: 1994\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC29, 2177.pdf

Abstract: Various factor effect on removal of Lead(II) by the water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) were investigated. The plants were exposed to lead concentration ranging from 1 to 128 ppm. As the initial lead concentration increased, lead uptake was decreased. The uptake of lead was little effected by pH in the range of 4-8 but the effect of pH increased outside of this range. When the solution volume per plant was increased the total amount of lead uptake also increased. The effect of various concentration of EDTA on the lead uptake was examined. It was observed that removal of lead was decreased by increasing the concentration of EDTA. Stirring the solution increased removal of lead.

Gupta, M., Sinha, S. and Chandra, P. (1994), Uptake and toxicity of metals in Scirpus lancustris L. and Bacopa monnieri L. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 29 (10), 2185-2202.

Full Text: 1994\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC29, 2185.pdf

Abstract: Uptake and toxicity of copper and chromium were studied in single and combined metal treatments in the root and shoot of B. monnieri and S. lacustris. Results showed more uptake of metal in the root than in the shoot. In combined metal treatments, uptake of Cu was inhibited while that of Cr enhanced. Chromium ameliorated the Cu toxicity in combined metal treatments. Results indicated that these plants could be used in biomonitoring and abatement of metal pollution in closed water bodies.

Keywords: Bacopa Monnieri, Scirpus Lacustris, Copper, Chromium, Uptake, Toxicity, Cadmium, Amelioration, Chromium, Copper, Water, Cu, Cd, Macrophytes, Manganese, Pollution

Hao, Y., Zhao, Y. and Ramelow, G.J. (1994), Uptake of metal ions by nonliving biomass derived from marine organisms-effect of pH and chemical treatments. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 29 (10), 2235-2254.

Full Text: 1994\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC29, 2235.pdf

Abstract: The nature of metal binding by four strains of nonliving marine biomass, the green algae Cladophora prolitera and Ulva lactuca, the brown alga Padina pavonica, and the sea plant Zostera marina were studied. Specifically, the effect of pH on the degree of binding of Cu(II), Pb(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Cr(III), Ni(II), Co(II), Mn(II), Al(III), Au(III), Ag(I), and TI(I) was investigated. For most metals studied binding was very strongly pH dependent, with maximum binding observed at pH 5-6; only Au(III) showed a negative effect of pH on binding. A pH dependence on the binding of several metals was observed for U. lactuca at both 10 and 100-ppm levels. Very pronounced interspecies differences in metal Acidic or basic binding capacity and specificity were observed. treatments generally increased the degree of metal binding. Multitreatment with both acid and base significantly increased subsequent Pb(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) binding by U. lactuca. Triton X-100 detergent treatment led to a slight increase in binding of Pb(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) by U. lactuca.

Keywords: Uptake, Metal Ions, Biomass, Marine, pH, Chemical Treatments, Lgal Biomass, Accumulation, Cobalt

Deshpande, C.V., Nandy, T. and Kaul, S.N. (1994), Studies on treatment of waste-water from tapioca based sago industry. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 29 (10), 2255-2268.

Full Text: 1994\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC29, 2255.pdf

Abstract: The paper highlights the characteristics of the wastewater generated from tapioca based sage industries and the results of the detailed treatability studies carried out on bench scale to arrive at the most appropriate treatment scheme for the treatment of wastewater from sage industry. Characterisation of wastewater from sage industry indicate that it is acidic in nature and highly biodegradable with BOD/COD ratio in the range of 0.79-0.86. Based on bench scale treatability studies, the treatment scheme suggested for wastewater management include pH neutralisation using lime as coagulant followed by two stage anaerobic fixed film fixed bed reactor system and aquaculture pond. The treated effluent quality will meet the stipulated standards for agriculture utilisation.

Keywords: Tapioca, Sago, Treatability Studies, Physicochemical Treatment, Biological Treatment, Waste-Water Management

Voutsa, D., Zachariadis, G., Samara, C. and Kouimtzis, Th. (1995), Evaluation of chemical parameters in Aliakmon rive/northern Greece. Part II: Dissolved and particulate heavy metals. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 30 (1), 1-13.

Full Text: 1995\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC30, 1.pdf

Abstract: A two-year survey on the water quality characteristics of Aliakmon river in northern Greece is described. Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn and Fe) were determined in the dissolved fraction, as well as in two particulate fractions, labile and residual, separated after a two-step sequential extraction procedure. The partitioning of metals between different fractions was examined at various sampling sites along the river. Variations observed were related to the geology of the transected area and the influence from anthropogenic sources (mainly municipal effluents). Statistical analysis of variance of metal partition coefficient showed significant differences between sampling periods, while insignificant ones between sampling sites. Factor analysis of analytical data yielded four factors that were interpreted as natural, anthropogenic, geological and run-off contributions.

Keywords: Heavy Metals, River Water, Trace-Metals, Sediments

Marshall, W.E. and Champagne, E.T. (1995), Agricultural byproducts as adsorbents for metal ions in laboratory prepared solutions and in manufacturing wastewater. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 30 (2), 241-261.

Full Text: 1995\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC30, 241.pdf

Abstract: Byproducts of soybean and cottonseed hulls, rice straw and sugarcane bagasse were evaluated as metal ion adsorbents in aqueous solutions. Adsorption capacities were determined by adsorption isotherms using the Langmuir model. Their adsorption capacities for Zn(II) were: soybean hulls > cottonseed hulls > rice straw > sugarcane bagasse. Capacities varied from 0.52 to 0.06 meq/g dry weight of byproduct, Rice straw and sugarcane bagasse were not evaluated further in this study because of their low adsorptive capacities (less than or equal to 0.12 meq/g). At a subsaturating concentration of metal ion (100 mg/L), soybean and cottonseed hulls adsorbed high levels (95.6-99.7%) of Cr(III), Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) or Zn(II). The ability of soybean and cottonseed hulls to sequester metal ions was further evaluated with three different samples of manufacturing wastewater. These wastewaters had environmentally unacceptable concentations of Zn(II), Cu(II) and Ni(II). Soybean and cottonseed hulls adsorbed similar amounts of these metal ions from each wastewater. The percentage of metal ion adsorbed ranged from 53.4 to 99.8% depending on the particular wastewater and metal ion. Although not as effective as a commercial chelating resin in removing metals from wastewaters, soybean and cottonseed hulls could be useful adsorbents in metal removal applications, especially when the low cost and high availability of these materials are considered.

Keywords: Soybean Hulls, Cottonseed Hulls, Rice Straw, Sugarcane Bagasse, Adsorption, Removal

Viraraghavan, T. and Kapoor, A. (1995), Adsorption of mercury from wastewater by peat. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 30 (3), 553-566.

Full Text: 1995\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC30, 553.pdf

Abstract: The effectiveness of peat in adsorbing mercury from wastewater was studied. Batch kinetic and isotherm studies were carried out to determine the effect of contact time, pH and temperature on the adsorption process. It was found that a contact time of five hours war necessary for the adsorption to reach equilibrium. The optimum pH was found to be between 5.0 to 5.5. The adsorption isotherm data were described well by both the Langmuir and Freundlich models.

Keywords: Mercury, Waste-Water, Peat, Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherms

? Chiang, L.C., Chang, J.E. and Wen, T.C. (1995), Electrochemical Oxidation Process for the Treatment of Coke Plant Waste-Water. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 30 (4), 753-771.

Full Text: 1995\J Env Sci Hea Par A-ESETHSC30, 753.pdf

Abstract: Wastewater from a coke plant was treated by using an electrochemical oxidation process. After electrolysis for two hours with a lead dioxide coated titanium anode (PbO₂/Ti), COD in the coke plant wastewater was reduced from 2143 mg/L to 226 mg/L and a COD removal efficiency of 89.5% was obtained. In addition, about 760 mg/L ammonium in the wastewater was completely removed simultaneously. These results indicate that electrochemical oxidation process demonstrates an excellent efficacy for the treatment of coke plant wastewater. In this study, anode material, chloride concentration, current density, and pH value were found to have significant influences on both COD removal efficiency and current efficiency in electrochemical oxidation process. Among four anode materials investigated, PbO2/Ti which is inert to the adsorption of phenolic oligomer served the best COD removal efficiency. And, better COD removal efficiencies were obtained as electrolysis experiments were operated under higher current density and chloride concentration. In this study, an indirect oxidation effect of chlorine/hypochlorite generated during electrolysis prays an important role in the removal of pollutants from coke plant wastewater. Consequently, lots of chlorinated byproducts (as TOX) were formed in the beginning of electrolysis, but the derivative TOX can also be removed after electrolysis.

Keywords: Adsorption, Ammonium, Anodic-Oxidation, COD Removal, Coke Plant, Coke Plant Wastewater, Coke-Plant Waste-Water, Electrochemical Oxidation Process, Electrode, GOD, Phenol, Pollutants, Removal, TOX, Treatment, Wastewater, Water Treatment

Salim, R., Isa, M., Al-Subu, M.M., Sayrafi, S.A. and Sayrafi, O. (1995), Effect of irrigation with lead and cadmium on the growth and on the metal uptake of cauliflower, spinach and parsley. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control,