Personal Research Database

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics1, 463.pdf

Abstract: The classification of citations by their context, previously formulated and used for other studies, is employed here to see if the citation patterns of big and little science are different or not. Theoretical physics articles in 1935 and 1955 are thus compared. No significant differences were found except in the number of references per article which increased significantly from 1935 to 1955, and again to 1968. It is found, however, that the German journal Zeitschrift für Physik has considerably higher percentages of conceptual, organic, and evolutionary citations, both in 1935 and in 1955, than The Physical Review. The interpretation of this difference remains unclear.

? Yablonsky, A.I. (1980), Fundamental regularities of the distribution of scientific productivity. Scientometrics, 2 (1), 3-34.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 3.pdf

Abstract: This paper presents a methodological and mathematical study of the main regularities related to the distribution of scientific productivity. An analysis of these regularities is given from the point of view of two approaches, the frequency and the rank approaches, to the problem of scientific productivity. The connection between these approaches is studied and a number of mathematical formulas that are both of theoretical significance for the understanding of information data basis formation mechanisms and of practical one, in particular, for the estimate of Bradford’s law parameters, are deduced. The relation between the scientific productivity distributions under consideration and the stable non-Gaussian distributions is analyzed. The formation of the corresponding regularities of scientific productivity is regarded as a consequence of probability process combined with deterministic one.

? Cohen, J.E. (1980), Publication rate as a function of laboratory size in a biomedical-research institution. Scientometrics, 2 (1), 35-52.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 35.pdf

Abstract: At the Rockefeller University in 1977-78, the number of aU publications of a research group in a year was approximately proportional to the number of individuals in that group during the year. The number of primary research publications of a group in a year was also approximately proportional to the number of individuals in that group during the year. The observed frequency distribution of laboratory size was statistically indistinguishable from a 0-truncated negative binomial distribution, which is the equilibrium frequency distribution of size predicted by stochastic models for the dynamics of freely-forming primate social groups.

? Carpenter, M.P. and Narin, F. (1980), Subject composition of the worlds scientific journals. Scientometrics, 2 (1), 53-63

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 53.pdf

Abstract: A country by subject count of the serial periodical collection at the British Library Lending Division (BLLD) in 1973 is reported and compared to previous counts. Approximately 25 000 periodicals have titles indicating that they are scientific journals in nine fields of the physical and biological sciences, engineering, and mathematics. The overall subject distribution of the journals appears to be remarkably stable when compared to a similar count by Hulme 60 years ago, although the number of journals appears to have doubled in the last 60 years. A major shift was found in the national origin of the journals, when compared with Hulme’s counts, with a notable rise in the number and percent of U.S. journals, and a sharp decline in the percentage of French and German journals.

? Haitun, S.D. (1980), Scientometric investigations in the USSR. Scientometrics, 2 (1), 65-84.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 65.pdf

Abstract: The following is a review of scientometric investigations in the USSR. Scientometrics has been taken in the rigorous sense of the term, defined as an approach of the science of science which attempts to measure sciencereproducibly. The state of scientometric research in the Soviet Union is compared to that of other countries.

? Chubin, D. (1980), Is citation analysis a legitimate evaluation tool. Scientometrics, 2 (1), 91-92.

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? Garfield, E. (1980), Is citation analysis a legitimate evaluation tool - Reply. Scientometrics, 2 (1), 92-94.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 92.pdf

? Knorr, K.D. and Mittermeir, R. (1980), Publication productivity and professional position: Cross-national evidence on the role of organizations. Scientometrics, 2 (2), 95-120.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 95.pdf

Abstract: Studies of stratification in science have increasingly accepted the idea that science is a highly stratified and elitist system with skewed distributions of productivity and rewards. Attempts to explain the higher productivity of higher status scientists by pointing to their greater ease of publication as far as acceptance of their work by journals and publishers is concerned were not supported by the data in some recent studies. If status in general does not confer greater ease of publication the present paper argues that position within a research organization does confer greater ease of author - or co-authorship - and this is the major explanatory variable accounting for productivity differences within l’esearch laboratories as far as quantity of articles (and books) is concerned. Upward moves in a laboratory’s formal or informal position hierarchy are associated with a change of a scientist’s research involvement from goal executing to goal setting functions as well as with an increasing access to scientific manpower and project money. Goal setting tasks provide for a significant reduction of time-expenditures in research necessary to assure that the scientist is identified with the research results, consequently, they allow for an involvement in more research tasks than originally. Equivalently, resources in scientific manpower and project money act as a, multiplying element as far as quantity of output is concerned.

? Pokrovsky, V.A. (1980), Some problems of measuring the impact of R and D upon the efficiency of social production. Scientometrics, 2 (2), 121-132.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 121.pdf

Abstract: A cxitical analysis of works by Soviet authors, devoted to the problem of assessing the contribution of science to the efficiency of social production, is carried out. The computational results of two different versions of production function and a factor analysis technique are also presented, based on the same statistical data of the 8th and the 9th Five- Yeax-Plan periods. The numerical value of economic efficiency of investment in R & D, which was determined by relating the benefits from R & D to the associated expenditures, has been found to be 2.1-11 times higher than the profitability of plant investment. The classification and analysis of the major factors, contributing to the growth of public production efficiency, using a multiple correlation technique, show, that a 1% increase in R & D expenditures is associated with a 0.43% rise in labor productivity which also confirms the higher productivity of R & D investments.

? Frame, J.D. (1980), Measuring scientific activity in lesser developed-countries. Scientometrics, 2 (2), 133-145.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 133.pdf

Abstract: Quantitative indicators of scientific and technological activity are often of questionable validity and reliability. This is particularly true in lesser developed countries, where the lack of data gathering skills may frequently result in the development of misleading indicators. A number of manpower, education, expenditure, and publication indicators are examined for thirteen Middle Eastern countries. Reliability and validity problems are discussed for each indicator. The indicators are found to correlate with each other in reasonable ways, suggesting that despite their possible flaws, they nonetheless appear to measure scientific activity with some consistency.

? Sheldon, J.C. (1980), Cybernetic theory of physical science professions - causes of periodic normal and revolutionary science between 1000 and 1870AD. Scientometrics, 2 (2), 147-167.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 147.pdf

Abstract: The changing levels of activities in a physical science profession are modelled as a network of relations between different career stages. This cybernetic theory predicts that the dominance of elites undergoes 300 year cycles of sharp alternations whereas the challenge of embryonic elites fluctuates in 100 year cycles. These results seem confirmed by a survey of chemical histories: the birthrate of outstanding chemists oscillates in 300 year cycles and of lesser chemists in 100 year cycles, both with the waveproffle specified by the model. These fluctuations seem to correspond to Kuhn’s periods of revolutionary and normal science.

Notes: UUniversity

? Le Pair, C. (1980), Switching between academic disciplines in universities in the Netherlands. Scientometrics, 2 (3), 177-191.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 177.pdf

Abstract: The Netherlands university system encompasses roughly one half of the state financedresearch enterprise. Some characteristics and data on the field of education and present occupation of the professional staff in this system are given and conclusions are drawn concerning field mobility and mutual influencing of different disciplines.

Keywords: The Netherlands

? Gordon, M.D. (1980), A critical reassessment of inferred relations between multiple authorship, scientific collaboration, the production of papers and their acceptance for publication. Scientometrics, 2 (3), 193-201.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 193.pdf

Abstract: There have recently been completed a number of studies which analyse and interpret trends in multiple authorship for scientific papers. This paper presents data which show that a significant relationship exists between levels of multiple authorship for papers submitted to a leading Astronomy journal, and their frequency of acceptance for publication. It is argued that this finding indicates the need for the exercise of more extensive qualification when drawing inferences about actual social aspects of research activity, from trends in the multiple authorship of published papers.

? Bonitz, M. (1980), Evidence for the invalidity of the Bradford Law for the single scientist. Scientometrics, 2 (3), 203-214.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 203.pdf

Abstract: On the basis of a previously proposed method using meta-informations accumulating during SDI from an international system of the INIS-type, it is investigated, how the scientific journal rank distribution of a research institution, for which the Bradford law is valid, is composed of the single scientists’ journal distributions. In this transition from a macroscopic into a microscopic field of scientific communication evidence was found for the invalidity of the Bradford law for the journal rank distribution of a single scientist. This effect seems to confirm a fundamental qualitative difference of both fields of scientific communication.

? Lyon, W.S. (1980), Organization, attendance, speakers, and sessions: A study of 4 scientific conference series. Scientometrics, 2 (3), 215-226.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 215.pdf

Abstract: An International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Conference series on neutron activation analysis (NAA) in life sciences has been compared to another IAEA conference series and to two other conference series. No great differences in multiple attendees, speakers, chairmen, or diversity of session subjects was seen. The NAA meetings do appear to be less forrealized than the others.

Note: TTopic

? Lawson, J., Kostrewski, B. and Oppenheim, C. (1980), A bibliometric study on a new subject field: Energy analysis. Scientometrics, 2 (3), 227-237.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 227.pdf

Abstract: A bibliometric study on energy analysis literature is reported. The literature is characterised by heavy emphasis on English-language journal articles and reports, and, after an initial exponential growth rate, it is now growing more slowly. Examination of the titles of articles demonstrated that even after ten years there is no standard terminology in the area. This casts doubt on the value of searching by title terms for new interdisciplinary subjects. On the other hand, secondary services employing controlled-language indexing were found to index the articles under a variety of headings. In any case, coverage of the subject by secondary services is generally poor. There are no clear core journals for this subject area. Some recommendations are made on how both authors of papers in the field and secondary services can ensure better retrieval of energy analysis articles.

? Moravcsik, M.J. (1980), Scientific productivity: The effectiveness of research groups in 6 countries - Andrews, FM. Scientometrics, 2 (3), 239-240.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 239.pdf

? Lyon, W.S. (1980), Communication: The essence of science - Garvey, WD. Scientometrics, 2 (3), 241-242.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 241.pdf

? Simonton, D.K. (1980), Techno-scientific activity and war: A yearly time-series analysis, 1500–1903 A. D. Scientometrics, 2 (4), 251-255.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 251.pdf

Abstract: Previous research may have failed to find a general relationship between war and techno-scientific activity due to the failure (a) to treat the various types of war separately and (b) to use yearly rather than generational time series. Hence, the present study examined 404 consecutive years in European civilization from 1500 to 1903. Measures of four distinct kinds of war were defined and a log-transformed measure of techno-scientific activity was derived from a factor analysis of six histories and chronologies. The techno-science measure was regressed on the war measures plus a set of control variables. Techno-scientific activity was found to be a negative function of balance-of-power and defensive wars fought within Europe. In contrast, imperial and civil wars exerted no influence

? Pinski, G. (1980), Citation based measures of research interactivity. Scientometrics, 2 (4), 257-263.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 257.pdf

Abstract: Citation based measures of research interactivity are derived starting from the array of bibliographic intercitations known as the citation matrix. These measures may be applied to any publishing aggregates such as journals, fields of research or nations and are size normalized, providing size independent measures of interactivity, lnteractivity measures are defined for pairs of units, for a unit within a system and for a system as a whole.

? Dewitt, T.W., Nicholson, R.S. and Wilson, M.K. (1980), Science Citation Index and chemistry. Scientometrics, 2 (4), 265-275.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 265.pdf

Abstract: Citation data have been collected for a large number of chemists at American universities. The I principal objectives are to examine the use of citations as a tool in the study of sociology of chemical research and to determine the feasibility and accurancy of using automatically generated data. Past results in each of these areas, as well as a projection of future uses of citation data, are presented. First, a pilot study is described and some tentative conclusions discussed. The method used minimizes some of the most commonlyexpressed criticism of citation data, such as multiple author, self-citations, etc. An effort has been made to establish the accuracy of automatically generated citation data. This project uses as a base for comparison the complete bibliographies of several thousand chemists. Several different’citation indices are compared with other indicators commonly employed in discussions of the characteristics of the field of chemistry. The results generally support the idea that citations are meaningful. However, they also reveal some problems which require that great care be exercised in the use of citation data. The use of citation data to ‘observe’ a chemistry subfield over time also is illustrated.

Keywords: Science Citation Index

? Small, H. and Greenlee, E. (1980), Citation context analysis of a co-citation cluster: Recombinant-DNA. Scientometrics, 2 (4), 277-301.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 277.pdf

Abstract: The techniques of co-citation clustering and citation context analysis are combined to concretely define the shared knowledge within a research specialty. The cluster for a large and fast moving biomedical specialty, recombinant-DNA, is presented in terms of the highly cited documents comprising it and their co-citation links. By examining citation contexts in the papers citing the highly cited documents, it is possible to label each of the documents in the cluster with its specific cognitive meaning for the citing authors. Co-citation contexts are used to reveal the relationships among the concepts symbolized by the highly cited documents, providing a cognitive equivalent of the co-citation links. This may open a new way to the investigation of the logic of conceptual change at the specialty level.

? Manten, A.A. (1980), Publication of scientific-information is not identical with communication. Scientometrics, 2 (4), 303-308.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 303.pdf

Abstract: Primary papers of international relevance do not always get published in media which have good international dissemination. Samples of literature in animal science, judged by scientists active in that subject field, indicate that this discrepancy may be a truly serious one.

? Sullivan, D., Koester, D., White, D.H. and Kern, R. (1980), Understanding rapid theoretical change in particle physics: A month-by-month co-citation analysis. Scientometrics, 2 (4), 309-319.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 309.pdf

Abstract: While co-citation analysis has proved a powerful tool in the study of changes in intellectual loci in science, the technique has never been used to study very rapid changes in the theoretical structure of a scientific field. In this paper we present month-by-month co-citation analyses of key phases in the weak-electromagnetic unification research program within particle physics and show that these analyses capture and illuminate very rapid intellectual changes. These data provide yet another illustration of the utility of co-citation analysis for understanding the history of science.

? Zuckerman, H. and Miller, R.B. (1980), Science indicators - implications for research and policy - Social-Science-Research-Council conference, May 1978. Scientometrics, 2 (5-6), 327-330.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 327.pdf

? Brooks, H. (1980), Science indicators and science policy. Scientometrics, 2 (5-6), 331-337.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 331.pdf

Abstract: The relation of science indicators to science policy raises several questions. First is the clef’tuition of the system, whether just academic science or the entire system of technical innovation from research through manufacturing and marketing or government policy and operations. Second is society’s expectations whose realization depends more on political social factors than on sdenee itself. Third is how the output of research can be compared with the imputs into it if there is no norm other than comparative international performance.

Averch, H. (1980), Science indicators and policy analysis. Scientometrics, 2 (5-6), 339-345.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 339.pdf

Abstract: This paper discusses the use of science indicators by public policy analysts with limited time and resources. Using the example of innovation policy, it describes what kind of policy relevant propositions can be extracted from science indicators and shows the inherent limits of indicators as instruments for policy making. It shows how science indicators can and must be combined with other sources to construct alternative strategies for decision making. It closes with a discussion of the use of science indicators in constructing consistent lines of argument and reasoning for making policy and for checking past policy.

? Zuckerman, H. and Miller, R.B. (1980), Indicators of science: Notes and queries. Scientometrics, 2 (5-6), 347-353.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 347.pdf

Abstract: Some science indicators can be found in Social Indicators 1976 as well as Science Indicators--1976, but the coverage of science is limited. Neither volume contains data on cognitive aspects of science and technology or on their social consequences. The authors make suggestions for then-and-there assessments of cognitive advance in science and for prospective and retrospective cheeks on the validity of these assessments.

? Mcculloch, R. (1980), International indicators of science and technology: How does the United-States compare? Scientometrics, 2 (5-6), 355-367.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 355.pdf

Abstract: Because the basic determinants of innovative success are poorly understood, the data in SI-76 cannot support an unambiguous summary assessment of U. S. science. While some nations now rival the U. S. in relative expenditure for R&D, U.S. absolute: expenditure still dwarfs that of any nation except the U. S. S. R., and the U. S. remains preeminent by most measures of technological capacity. However, the technology gap continues to narrow, bringing both costs and benefits to the U.S. Advances abroad threaten the U. S. position in some markets and exacerbate the nation’s trade adjustment problems. But the nation may also benefit substantially from new opportunities to import as well as export advanced technology.

Keywords: United States

? Mansfield, E. (1980), International indicators of science and technology: Comments. Scientometrics, 2 (5-6), 369-373.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 369.pdf

Abstract: Science Indicators--1976 has been prepared with a great deal of skill and is a valuable document. The fact that it reflects the unsatisfactory state of basic knowledge of the ways in which science and technology affect, and are affected by, various economic, social, and political variables of interest to policy makers is no fault of its authors. Nonetheless, in handling some topics, the report might have gone further in indicating the limitations of the measures used. Also, several topics omitted from the report might be considered for inclusion in subsequent editions.

? Freeman, R.B. (1980), Indicators of the impact of R and D on the economy. Scientometrics, 2 (5-6), 375-385.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 375.pdf

Abstract: This paper reviews the literature on the economic effects of R&D and then examines the gaps in our knowledge. While most micro-studies show that R&D raises economic growth, existing knowledge of the mechanisms by which R&D affects productivity and output is sparse, and it is unclear whether the micro-studies can be generalized to the national economy. The paper concludes by examining some possible consequences of the reduced R&D effort by the United States.

? Rosenberg, N. (1980), Indicators of the impact of R and D on the economy: Comments. Scientometrics, 2 (5-6), 387-393.

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Abstract: These comments assert that the relationships between R&D expenditures and productivity growth are far more complex than they are ordinarily made out to be. R&D expenditures include several very different components, and only a rather small percentage of the total consists of expenditures upon basic science. One should not expect a very close association over time, or among countries, between spending upon R&D and the observed growth in economic productivity.

? Kuh, C.V. (1980), Indicators of scientific manpower. Scientometrics,