Personal Research Database

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 395.pdf

Abstract: Although the statistics on science and engineering personnel in Science Indicators - 1976 can be used to trace changes in the supply and utilization of these personnel, very little is presented that would allow readers to discern the emergence of strengths or weaknesses in this area. The author suggests that the inclusion of a variety of indicators relating to age, quality and mobility of scientific personnel would be a useful addition to the chapter. Additional indicators of labor market change, such as salaries, would also be helpful for policy purposes.

? Cole, S. (1980), Comments on ‘Indicators of scientific manpower’. Scientometrics, 2 (5-6), 405-409.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 405.pdf

Abstract: In this examination of the implications of the decline in the demand for scientists, research on two questions is discussed. The first is the effect of age upon scientific creativity and the second is the relationship between the number of scientists and the growth of scientific knowledge.

? Ben-David, J. (1980), U. S. science in international perspective. Scientometrics, 2 (5-6), 411-421.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 411.pdf

Abstract: This is an investigation of the relationship between the institutional structure of American science and its position in world science, as shown by Science Indicators - 1976. It concludes that, compared to other countries, the distinct characteristics of American institutions are consistent with, and may actually explain, the leading American position according to the indicators. However recent changes in those institutions may have weakened American science in ways not reflected by the present indicators.

Keywords: United States

? de Solla Price, D. (1980), Comments on ‘U. S. science in an international perspective’. Scientometrics, 2 (5-6), 423-428.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 423.pdf

Abstract: International data show that the scientific development of the United States is neither better nor worse than expected for its size and industry. Its position is, however, deteriorating rapidly. The postwar expansion in federal funding of research seems to be a response to continued exponential growth rather than a cause. The science indicators volumes, all criticism notwithstanding, are rapidly provoking new understanding of these questions of scientific and technological change.

Keywords: United States

? Bowers, R. (1980), Indicators of basic research in the physical sciences. Scientometrics, 2 (5-6), 429-433.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 429.pdf

Abstract: Information on basic research in the physical sciences is not readily available in Science Indicators - 1976, but it can be synthesized from many chapters of the report. The indicators show that there has been a greater decline in real support by the federal government for the physical sciences than for engineering, the social sciences, or the life sciences. Additional information is needed on the response to this reduction in funding. The author concludes by calling for an accounting of the costs and benefits to basic research of reduced funding and suggests items which should be included in such an accounting.

? Riecken, H.W. (1980), Vital signs for basic research in the behavioral and social sciences. Scientometrics, 2 (5-6), 435-437.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 435.pdf

Abstract: Notably missing from Science Indicators are output measures of the status of basic research in the behavioral and social sciences. Two such measures are suggested. Citation indexes appear to yield estimates of quality as well as productivity that are comparable to peer judgments in various fields of science. A variety of measures of employment of scientific personnel may indicate the growth or decline of scientific activity in specific fields.

? Laporte, T.R. and Chisholm, D. (1980), Indicators of public attitudes toward science and technology. Scientometrics, 2 (5-6), 439-448.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 439.pdf

Abstract: The use of attitude surveys in Science Indicators - 1976 is reviewed and found sufficiently flawed to limit the utility of survey results. The primary confusion throughout is the treatment of science and technology as if they were indistinguishable activities. Suggestions for conceptual improvement are presented both for describing attitudes and for predicting changes in them.

? Moravcsik, M.J. (1980), Science and science policy in the Arab world - Zahlan, AB. Scientometrics, 2 (5-6), 449-450.

Full Text: 1960-80\Scientometrics2, 449.pdf

? Heffner, A.G. (1981), Funded research, multiple authorship, and subauthorship collaboration in four disciplines. Scientometrics, 3 (1), 5-12.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 5.pdf

Abstract: Increased financial support for science has contributed to a change in the social structure of research, as evidenced by the increase in collaborative research. The present paper examines the relationship between financial support, multiple authorship, and subauthorship in four disciplines. It is shown that financial support for research is associated with an increase in the total number of persons involved in the production of knowledge per journal article. However, the impact of funding is not the same for all modes of collaboration nor the same for all disciplines.

? Marshakova, I.V. (1981), Citation networks in information science. Scientometrics, 3 (1), 13-25.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 13.pdf

Abstract: The method of Co-citation analysis is used to build citation networks in information science. As data base the first 13 volumes (1961 - 1973) of the leading Soviet journal in the field (Nauchno-tekhnicheskaya Informatsiya) were used. The results reveal the topical structure of information science, the communities of authors and the names of single leading scientists. The evaluation of scientists’ work is based on two measures: productivity (with or without co-authorship) and popularity (popularity of authors and popularity of papers).

? Leydesdorff, L. and Van Erkelens, H. (1981), Some social-psychological aspects of becoming a physicist. Scientometrics, 3 (1), 27-45.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 27.pdf

Abstract: A group of academic scientists and a group of industrial scientists in the field of solid state physics are compared with regard to their view of ‘the physicist’ in general. In the same way two groups of students in different phases of their training are interviewed in order to get insight into social conflicts present in the educational system. Differences between the groups are found in the importance they attach to the socilal aspect of the research and in the degree to which they feel ‘the physicist’ to be a normative concept.

? de Solla Price, D. (1981), The analysis of scientometric matrices for policy implications. Scientometrics, 3 (1), 47-53.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 47.pdf

Abstract: A method is explained for analysing matrices of statistics where each element should be approximately proportional to some column coefficient and also to some row coefficient. Using U. S. patent data as an example it is shown that entries are usually proportional to country ‘size’ and patent category ‘size’. Deviations from proportionality expectations when tabulated often suggest policy implications.

? de Solla Price, D. (1981), The analysis of square matrices of scientometric transactions. Scientometrics, 3 (1), 55-63.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 55.pdf

Abstract: A method is explained for analysing square matrices of statistics giving transactions between each member of a set of nations, papers, journals, etc. In general self-transactions are different in kind to other exchanges of money, citations, etc., and a special method is given to compute row and column coefficients without relying on the diagonal elements. It is shown that this method yields very satisfactory analyses for journal and national citation data, enabling the members of the set to be assigned measures of size, quality and self-interest and a fuzzy set of clustered members from which all data may be derived.

? Mcallister, P.R. (1981), A guidebook for technology assessment and impact analysis - Porter, AL, Rossini, FA, Carpentier, SR, Roper, AT, Larson, RW, Tiller, JS. Scientometrics, 3 (1), 65-66.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 65.pdf

? Oromaner, M. (1981), Cognitive consensus in recent mainstream American sociology: An empirical analysis. Scientometrics, 3 (2), 73-84.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 73.pdf

Abstract: A number of observers have commented that American sociology has recently experienced a shift in its cognitive structure. In order to empirically investigate these observations, citations in the two most prominent sociological journals during 1955 and 1970 are examined. The data indicate that (a) various theory groups account for a relatively small percentage of authors cited during either period, (b) a number of the earlier theory groups are less prominent than they once were, and (c) there is evidence of the emergence of one new theory group.

? Bindon, G. (1981), Output measures of cooperative research: The case of the pulp and paper research institute of Canada. Scientometrics, 3 (2), 85-106.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 85.pdf

Abstract: Applying various quantitative techniques, this paper attempts to describe and analyze the scientific output of a cooperative industrial research institute (Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada, PAPRICAN) by comparing its impact on the employment patterns of McGill graduate students who have done their thesis research under the auspices of the industrial laboratory with graduate students from the same departments who have not worked at PAPRICAN, and a comparison of the publication practices of three groups: PAPRICAN staff not associated with the university (McGilI), the PAPRICAN staff who also hold academic appointments at McGill, and the faculty of the Chemistry Department at McGill who do not hold staff positions at PAPRICAN.

It is found that the academic association with PAPRICAN during graduate research has a significant impact on the number of students who go on to careers in industry. However, close examination of those who remain in Canada indicates that the impact is increasingly felt in only the Pulp and Paper industry. Different ‘macro’ standards are applied to this ‘micro’ example, and policy implications are discussed.

The publication record is again compared to various ‘macro’ standards so as to judge various qualities of the scientific output of the different groups. The PAPRICAN staff performs as would be expected of industrial researchers and the McGill faculty show normal characteristics for an academic group. However, those who holdpositions in both the industrial institute and the academic sector, reveal the special role they play in linking the ‘science’ of the second with the ‘technology’ of the first.

Keywords: Canada

? Malecki, E.J. (1981), A note on the geographical concentration of scientific personnel in the USA. Scientometrics, 3 (2), 107-114.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 107.pdf

Abstract: Theories of urban size and growth have assumed that innovativeness is more common to larger cities. This paper tests the relationship between three measures of scientific employment, and the population of U.S. metropolitan areas. Elasticities of scientific employment with respect to city size and nonlinear functions of city size suggest that innovative ability of the largest urban areas declined somewhat from 1966 to 1972. Diseconomies of size for scientific activity may be becoming dominant in the largest cities in contrast to prevailing assumptions about the advantages of urban size.

Notes: UUniversity

? Frieze, I.H., Knoble, J.M. and Mitroff, I.I. (1981), American university students’ beliefs about success in science: A case study. Scientometrics, 3 (2), 115-126.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 115.pdf

Abstract: Attribution theory as a new perspective for studying the psychology of science and scientists is introduced through use of a case study of college students’ attributions for success and failure in science. The attributional perspective incorporates views of one’s own competence as well as beliefs about the importance of effort for success in science. It also provides a framework for analyzing differences in attitudes about various fields of science. Sex differences in science participation are a further area which can be analyzed from an attributional perspective. Results from the college student study are discussed along with suggestions for future research.

? Chernogorenko, V.B. and Muchnik, S.V. (1981), Scientometric estimation of present-day study on phosphides. Scientometrics, 3 (2), 127-134.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 127.pdf

Abstract: A scientometric analysis of the publications and of the information flow on all phosphides shows that: the bulk of the publications on semieonducting phosphides relates to gallium phosphide. For non-semiconducting phosphides, most of the articles are connected with phosphides of transition metals. Tile bulk of the studies feature crystal structure, phase equilibria, diagrams of state and electrophysical and magnetic properties. Most of the articles on phosphides are published in English (53.4%) and in Russian (24.4%). There is a tendency lbr research to be carried out by groups of researchers of two, three, four or more persons. The present scientometric analysis helps establish the trend of investigations on phosphides.

? Folly, G., Hajtman, B., Nagy, J.I. and Ruff, I. (1981), Some methodological problems in ranking scientists by citation analysis. Scientometrics, 3 (2), 135-147.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 135.pdf

Abstract: A sample of 80 Hungarian scientists, authors or co-authors of a total number of 6273 papers - published between 1930-1976 - has been analysed. Citation data to each paper were collected form the 1964-76 SCI’s by manual search. Citation counts were distinguished with respect to the following categories: (I) the set of cited authors has element(s) common with the set of citing authors (self citation), (II) condition I is not satisfied, but the cited author under study and at least one of the citing authors were co-authors prior to the publication of the cited paper, (III) none of the former criteria is satisfied. The yearly average citation frequency of a paper was not corrected for obsolescence, since there is no evidence that the decay of citation frequency with time is independent of the absolute citedness of the paper. Individual performance has been measured (a) by the sum of the yearly average type 111 fractional citation frequencies over all of the author’s papers, (b) by the sum of the yearly average citation frequency normalized to one single-authored paper per year over the period of the author’s activity, (c)- by the same as in a, but summed up only over the most highly cited papers ‘scattering upwards’ from the individual’s own average, (d) by the fractional authorship, and (e) by the number of items in the author’s publication list. The first three parameters seem to be applicable in measuring the utility of the individual’s scientific contribution With slightly different emphasis on different aspects. These parameters are uncorrelated with those measuring the output of individuals.

? Frame, J.D. and Prokrym, D.R. (1981), Counts of U.S. and Soviet science and technology journals. Scientometrics, 3 (3), 159-175.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 159.pdf

Abstract: A detailed examination is made of the 1973 US and Soviet serials holdings of the British Library Lending Division (BLLD), the most comprehensive collection of active scientific and technological serials in the world. In total, 6075 US and 2399 Soviet serials were identified. These serials were then assigned on the basis of their titles to over 200 scientific and technological specialty areas. These assignments clearly show that the US is substantially more active than the USSR in the life sciences and social sciences, while the USSR is relatively more active in the physical and engineering sciences. When comparing the absolute size of the US and Soviet serial counts, it is seen that the US outpublishes the USSR in all major fields (i.e., clinical medicine, biomedical research, biology, chemistry, physics, earth/space science, engineering/technology, mathematics/statistics, psychology, and the social sciences).

Keywords: United States

? Turner, C.F. and Kiesler, S.B. (1981), The impact of basic research in the social sciences: The case of education. Scientometrics, 3 (3), 177-190.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 177.pdf

Abstract: Recent expert evaluations of the condition and funding of educational research in the USA assume that basic research in the social sciences is a~ crucial factor in increasing our understanding and ultimately improving the practice of education (see, for example, the 1977 reporP of the National Academy of Sciences’ Committee on Fundamental Research Relevant to Education), Past tests of this assumption, however, have generally relied upon argument by example or anecdote. In the present study, we analyze citation patterns in the education literature to test the corollary proposition that basic research in the social sciences has had a substantial impact on the literature in education. Empirical data collected on citation patterns in the education literature are found to be largely consistent with this proposition.

? Hubert, J.J. (1981), A rank-frequency model for scientific productivity. Scientometrics, 3 (3), 191-202.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 191.pdf

Abstract: If f(r) is the number of contributions of an author or rank r, then it is shown that f(r) is proportional to r -#, where ~ > 0. The model is dependent on the definitions of ‘a contribution’ and ‘rank’ of an author. Three estimation procedures are illustrated and four other scientific productivity studies, and two data sets on Canadian Mathematicians are shown to adequately fit this rank-frequency relationship.

? Nadel, E. (1981), Citation and co-citation indicators of a phased impact of the BCS theory in the physics of superconductivity. Scientometrics, 3 (3), 203-221.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 203.pdf

Abstract: An intellectual account of of the physics of superconductivity was compared with citation and co-citation daga during two historical periods that coincided wkh the introduction of its central explanatory theory (BCS). Factor analysis is used to investigate the co-citation data. The results give prelh-ninary support to a hypothesis that distinguishes ~pact phases in the effect of the theory on the cognitive organization of the speciaRy. It is also observed that citation and co-citation data are separate types of information which, under scene Mstorical conditions, give diffe~ng resuks.

? Yanovsky, V.I. (1981), Citation analysis significance of scientific journals. Scientometrics, 3 (3), 223-233.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 223.pdf

Abstract: The application of methods of quantitative analysis makes it possible to evaluate the impact of scientific journals on one another. These methods are used to determine the significance of similar scientific journals by their cross-citations, taking into account data from the Journal Citation Reports (JCR). They also help to improve the Journal Citation Reports structure and widen its uses for the evaluation of scientific journals. The above methods are applied to analyse critically the principles of ranking journals in package 1 and the tabular contents of JCR’s packages 2 and 3, as well as to study frequency distributions of the journals both in time and space.

? Shaw, W.M. (1981), Information theory and scientific communication. Scientometrics, 3 (3), 235-249.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 235.pdf

Abstract: Informal and formal communication processes are documented in the primary journal literature. Both processes impose structures on the authors who publish their research, and the formal process imposes a structure on the journals which publish scientific papers. In this paper, it is shown that information theory can he applied to these structures for the purpose of evaluating the contribution that authors and journals make to the communication of scientific information. Experimental results identify the most communicative authors and journals in an area of active research.

? Griffith, B.C. (1981), The scientific journal - Meadows, AJ. Scientometrics, 3 (3), 251-252.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 251.pdf

? Kochen, M. and Blaivas, A. (1981), A model for the growth of mathematical specialties. Scientometrics, 3 (4), 265-273.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 265.pdf

Abstract: A mathematical model for the growth of two coupled mathematical specialties, differential geometry and topology, is analyzed. The key variable is the number of theorems in use in each specialty. Obsolescences of theorems-in-use due to replacement by more general theorems introduces non-linear terms of the differential equations. The stability of stationary solutions is investigated. The phase portrait shows that the number of theorems in low-dimensional topology relative to those in differential geometry is increasing. The model is qualitatively consistent with the growth of publications in these two specialties, but does not give quantitative predictions, partly because we do not use an explicit solutions as a function of time and partly because only two specialties are used. The methods of analysis and some of the concepts can be extended to the development of more general and realistic models for the growth of specialties.

Notes: UUniversity

? Rushton, J.P. and Meltzer, S. (1981), Research productivity, university revenue, and scholarly impact (citations) of 169 British, Canadian and United States universities (1977). Scientometrics, 3 (4), 275-303.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 275.pdf

Abstract: One hundred and sixty-nine universities, comprising three separate samples from Britain, Canada, and the United States were evaluated in terms of their productivity across all disciplines. The 1977 Arts and Humanities, Social Science, and Science Citation Indices were used as the basis for counting the total number of publications from each of the universities. The 10 overall most productive universities were Harvard University, the University of Texas, the University of California, Los Angeles, the University of London, England, the University of Wisconsin, the University of. Illinois, the University of Minnesota, the University of California, Berkeley, Stanford University, and the University of Washington, Seattle. Fifteen of the most productive 100 universities were from the United Kingdom while eleven were from Canada. Additional data were collected including: the revenue of the university, the year the university was founded, the number of subscriptions to current periodicals, the number of bound volumes in the library, the aptitude scores and number of both graduate and undergraduate students, the total number of faculty members, and the number of publications of, reputational rating, and citations to, the faculty members in the psychology departments. A powerful general factor was found to permeate the more than 30 disparate measures, i.e., those universities that were high on one measure were high on others. This general factor could be labelled a dimension of wealth, quality, or size.

Keywords: United States

? Van Heeringen, A. (1981), Dutch research groups: Output and collaboration. Scientometrics,