Personal Research Database

Title: Scientometrics

ISO Abbreviated Title: Scientometrfics

JCR Abbreviated Title: Scientometrics

ISSN: 0138-9130

Issues/Year: 12

Journal Country Netherlands

Language: English

Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publ

Publisher Address: Spuiboulevard 50, PO Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, Netherlands

Subject Categories:

Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications: Impact Factor 0.676, 25/76 (2001), Impact Factor 0.855, 19/80 (2002), Impact Factor 1.251, 16/83 (2003), Impact Factor 1.12, 24/83 (2004), Impact Factor 1.737, 18/83 (2005), Impact Factor 1.363, 24/87 (2006), Impact Factor 1.472, 24/92 (2007), Impact Factor 2.328, 13/94 (2008), Impact Factor 2.167, 18/95 (2009), Impact Factor 1.905, 22/97 (2010) SCI

Information Science & Library Science: Impact Factor 0.676, 15/55 (2001), Impact Factor 0.855, 16/55 (2002), Impact Factor 1.251, 9/55 (2003), Impact Factor 1.12, 14/54 (2004), Impact Factor 1.737 5/55 (2005), Impact Factor 1.363, 12/53 (2006), Impact Factor 1.472, 12/56 (2007), Impact Factor 2.328, 7/61 (2008), Impact Factor 2.167, 10/65 (2009), Impact Factor 1.905, 14/76 (2010) SSCI

? de Solla Price, D. (1978), Editorial statements. Scientometrics, 1 (1), 3-8.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics1, 3.pdf

? Gilbert, G.N. (1978), Measuring the growth of science: A review of indicators of scientific growth. Scientometrics, 1 (1), 9-34.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics1, 9.pdf

Abstract: A number of indicators of the growth of science are critically reviewed to asses their strengths and weaknesses. The focus is on the problems involved in measuring two aspects of scientific growth, growth in manpower and growth in knowledge. It is shown that the design of better indicators depends on careful consideration of the theoretical framework within which the indicators are intended to be used. Recent advances in the sociology of science suggest ways in which the validity of existing indicators may be assessed and improved. This paper is a revision of one presented to the International Symposium on Quantitative Methods in the History of Science, Berkely, California, August 25–27, 1976, under the title Measuring Science.

? Narin, F. (1978), Objectivity versus relevance in studies of scientific advance. Scientometrics, 1 (1), 35-41.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics1, 35.pdf

Abstract: A conceptual framework is suggested within which various techniques for studying scientific advance may be viewed. The two axes are relevance of the technique to a ‘true’ measure of the rate of scientific advance, versus objectivity of the technique. It is suggested that a situation exists somewhat analogous to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the most objective technique, a simple publication count, is the least relevant to a true measure of scientific advance, while the most relevant technique, interviews with an eminent and knowledgeable scientist in the field, is the least objective. Between these two extremes lie a group of scientometric techniques which should be capable of producing analyses which are both satisfactorily relevant and satisfactorily objective.

? Inhaber, H. and Alvo, M. (1978), World science as an input-output system. Scientometrics, 1 (1), 43-64.

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Abstract: World science can be characterized as the product of one scientist or nation — knowledge or published papers — used or consumed by other scientists or nations. In this sense, science can be viewed as an input-output system, analogous to the models used in economics. An input-output model of the citation patters of the 18 leading countries in international science was constructed. These countries produce most of the world’s science. The large role of the United States in both producing and consuming scientific information is evident in the results. The models also show the role of other countries with respect to each other. For example, the multinational nature of science in countries like the Netherlands and Switzerland is evident. The model can be used to show which countries interact with others, and which do not. Both types of information are useful in discussing trans-national interactions in science.

? deB Beaver, D. and Rosen, R. (1978), Studies in scientific collaboration. 1. Professional origins of scientific co-authorship. Scientometrics, 1 (1), 65-84.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics1, 65.pdf

Abstract: From a historical and sociological perspective, this essay presents and develops the first comprehensive theory of scientific collaboration: collaborative Scientific research, formally acknowledged by co-authorships of scientific papers, originated, developed, and continues to be practiced as a response to the professionalization of science. Following an overview of the origins and early history of collaboration in the 17th and 18th centuries, a.study of the first professionalized scientific eommunity~ that of Napoleonic France, confirms that, as the theory predicts, collaboration is atypical research style associated with professionalization. In the early 19th century, virtually all joint research was performed by French scientists, collaborative research only appeared much later in England and Germany when they, too, underwent professionalization. That historical finding, which constitutes a puzzling anomaly for any other view of scientific teamwork, here conforms to theoretical expectation. Several other predictions of the theory are presented, to be taken up in subsequent studies.

? Hustopecký, J. and Vlachý, J. (1978), Identifying a set of inequality measures for science studies. Scientometrics, 1 (1), 85-98.

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Abstract: Indices of inequality are tested against skewed frequency distributions met in science studies by the method of principal component analysis. The procedure holds some promise of providing a limited set of measures which can help to differentiate populations within several different substantive contexts. Variation of six selected measures of inequality with mean for the cases of four simple probability distributions is demonstrated.

? Vlachý, J. (1978), Research, technology and innovation policy in the Frg, 1951-1977 - Weber, G. Scientometrics, 1 (1), 99-100.

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? Polacek, V. (1978), Bibliography of biology - Analytical presentation with respect to the history of science and to information-theory - German - Simon, HR. Scientometrics, 1 (1), 100.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics1, 100.pdf

? Vlachý, J. (1978), Frequency distributions of scientific performance a bibliography of Lotka’s law and related phenomena. Scientometrics, 1 (1), 107-130.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics1, 107.pdf

? deB Beaver, D. and Rosen, R. (1979), Studies in scientific collaboration. 2. Scientific co-authorship, research productivity and visibility in the French scientific Elite, 1799-1830. Scientometrics, 1 (2), 133-149.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics1, 133.pdf

Abstract: This essay investigates a number of the predictions of the theoretical view of scientific collaboration as a response to the professionalization of science: (1) that collaboration is most typically practiced by the scientific elite, or those who aspire to it, (2) that it increases individual research productivity, and (3) that it enhances the visibility of research to the largcr scientific community. With respect to the first professionalized scientific community, that of Napoleonic France, the study focusses on the research practices and careers of mcmbcrs of the Society of Arceuil, the Philomatic Society, and the First Class oi the Institut, as they illustrate and confirm the accuracy of those predictions.

? Boalt, G. and Bergryd, U. (1979), Differences in research orientation reflected in the allocation of grants - Methodological study. Scientometrics, 1 (2), 151-159.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics1, 151.pdf

Abstract: The scientists in the Social Science Research Councils are, after all, human and their own research orientation will influence their attitude towards applicants and project. But their attitude will be strengthened or counteracted by other factors. They may be conscious of their bias and try to compensate for it eitaer because they really want to be fair or because they are afraid to appear biassed in the eyes of the other council members. And then other personal factors may affect their decision: friendship with the applicants, their wish to repay a former member of the council for grants they once received from him or their striving for their own personal research empire. Each such factor will influence grant allocation in a special way. The necpositivistic sociologist in the Swedish Social Science Research Council was in 1973 relieved by a more radical sociologist and we have used this opportunity to see whether it is possible to study the effect of the changed research orientation, although other person factors will influence grant allocation. We worked Out alternative hypothesis systems built on a) research orientation and b) personal research empire building. Our methodmade sense in this particular case and should be possible to use under similar conditions.

? Moravcsik, M.J. and Murugesan, P. (1979), Citation patterns in scientific revolutions. Scientometrics, 1 (2), 161-169.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics1, 161.pdf

Abstract: The method of classifying citations according to the context in the citing paper, previously developed by the authors, is applied to the study of scientific revolutions. In particular, the BCS theory of superconductivity and the non-conservation of parity are investigated. The results can be easily interpreted in terms of the characteristic features of these discoveries. It is suggested that these two examples represent two different types of ‘paradigm’ changes, thus prompting a considerable refinement of the usual dichotomous picture of ‘normal’ vs. ‘breakthrough’ science.

? Chubin, D.E. and Studer, K.E. (1979), Knowledge and structures of scientific growth: Measurement of a cancer problem domain. Scientometrics, 1 (2), 171-193

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics1, 171.pdf

Abstract: In the context of bridging the so-called externalist and cognitive perspectives on the growth of research communities, a cancer ‘problem domain’ is examined (1) to distinguish a growth in knowledge from a proliferating research literature, and (2) show how measurement of formal communiation, uninformed by the ‘historical record,’ clarifies or distorts sociological interpretations of innovation and growth in biomedicine. Specifically, coauthorship and citation networks are analyzed for reverse transcriptase researchers, 1970-74. This analysis reveals the visibility of large National Cancer Institute laboratories in the research literature, but demonstrates the need to augment disaggregated network data with intellectual and social (policy) history to explain the growth and structure of the domain.

? Bláha, K. (1979), Essays of An Information Scientist - Garfield, E. Scientometrics, 1 (2), 195-196.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics1, 195.pdf

? Hustopecký, J. (1979), Urn models and their application - Johnson, NL, Kotz, S. Scientometrics, 1 (2), 196.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics1, 196.pdf

? Vlachý, J. (1979), Mobility in science: Bibliography of scientific career migration, field mobility, international academic circulation and brain-drain. Scientometrics, 1 (2), 201-228.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics1, 201.pdf

? deB Beaver, D. and Rosen, R. (1979), Studies in scientific collaboration. 3. Professionalization and the natural-history of modern scientific co-authorship. Scientometrics, 1 (3), 231-245.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics1, 231.pdf

Abstract: A review of selected parameters of the growth of scientific collaboration over the last century provides further confirmation of the dependency of teamwork on the increasing professionalization of science. Analysis reveals significant inaccuracies in current views of the recency and prevalence of collaborative research, and affords a more correct picture of twentieth century developments. A change in the growth rate of the practice of scientific collaboration at about the time of World War I, and indications of associations of teamwork with financial support and research publication in leading journals are discussed. Characteristics of the natural history of scientific coUaboration ~ signify that collaboration reflects relationships of dependency within a hierarchically stratified professional community, and serves as a means of professional mobility. As such, it continues to fulfil its original functions.

? Szalai, A. (1979), Research on research and some problems of research bureaucracy. Scientometrics, 1 (3), 247-260

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics1, 247.pdf

Abstract: The paper deals in its first part critically with the ‘ideo-eentric’ interpretation of the subject matter of the sociology of science. Especially American sociologists tend to regard sociology of science as a part of the sociology of knowledge, specialized in defining the nature of scientific ideas and their relations to other kinds of ideas, institutional and personality factors, etc. However, in our days the center of gravity of sociological studies on science has shifted more and more outward of the domain of the sociology of knowledge. Research on research, particularly research on the objective socio-economic, organizational and operational aspects of institutionalized and professionalized research activity, have become very central to the sociology of science and have made probably some of the greatest contributions to its recent development. The material demands of society on science, and vice versa, the investment of society in the scientific establishment, the bread-and-board questions of research activity, the hard realities of national and industrial research policies, etc., provide a vast terra incognita into which the contemporary sociology of science must foray. The second part of the present paper deals with the delineation of a stretch of the ‘unknown land’ that has remained hitherto largely unexplored by the sociology of science, namely with the structure and the functions of contemporary research bureaucracy. Some findings of a Hungarian empirical study are discussed which seem to indicate that ‘big science’ tends to go hand in hand with big research bureaucracy, in particular with an increased share of administrative personnel in the total staff on research institutions.

? Rabkin, Y.M. and Inhaber, H. (1979), Science on the periphery: Citation study of 3 less developed-countries. Scientometrics, 1 (3), 261-274.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics1, 261.pdf

Abstract: The scientific interactions of three peripheral nations in terms of citations and references to scientific literature is considered. The nations chosen are Argentina, Brazil and Norway, each with scientific establishments much smaller than those of central, or major, scientific nations. These three nations cite publications of the central nations strongly in comparison to those of theiI own country. Of the citations to the publications of these three countries, the bulk are generated from within the country involved. There is comparatively little interaction with neighbours. Further work is needed to determine if these patterns exist for most peripheral countries.

? Kunz, M. (1979), Time distribution of patent information. Scientometrics, 1 (3), 275-282.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics1, 275.pdf

Abstract: Abandonement rates of patents in five European countries are studied. The time distribution of British patents can be described by a truncated Gauss’ distribution Belgian patents by a Poisson’s distribution. Appropriate models derived on the base of the octogonal and cubical linear vector space norms are discussed.

? Vlachý, J. (1979), Physics careers, employment and education - Perl, ML. Scientometrics, 1 (3), 283-284.

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? Vlachý, J. (1979), Nobel-Prizes: Bibliography of scientometric papers and data sources. Scientometrics, 1 (3), 295-301.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics1, 295.pdf

? Mulchenko, Z.M., Granovsky, Yu.V. and Strakhov, A.B. (1979), On scientometrical characteristics on information activities of leading scientists. Scientometrics, 1 (4), 307-325.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics1, 307.pdf

Abstract: A comparative analysis of the information activities of leading scientists has been carried out, including 5 Soviet chemists and 5 foreign ones, and 8 Soviet physicists, specialist in low temperature physics. Within chemists there has appeared a tendency to a new form of scientific activities, namely ephemeron teams which favour the ‘production line’ mode of getting new information. In physics, the traditional scheme is preserved: leading scientists publish few articles and have few co-authors. The ephemeron teams produce an expanding information: new objects and processes are studied from the previously elaborated point of view. The specific average citation rate (number of references per number of papers) is a criterion for separating the publications of the ‘intellectual industry’ from the pilot studies full of novel ideas.

? Rabkin, Y.M. and Lafittehoussat, J.J. (1979), Cooperative research in petroleum chemistry. Scientometrics, 1 (4), 327-338.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics1, 327.pdf

Abstract: The American Petroleum Institute (All) Research Project 6 has been chosen as a model to study the science organization in petroleum chemistry. The quantitative analysis of scientific publications, references, citations and citation lags elucidates the cooperative nature of Project 6.

? Brožek, V. and Karen, P. (1979), Dynamics of information-flow in the field of rare-earth carbides research. Scientometrics, 1 (4), 339-357.

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Abstract: Dynamics of the research of rare earth carbide compounds are analysed by the information flow method. Papers concerning the matter indicated in the ChemicalAbstracts as well as in surveys of professional literature since 1895 are categorised into a three-dimensional system of 29 descriptors, according to their date of publication. A new, finer unit of scientific production volume is used for the information flow quantification. Selected complete time arrays are approximated using either an exponential curve and the Gompertz function, the growth constants for the time array are also calculated. Development until 1975 is estimated on the basis on the course of the approximated arrays up to 1973 and is compared with the actual state.

? Garfield, E. (1979), Is citation analysis a legitimate evaluation tool? Scientometrics, 1 (4), 359-375.

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Abstract: A comprehensive discussion on the use of citation analysis to rate scientific performance and the controversy surrounding it. The general adverse criticism that citation counts include an excessive number of negative citations (citations to incorrect results worthy of attack), self-citations (citations to the works of the citing authors), and citations to methodological papers is analyzed. Included are a discussion of measurement problems such as counting citations for multiauthored papers, distinguishing between more than one person with the same last name (homographs), and what it is that citation analysis actually measures. It is concluded that as the scientific enterprise becomes larger and more complex, and its role in society more critical, it will become more difficult, expensive and necessary to evaluate and identify the largest contributors. When properly used, citation analysis can introduce a useful measure of objectivity into the evaluation process at relatively low financial cost.

? Vlachý, J. (1979), Quotations and scientometrics. Scientometrics, 1 (4), 377-380.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics1, 377.pdf

? Dobrov, G.M., Randolph, R.H. and Rauch, W.D. (1979), New options for team research via international computer-networks. Scientometrics, 1 (5-6), 387-404.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics1, 387.pdf

Abstract: In this paper, international team research (ITR) is discussed as an object for measurement, systems analysis, and management. The paper is intended as a contribution to the development of a ‘problem’ orientation in scientometrics. In the authors’ view, scient-9- metric studies can help solve the problem of efficient ITR in several ways - for instance, by identifying needed improvements in (a) international ~scientific communication in general, (b) scientific interactions within and among research teams as part of the creative process, and (c) the overall international usage of existing scientific knowledge. The paper discusses the machinery of ITR, models of scientific communication, and some original experience in using computers and telecommunications as tools for scientific interaction. All of these are potential objects for scientometric investigation. The paper itself performs some first steps in obtaining economic parameters for the different forms of international team research.

? Inhaber, H. and Lipsett, M.S. (1979), Gaps in ‘gaps in technology’ and other innovation inventories. Scientometrics, 1 (5-6), 405-417.

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Abstract: A 1970 report of the Organization for Economic Corporation and Development indicated that Canada ranked last on a list of about 10 industrialized countries in terms of innovations. This ranking has been used to support frequently held contention that Canada is technologically uninnovative. However, the OECD list had no criteria for the inclusion or exclusion of a particular innovation. The OECD data has areas of difference with other independent measures of innovation. A comparison is made to a related study by Gellman Associates. This latter study shows that the Canadian position is not as poor as indicated by the OECD list.

? Krauze, T.K. and Mcginnis, R. (1979), Matrix analysis of scientific specialties and careers in science. Scientometrics, 1 (5-6), 419-444.

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Abstract: A preliminary theoretical study is given of scientometric parameters such as co-authorship, co-references, co-citation, etc. The concept is based on a ‘scientific space’ whose elements are the scientific articles and their authors. The matrix operations representing certain hypotheses as well as sound definitions of concepts used so far in scientometrics are discussed.

? Small, H.G. and Crane, D. (1979), Specialties and disciplines in science and social-science - Examination of their structure using citation indexes. Scientometrics, 1 (5-6), 445-461.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics1, 445.pdf

Abstract: The technique of co-citation cluster analysis is applied to a special three-year (1972-1974) file of the Social Sciences Citation Index. An algorithm is devised for identifying clusters which belong to a discipline based on the percentage of source documents which appear in a disciplinary journal set. Clusters in three disciplines (economics, sociology and psychology) are identified using this algorithm. Clusters in a specialty of natural science (particle physics) obtained from the 1973 Science Citation Index are compared and contrasted with the three groups of social sciences clusters. Certain common structural characteristics of the social science and natural science groups suggest that knowledge is developing in parts of the social science disciplines in a manner similar to the natural sciences

? Shearer, E. and Moravcsik, M.J. (1979), Citation patterns in little science and big science. Scientometrics,