Personal Research Database

Full Text: 2006\Scientometrics67, 491.pdf

Abstract: In this paper we present characteristics of the statistical correlation between the Hirsch (h-) index and several standard bibliometric indicators, as well as with the results of peer review judgment. We use the results of a large evaluation study of 147 university chemistry research groups in the Netherlands covering the work of about 700 senior researchers during the period 1991-2000. Thus, we deal with research groups rather than individual scientists, as we consider the research group as the most important work floor unit in research, particularly in the natural sciences. Furthermore, we restrict the citation period to a three-year window instead of ‘life time counts’ in order to focus on the impact of recent work and thus on current research performance. Results show that the h-index and our bibliometric ‘crown indicator’ both relate in a quite comparable way with peer judgments. But for smaller groups in fields with ‘less heavy citation traffic’ the crown indicator appears to be a more appropriate measure of research performance.

Keywords: Bibliometric, Bibliometric Indicators, Characteristics, Chemistry, Citation, Evaluation, h Index, h-Index, Hirsch, Hirsch Index, Impact, Indicator, Indicators, Life, Peer Review, Peer-Review, Ranking, Research, Research Performance, Review, Sciences, Scientists, Standard, The Netherlands, Traffic, University, Work

? Schubert, A., Glänzel, W. and Thijs, B. (2006), The weight of author self-citations. A fractional approach to self-citation counting. Scientometrics, 67 (3), 503-514.

Full Text: 2006\Scientometrics67, 503.pdf

Abstract: The discussion about how to treat author self-citations driven by policy application and quality measurement intensified in the last years. The definition introduced by Snyder and Bonzi has - in lack of any reasonable alternative - been used in bibliometric practice for science policy purposes. This method, however, does not take into account the weight of self-citing authors among coauthors of both the cited and citing papers. The objective of the present paper is to quantify the weight of self-citations with respect to co-authorship. The analysis is conducted at two levels: at the macro level, namely, for fifteen subject fields and the most active forty countries, and at the meso level, for a set of selected research institutions.

Keywords: Science

? Mika, P., Elfring, T. and Groenewegen, P. (2006), Application of semantic technology for social network analysis in the sciences. Scientometrics, 68 (1), 3-27.

Full Text: 2006\Scientometrics68, 3.pdf

Abstract: The use of electronic data is steadily gaining ground in the study of the social organization of scientific and research communities, decreasing the researcher’s reliance on commercial databases of bibliographic entries, patents grants and other manually constructed records of scientific works. In our work we provide a methodological innovation based on semantic technology for dealing with heterogeneity in electronic data sources. We demonstrate the use of our electronic system for data collection and aggregation through a study of the Semantic Web research community. Using methods of network analysis, we confirm the effect of Structural Holes and provide novel explanations of scientific performance based on cognitive diversity in social networks.

Keywords: Aggregation, Analysis, Collaboration, Communities, Community, Data Collection, Diversity, Heterogeneity, Network, Network Analysis, Organization, Performance, Research, Social Network, Social Networks, Web

? Gupta, V.K. (2006), References to literature in patent documents: A case study of CSIR in India. Scientometrics, 68 (1), 29-40.

Full Text: 2006\Scientometrics68, 29.pdf

Abstract: The paper examines the use of references by applicants and the examiners in US patent documents by R&D scientists from CSIR in India. It observes that scientists in CSIR use higher inputs of scientific information than the technical information in patenting. The examiners do make their own prior art search and add significantly to the patent and non-patent literature, which is distinctly different from the references given by the R&D scientists from CSIR. It identifies (a) the major disciplines and the sub-disciplines that contribute most of the scientific knowledge, and (b) the countries from where most references to patent literature are made. The applicants cite relatively less recent patent literature and more medium-term patent literature in comparison to citations by examiners. The paper observes that there is scope of improvement in making relevant prior art search, particularly, for patent literature by R&D scientists and in planning and organizing the information support for conducting patentable R&D in CSIR.

Keywords: India, Knowledge, Linkage, Literature, Planning, Recent, Science, Technology, US

? Cozzarin, B.P. (2006), Performance measures for the socio-economic impact of government spending on R&D. Scientometrics, 68 (1), 41-71.

Full Text: 2006\Scientometrics68, 41.pdf

Abstract: The aims of this paper are to summarize Canadian government programs pertaining to research and development (R&D) and R&D support programs, and to propose a method for analyzing their socio-economic impact. The programs under investigation include: Canada Research Chairs Canada Millennium Scholarship Foundation Canada Foundation for Innovation Technology Partnerships Canada (TPC) Industrial Research Assistance Program (IRAP) Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) Canada Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Canadian Institute of Advanced Research (CIAR) Pre-Competitive Advanced Research Networks (PRECARN) Networks of Centres of Excellence.

Keywords: Basic Research, Canada, Development, Diffusion, Economics, Impact, Innovation, Method, Productivity Increase, Research, Returns, Science, Socioeconomic, Sponsored Research, Technical Change, Technology Policy

? Skilton, P.F. (2006), A comparative study of communal practice: Assessing the effects of taken-for-granted-ness on citation practice in scientific communities. Scientometrics, 68 (1), 73-96.

Full Text: 2006\Scientometrics68, 73.pdf

Abstract: Building on the findings of recent ethnographic studies of scientific practice, I develop and test theory about the impact of taken-for-granted-ness on citation practice in scientific communities. Using data gathered from special issues of scientific journals I find support for the hypothesized differences in the practices of natural and social science communities. Post hoc analysis uncovers evidence of a third pattern of citation practice associated in part with engineering and technology research, and evidence that organization studies and strategic management communities tend to employ extreme versions of social science citation practices. I discuss the implications of the study for our understanding of communities of practice, for our beliefs about differences between the branches of science, and about science as a productive enterprise.

Keywords: Academic Publication, Advance, Analysis, Barriers, Beliefs, Communities, Effects, Evidence, Impact, Knowledge, Management, Organization, Organizational Science, Pattern, Recent, Research, Theory

? Molatudi, M. and Pouris, A. (2006), Assessing the knowledge base for biotechnology in South Africa: A bibliometric analysis of South African microbiology and molecular biology and genetics research. Scientometrics, 68 (1), 97-108.

Full Text: 2006\Scientometrics68, 97.pdf

Abstract: We review the knowledge base for biotechnology in South Africa in the light of government interventions aimed at establishing a biotechnology industry. We use bibliometric methods to analyse data from the ISI database on the performance of microbiology, genetics and molecular biology research over a 20-year period from 1980 to 2000. Genetics and molecular biology publications have seen a steady decline while microbiology has steadily increased its share of world publications. Although the quantity of the base is small the relative impact factor suggests that the quality of publications in these disciplines is comparable to world output. We conclude that the lack of adequate output in these disciplines poses a threat to government policies and investment aimed at increasing biotechnology commercialisation.

Keywords: Africa, Analysis, Genetics, Impact, Interventions, Knowledge, Light, Performance, Quality, Research, Review, Science, South Africa

? Godin, B. (2006), On the origins of bibliometrics. Scientometrics, 68 (1), 109-133.

Full Text: 2006\Scientometrics68, 109.pdf

Abstract: Among the many statistics on science, called scientometrics, bibliometrics holds a privileged place. Bibliometrics is one of the few subfields concerned with measuring the output side of science. According to most ‘histories’, bibliometrics owes its systematic development mainly to D.J.D. Price and Eugene Garfield, as founders. The few works conducted before the 1950s are usually relegated to prehistory. This paper documents how the systematic counting of publications originated with psychologists. In the early 1900s, psychologists began collecting statistics on their discipline. Publications came to be counted in addresses, reviews and histories of psychology for several decades. The aim was to contribute to the advancement of psychology. Far from being a negligible output of a prehistoric type, both the volume and the systematicness of these efforts are witnesses to what should be considered as pioneering work, and their authors considered as forerunners to bibliometrics.

Keywords: Age, American-Psychological-Association, Articles, Development, Different Languages, Number, Performance, Psychology, Science, Scientific Productivity, Statistics, United-States, Vital-Statistics

? Cheng, Y. and Liu, N.C. (2006), A first approach to the classification of the top 500 world universities by their disciplinary characteristics using scientometrics. Scientometrics, 68 (1), 135-150.

Full Text: 2006\Scientometrics68, 135.pdf

Abstract: In this study, the top 500 world universities are classified into 21 types according to their disciplinary characteristics using clustering method. The indicators used to represent the disciplinary characteristics of an institution are the proportion of publications in six broader disciplinary areas: Arts/Humanities & Social Sciences, Natural Sciences & Mathematics, Engineering/Technology & Computer Sciences, Life Sciences, Clinical Medicine, and Interdisciplinary & Multidisciplinary Sciences. Institutions have been classified into types of having focus in a disciplinary group, having priority in a disciplinary group, having orientation in a disciplinary group, and balanced. The distribution of different types of institutions with respect to countries and ranks are analyzed.

Keywords: Classification, Clustering, Distribution, Indicators, Method

? Garg, K.C., Kumar, S. and Lal, K. (2006), Scientometric profile of Indian agricultural research as seen through Science Citation Index Expanded. Scientometrics, 68 (1), 151-166.

Full Text: 2006\Scientometrics68, 151.pdf

Abstract: An analysis of 16891 publications published by Indian scientists during 1993-2002 and indexed by Science Citation Index Expanded (Web of Science) indicates that the publication output in the agricultural sciences is on the decline since 1998 onwards. ‘Dairy and animal sciences’ followed by ‘veterinary sciences’ constitute the largest component of the Indian agricultural research output. Agricultural universities and institutes under the aegis of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) are the major producers of research output. Most of the papers have been published in domestic journals and in low normalized impact factor journals with a low rate of citation per paper. Most of the highly productive institutions are either agricultural universities or the institutes under the aegis of ICAR. Most of the prolific authors are from the highly productive institutions. However, only a few highly cited authors are from highly productive institutions.

Keywords: Analysis, Impact, Research

? Liu, Y., Cheng, G.P. and Yang, Y. (2006), Patent applications of the top 500 foreign investment corporations in China. Scientometrics, 68 (1), 167-177.

Full Text: 2006\Scientometrics68, 167.pdf

Abstract: The paper focuses on the top 500 foreign investment corporations (FICs) in China, by conducting data mining and system searching on the data-base of patent from the State Intellectual Property Office of the People’s Republic of China (SIPO). Structure of patent applications, industrial distribution of patent applications, monopolistic tendency, technological innovation of Chinese companies and directions of foreign investment are studied.

Keywords: China, Chinese, Corporations, Distribution, Mining

? Batista, P.D., Campiteli, M.G., Kinouchi, O. and Martinez, A.S. (2006), Is it possible to compare researchers with different scientific interests? Scientometrics, 68 (1), 179-189.

Full Text: 2006\Scientometrics68, 179.pdf

Abstract: The number h of papers with at least h citations has been proposed to evaluate individuals scientific research production. This index is robust in several ways but yet strongly dependent on the research field. We propose a complementary index h(t) =h(2)/N-a((T)), with N-a((T)) being the total number of authors in the considered h papers. A researcher with index h, has h, papers with at least ht citation if he/she had published alone. We have obtained the rank plots of h and ht for four Brazilian scientific communities. In contrast with the h-index, the ht index rank plots collapse into a single curve allowing comparison among different research areas.

Keywords: Citation, Citations, Comparison, Complementary, h Index, h-Index, Index, Index h, Papers, Rank, Ranking, Research, Scientific Research

? Okubo, Y. and Yamashita, Y. (2006), Scientometrics research in Japan - Introduction. Scientometrics, 68 (2), 193-202.

Full Text: 2006\Scientometrics68, 193.pdf

Keywords: Bibliometrics, Japan, Research

? Fujigaki, Y. (2006), Changes in the research stream by standardization: A content analysis of the Archives of General Psychiatry during the establishment of operational diagnostic criteria. Scientometrics, 68 (2), 203-212.

Full Text: 2006\Scientometrics68, 203.pdf

Abstract: Universality through standardization is at the heart of scientific and medical practices. In this study we dealt with the meaning, significance, and implications of standardization through ‘operationalization’ in psychiatric diagnostic criteria by focusing on the effects of the DSM (Diagnostic Statistical Manual) M. What does ‘operational’ mean?* The discussion of ‘operationalization’ in psychiatric diagnosis poses quite a challenge. Given the importance of semantics and the word networks of everyday life in forming descriptions of symptoms and reaching clinical judgments, cultural differences in these semantics inevitably have strong impacts on psychiatric diagnosis. The link between sensitivity and semantics in words enhances this effect. In spite of the difficulties in approaching operationalization in psychiatric diagnosis, several attempts have been made to standardize diagnostic criteria. Prominent examples include the DSM of the American Psychiatric Association and the ICD (International Disease Classification) of the WHO. In this paper we analyzed the effects of standardized diagnostic criteria by performing a content analysis of papers published in the Archives of General Psychiatry from 1978 to 1990. Our results clearly show changes in the research questions, research designs, methodologies, target diseases, and selections of independent and dependent variables.

Keywords: American, Analysis, Citation, Clinical, Diagnosis, Diagnostic Criteria, Effects, Epidemiology, Heart, Impacts, Knowledge, Link, Medical, Networks, Psychiatric, Research, Sensitivity, Standardization, Stream, System

? Fujimaki, K. and Haklak, R. (2006), Quantitative evaluation of positive or negative feelings for biotechnology- or health-related scenes in movies. Scientometrics, 68 (2), 213-226.

Full Text: 2006\Scientometrics68, 213.pdf

Abstract: Public attitude toward biotechnology- and health-related scenes in movies influences the development of the biomedical science itself and thereafter of our health- and technology-conscious society. We have developed a new quantitative indicator to evaluate positive and negative feelings toward such scenes. Thirty movies including nine biotechnology-related, twenty health-related, and one both-related movies were evaluated into 0 (0%) highly negative, 10 (33%) negative, 17 (57%) neutral, 3 (10%) positive, and 0 (0%) highly positive feeling movies. Biotechnology-related movies were negative, while health-related movies were neutral. This indicator is useful for rating the perception of biotechnology and health in movies.

Keywords: Attitude, Development, Evaluation, Film, Health, Indicator, Journalists, News, Perception, Portrayal, Science, Scientists, Smoking

? Furukawa, R. and Goto, A. (2006), Core scientists and innovation in Japanese electronics companies. Scientometrics, 68 (2), 227-240.

Full Text: 2006\Scientometrics68, 227.pdf

Abstract: In this paper we examine the role of what we call core scientists in innovation in Japanese electronics companies. Core scientists are those who have the top total scores as measured by the number of their publications and citations received. We find that even though they may not apply for a large number of patents themselves, the scientific knowledge of the core scientists may have a positive effect in stimulating patent applications by their collaborators.

Keywords: Basic Research, Communication, Firms, Knowledge, Patterns, Performance, R-and-D

? Hayashi, T. and Tomizawa, H. (2006), Restructuring the Japanese national research system and its effect on performance. Scientometrics, 68 (2), 241-264.

Abstract: The Japanese government has been attempting to reform the national research system for the past 20 years. This paper describes the structural changes of the system and its performance based on bibliometric analyses and discusses the effects of S&T policy. The investigation indicates that although Japan gradually increased its production of highly cited publications, its share of low-cited publications is much higher than the former. Detailed analyses reveal that the top eight universities account for half of the highly cited publications in the university sector, while other hundreds of universities have massively increased their low-cited publications since 1990. The development of financial and human resources for research in the 1990s enabled new actors to be involved in scientific research, but the resources were concentrated to a small number of universities, reinforcing the collaboration between these universities and others.

Keywords: Collaboration, Development, Effects, Human, Japan, Performance, Policy, Production, Reform, Research, University

? Suzuki, J., Gemba, K., Tamada, S., Yasaki, Y. and Goto, A. (2006), Analysis of propensity to patent and science-dependence of large Japanese manufacturers of electrical machinery. Scientometrics, 68 (2), 265-288.

Full Text: 2006\Scientometrics68, 265.pdf

Abstract: The paper aims to clarify the extent to which the results of scientific-oriented research conducted by corporations are reflected in their application-oriented research. Focusing on large Japanese manufacturers of electrical machinery, the paper analyses firm-level data on presentations of scientific papers that represent the results of scientific-oriented research activities, citations of scientific papers in patents, and inventions. The electrical machinery industry, a prototypical science-based industry, has been placing a growing emphasis on scientific-oriented research during the 1990’s as is evident from trends in R&D expenses, scientific papers, and inventions. Regression analysis results suggest a complementary relationship between citations of basic scientific knowledge as presented in scientific papers on the one hand and acts of invention on the other hand, in the sense that a rise in citations corresponds to a rise in inventions. Moreover, the results suggest that invention efficiency (number of patent claims per unit of R&D expenditure) has been increasing during the 1990’s. Furthermore, the results suggest that, given the exogenous influences on the patent system in Japan, it is necessary to include the number of patent claims when attempting to measure corporate technology development activity through the volume of patent applications. However, there was no finding of a clear relationship between the number of scientific papers and inventions. Implications of these results for corporate R&D strategy are examined.

Keywords: Activity, Analysis, Basic Research, Corporations, Development, Expenditure, Japan, Knowledge, Research, Trends

? Tamada, S., Naito, Y., Kodama, F., Gemba, K. and Suzuki, J. (2006), Significant difference of dependence upon scientific knowledge among different technologies. Scientometrics, 68 (2), 289-302.

Full Text: 2006\Scientometrics68, 289.pdf

Abstract: The authors have constructed an original database of the full text of the Japanese Patent Gazette published since 1994. The database includes not only the front page but also the body text of more than 880,000 granted Japanese patents. By reading the full texts of all 1,500 patent samples, we found that some inventors cite many academic papers in addition to earlier patents in the body texts of their Japanese patents. Using manually extracted academic paper citations and patent citations as ‘right’ answers, we fine-tuned a search algorithm that automatically retrieves cited scientific papers and patents from the entire texts of all the Japanese patents in the database. An academic paper citation in a patent text indicates that the inventor used scientific knowledge in the cited paper when he/she invented the idea codified in the citing patent. The degree of science linkage, as measured by the number of research papers cited in patent documents, is particularly strong in biotechnology. Among other types of technology, those related to photographic-sensitized material, cryptography, optical computing, and speech recognition also show strong science linkage. This suggests that the degree of dependence on scientific knowledge differs from technology to technology and therefore, different ways of university-industry collaboration are necessary for different technology fields.

Keywords: Algorithm, Collaboration, Dependence, Knowledge, Optical, Research

? Yamashita, Y. and Okubo, Y. (2006), Patterns of scientific collaboration between Japan and France: Inter-sectoral analysis using Probabilistic Partnership Index (PPI). Scientometrics, 68 (2), 303-324.

Full Text: 2006\Scientometrics68, 303.pdf

Abstract: In this article we present an indicator - Probabilistic Partnership Index (PPI) - for use in measuring scientific linkages. This indicator is based on the Monte-Carlo simulation which provides a standard model to each network established in collaboration between two countries. Any relationship that occurs within a (whole) network can be projected to a standard model respectively and thus PPI is useful in examining individual networks within complex exchanges. We investigate inter-sectoral cooperation between France and Japan for the period of 1981-2004, by classifying every research unit appearing in the data set by its sector. We examine international collaborative patterns, domestic collaborative patterns and multilateral relationships established within the French-Japanese cooperation. We also compare PPI with the classic collaborative linkage indexes - Jaccard Index, Salton-Ochiai Index and Probabilistic Affinity Index - in order to describe the specificity of the new indicator. Our hope is that PPI will prove to be a useful and complementary tool for the analysis of international collaboration.

Keywords: Analysis, Collaboration, Cooperation, Countries, France, Indicator, International, International Collaboration, Japan, Link Indicator, Model, Network, Networks, Profiles, Publications, Research, Science, Simulation, Universities

? Glänzel, W. and Rousseau, R. (2006), Untitled. Scientometrics,