Personal Research Database

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 305.pdf

Abstract: In the Netherlands the research worker in the universities on an average publlsiaes in scientific journals three times as much as the scientist in industry. However, the universities differ considerably regarding their publications score per scientists, although this difference is diminishing. Furthermore this study shows per discipline the level of co-operation between Dutch and foreign research establishments. In general the level of co-operation with other research institutes has no positive effect on output. The analysis does show that the institutions with the largest financial support from the Research Council (an organization with the task of improving the output of research by means of fostering co-operation between research workers) are also the most productive ones.

Adamson, I. (1981), The size of science in the old Nigerian universities: A preliminary analysis. Scientometrics, 3 (4), 317-324.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 317.pdf

Abstract: The scientific productivity of six old Universities in Nigeria has been computed over the period 1970-79. The order of contribution is by University of Ibadan, Ahmadu Bello University, Universities of Ire, Nigeria, Lagos and Benin. While there is a real growth in Scientific research in Nigeria as a whole, some of the Universities have problems which have put their research efforts on a downward trend. A new order of Scientific contributions by the Universities appears to be emerging. Constant Scientific growth analysis will help the new bodies involved in formulating and coordinating Science policy in Nigeria.

? Gieryn, T.F. (1981), The aging of a science and its exploitation of innovation: Lessons from X-ray and radio astronomy. Scientometrics, 3 (4), 325-334.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 325.pdf

Abstract: Analysis of the growth of radio and X-ray astronomy in the 1960s suggests that future reductions in the size of entering cohorts of new doctorates in astronomy may lengthen the time needed to exploit future innovations, discoveries or breakthroughs. This may well tead to slower rates of advancement in astronomical knowledge. Most scientists making up the early growth of these two problem areas had recently earned their Ph. D’s, and, it was found, the probability of initiating research in radio or X-ray astronomy declined with the age of the scientist. Since smaller entering cohorts of new scientists would imply an overall aging of the astronomical community, the rate at which scientists will move in to exploit future innovations will probably be slower than during the periods of peak growth in the 1960s.

? Bruer, J.T. (1981), The cancer mission: Social contexts of biomedical research - Studer, KE, Chubin, DE. Scientometrics, 3 (4), 335-337.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 335.pdf

? Hall, D.H. (1981), The earth and planetary sciences in science during the twentieth century. Scientometrics, 3 (5), 349-362.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 349.pdf

Abstract: The earth and planetary sciences have shown remarkable changes during the present century. The relative coverage of earth and earth-planetary science in the journal Science (from the USA) was studied quantitatively at 5-year intervals for the period 1900-1976. Similar data, but more widely spaced, (10-year intervals) were obtained from the journal Nature (from Great Britain) as corroboration.

It was found in both journals that the relative attention given to earth science and to the combination of earth and planetary sciences dropped through the century to a low point about 1955. Thereafter the trend reversed, with both of these elements rising almost twice as rapidly as they had previously failer. A comparison with previous work on the production of American periodical literature showed similar trends but a consistently greater proportion of coverage of these subjects in Science than that in the literature, suggesting that the former is reflecting a wider spectrum of impact of these subjects than is the latter. General science journals may be a better indicator of impact of a science than is the specialized literature. The sim’flarity of results in the two journals indicates that the idea of patterns in world science is a valid one, in which the USA and Great Britain belong to a common pattern.

? Burke, C.E. and de Solla Price, D. (1981), The distribution of citations from nation to nation on a field by field basis: A computer calculation of the parameters. Scientometrics, 3 (5), 363-377.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 363.pdf

Abstract: Following the methodology established by Price, this paper analyzes the empirical evidence of citation matrices. Using the data cleaned and tabulated by Computer Horizons, Inc. from the Science Citation Index data banks, it is shown that the non-diagonal elements of the square citation matrices can be accounted for very satisfactorily by assigning each nation a characteristic output and input coefficient in each field measured, the ratio of these coefficients provides a measure of quality. Deviations from this simple model give measures of particular linkage strengths between nations showing some evidence of preferences and avoidances that exist for reason of language, social structure, etc. It is also shown that the diagonal data can be accounted for by the measurable phenomenon that each nation seems to publish partly for the international knowledge system and partly for its own domestic purposes. Thus, three parameters and a cluster map can parsimoniously describe the citation data within the limits of random error.

? Schubert, A. and Braun, T. (1981), Some scientometric measures of publishing performance for 85 Hungarian research institutes. Scientometrics, 3 (5), 379-388.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 379.pdf

Abstract: A sample comprising the three years publication output (1976–1978) of 85 Hungarian research institutes was subjected to scientometric analysis. Values of and correlations between some measures of publishing performance, scientific manpower, and citation impact were compared across the following research fields: mathematical and physical sciences, chemical sciences, biological and medical sciences, agricultural sciences, and engineering. A new quality measure of publishing performance, thetotal impact of the journal papers of individual institutes has been suggested.

? Hastings, T. (1981), A note on the utility of international publication data. Scientometrics, 3 (5), 389-396.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 389.pdf

Abstract: This note focuses on a possible lh-nitation of international publication data as a measure of research activity. It is argued that differences in the ~pressure’ and/or ‘capacity’ to publish may exist between countries which would necessitate the standardization of publication data on a country basis. The argument is supported by statistical tests performed on data recently utilized to measure agricultural scientific research activity.

? Marton, J. (1981), Changes in the time distribution of biochemical article references from 1962 to 1977. Scientometrics, 3 (5), 397-400.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 397.pdf

Abstract: Beside the continuous gtowth of the number of references per biochemical article from 1962 to 1977, an equalization tendency can be observed in the R/A values of the fi.ve leading biochemical journals investigated. While from 1962 to 1969 the number of more recent references (0-5 year old) had a hi~her growth rate than that of the older ones (6 § year old), from 1969 to 1977 the situation turned to the opposite. The number of very recent (0- I year old) references reached a saturation near the end of the sLxtJes.

? Inhaber, H. (1981), Essays of An Information Scientist, Vol 3, 1977-1978 - Garfield, E. Scientometrics, 3 (5), 401-402.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 401.pdf

? Morse, P.M. (1981), The underlying characteristics of the Bradford distribution. Scientometrics, 3 (6), 415-436.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 415.pdf

Abstract: The Bradford distribution, differs from most probability distributions in that it is concerned with the.rank-order S of the elements in terms of their productivity (from highest down to lowest) rather than with the numerical values n of the element’s productivity. The defining relationship is that S is exponentially related to G, the Cumulative production of the elements of rank-order S or less. This implies a Zipf-like relationship between mean’ productivity and rank-order, which is analogous to the Weber-Fechner law of Psychophysics. A variational specification of the distribution is given, and it is pointed out that the relationship betweeen the construction of the Bradford and that of the usual distributions is roughly analogous to the relationship between Lebesgue and Riemann integration.

It has been pointed out in the past that many informational data fit the approximate formula for the Bradford distribution (where n is considered to be a continuous variable). It is shown that when the exact Bradford distribution is used (with productivity taken to be an integer, as it actually is) then the fit with the data is even better, clear down to n = 3, 2 and even 1. This is demonstrated by fits with data from the scatter of articles on operations research among journals and also with data on the citations to a single medical journal by articles in other journals. The paper also includes tables and formulas to enable the reader to fit the distribution to data of his choice.

? Brunk, G.G. and Jason, G.J. (1981), The impact of warfare on the rate of invention: A time series analysis of United States patent activity. Scientometrics, 3 (6), 437-455.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 437.pdf

Abstract: The outbreak of war is generally thought to shift the fields in which research is conducted. As a result, military conflict has historically been credited with being the catalyst which has caused decisive technological advances. It is also generally suggested that warfare has a systematic impact on the intensity of inve~ative activity. Most scholars have claimed that wars increase inventiveness, although a few argue that conflict is a hinderance to research. This question has not received extensive empirical examination. Using United States data, we show that a basic pattern is repeatedly observed. Immediately after the outbreak of a war, there is a significant decline in inventiveness, which is followed by a marked surge. The average net result is a virtual negation of the two trends.

Keywords: United States

? Hurt, C.D. (1981), A test of differences in the literature history of four historical accounts of the quantum mechanics problem. Scientometrics, 3 (6), 457-466.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 457.pdf

Abstract: This paper examines four historical accounts of the quantum mechanics problem in physics. The purpose is to describe the litrature used by the histories quantitatively using frequency of date of publication. Additionally, one of tile histories was tested against the or-her three, to determine differences’ A .Moments Test ~and a t Test were employed, The results indicated the literature history of quantum mechanics, when plotted as a function of frequency of publication date is non-normal, negatively skewed, avd is platykurtic. The test for difference between the one history and the cumulative histories was non-significant. Interpretations of the results are discussed.

? Cohen, J.E. (1981), Publication rate as a function of laboratory size in three biomedical research institutions. Scientometrics, 3 (6), 467-487.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 467.pdf

Abstract: In three biomedical research institutions, there is no indication of a single laboratory size at which the number of publications per,scientist is maximal or minimal, In a scattergram of the numbe r of publications of a laboratory, against laboratory size, .the horizontal coordinate measures the number of scientists in a laboratory, the vertical axis measuresthe number of publications from the laboratory (counting each publication once regardless of the number of authors), and each laboratory is represented by one point. Scattergrams for the Rockefeller Ur~iversity (RU), New York, the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, and the National Cancer Institute ~(NCI), Bethesda, ~are each described well by a straight line through the origin. The slopes of the lines for the three institutions axe not significantly different. In these laboratories, ranging in, size from 1 to 46 scientists, one additional scientist increases the expected manual number of publications of a laboratory by approximately 1.1, regardless of the size of the laboratory. Although the three institutions have significantly different mean laboratory sizes, the frequency distribution of laboratory size in each institutior/is described well by a 0-truncated negative binomial distribution, as predictedby a simple model of laboratory population dynamics,

? Moravcsik, E.A. (1981), In the labyrinths of language: A mathematicians journey - Nalimov, VV. Scientometrics, 3 (6), 489-490.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 489.pdf

? Menkes, J. (1981), Synthesis and analysis-methods for safety and reliability studies - Apostolakis, G, Garribba, S, Volta, A. Scientometrics, 3 (6), 491-492.

Full Text: 1981\Scientometrics3, 491.pdf

? Haitun, S.D. (1982), Stationary scientometric distributions: Part I. Different approximations. Scientometrics, 4 (1), 5-25.

Full Text: 1982\Scientometrics4, 5.pdf

Abstract: Stationary distributions, i.e. distributions involving no time dependence, are analysed. The rank and frequency forms of statistical distributions are considered. On the basis of this consideration the approximations of stationary scientometric distributions are reviewed.

? Dobrov, G.M. and Dziekovskaya, I.V. (1982), Methods and results of studying the flow of information in the field of thin-film superconductivity. Scientometrics, 4 (1), 27-44

Full Text: 1982\Scientometrics4, 27.pdf

Abstract: This paper deals with a physical-statistical analysis on the information flows in the field of superconductive thin films for 1949 to 1977. The classification of scientific research is done and an attempt is made to determine the correlations between the different types. The dynamics of growth of the number of publications is considered, and changes of researchers’ scientific interests concerning the application of various chemical materials and structures in superconductive thin films are studied. The problems of professional mobility are also investigated. Conclusions are drawn on the development of the described field.

? Kochen, M., Crickman, R. and Blaivas, A. (1982), Distribution of scientific experts as recognized by peer consensus. Scientometrics, 4 (1), 45-56

Full Text: 1982\Scientometrics4, 45.pdf

Abstract: Peex review plays an important role in maintaining the quality of science. Selection of peers is at the heart of the process by which science advances Editors and others responsible for selecting a group of peers often rely on their position in a network by which experts in a field are linked to one another by bonds of common interest and recognized expertise. In this paper, we report one aspect of a study aimed at characterizing the structure of this network: the asymmetry of the fraction of experts receiving varying numbers of nominations as experts by peers. The distribution of such nominations is very skew, and we have found that a law of cumulative advantage provides the best theoretical approximation for the distribution of nominations, expecially when the overall pool of data is broken down into well-defined specialties.

? Zsindely, S., Schubert, A. and Braun, T. (1982), Editorial gatekeeping patterns in international science journals. A new science indicator. Scientometrics, 4 (1), 57-68.

Full Text: 1982\Scientometrics4, 57.pdf

Abstract: Significant correlations were found between the number of science journal editors from different countries, on the one hand, and the number of scientists, the number of science journals and the number of science papers produced by these countries on the other. We argue for using the extent of participation in the editorial board of international science journals as a new science indicator. The deviations from the regression lines between the new indicator and other publication indicators allow one to assess the ‘open’ or ‘closed’ character of the scientific life of a given country.

? Zsindely, S., Schubert, A. and Braun, T. (1982), Citation patterns of editorial gatekeepers in international chemistry journals. Scientometrics, 4 (1), 69-76.

Full Text: 1982\Scientometrics4, 69.pdf

Abstract: A significant correlation was found between the mean number of citations to the editors of international chemistry journals and the impact factor of the journals in question. A much weaker correlation was found if citations to the editor(s)-in-chief only were considered, this suggests that the professional profile of the journal is determined by the editorial board rather than the person of the editor(s)-in-chief. The number of citations to the editors of international chemistry journals may be used for characterizing a country’s chemical research activity.

? Haitun, S.D. (1982), Scientometric analysis of information flows in chemistry - Granovsky, YV. Scientometrics, 4 (1), 77-79.

Full Text: 1982\Scientometrics4, 77.pdf

? Frame, J.D. (1982), Management of research and innovation - Dean, BV, Goldhar, JL. Scientometrics, 4 (1), 79-80.

Full Text: 1982\Scientometrics4, 79.pdf

? Griffith, B.C. (1982), New technology developments, in the communication of research during the 1980s - Meadows, AJ. Scientometrics, 4 (1), 80-81.

Full Text: 1982\Scientometrics4, 80.pdf

? Haitun, S.D. (1982), Stationary scientometric distributions: Part II. Non-gaussian nature of scientific activities. Scientometrics, 4 (2), 89-104.

Full Text: 1982\Scientometrics4, 89.pdf

Abstract: Stationary distributions, i.e. distributions involving no time dependence, are considered. It is shown that all these distributions in scientometrics can be approximated by the Zipf distribution at high values of variables. The sample moments appear to depend significantly on the sample size. Accordingly, the approximation of these observational data by probability distributions converging to a stable distribution different from the normal one proves to be the only correct approximation. The conclusion is formulated that the use of non-Gaussian statistics is necessary in the science of science and other social sciences.

? Chapman, I.D. and Farina, C. (1982), Concentration of resources: The National-Research-Council’s (Canada). Scientometrics, 4 (2), 105-117.

Full Text: 1982\Scientometrics4, 105.pdf

Abstract: Concentration of resources continues to be an important issue in the formulation of policy for the support of university research. In this paper, techniques for quantitatively assessing two dimensions of this issue, ‘between’ and ‘within’ committee concentrations, are developed. These techniques are applied in an analysis of the peer-adjudicated grants of the National Research Council of Canada for the years 1964-1974 inclusive. Results indicate that although ‘between’ committee concentrations have responded to changing priorities for university research, ‘within’ committee concentrations have remained remarkably stable over this decade. This is seen as having important implications for recent attempts at re-orienting university research in Canada.

Keywords: Canada

? Jagodzinski-Sigogneau, M., Courtial, J.P. and Latour, B. (1982), How to measure the degree of independence of a research system. Scientometrics, 4 (2), 119-133.

Full Text: 1982\Scientometrics4, 119.pdf

Abstract: The French bibliographic data-base PASCAL is used to study relations between Research Systems in terms of dependance of a periphery upon a Center.

The deployment of disciplines, the productivity and the use of mother tongue of 9 developped countries are quantified (on the Life Science file only).

This dependance is also quantified by reference to who studies whom, and in which language the results are available. A search in Life Science and Earth Science files by means of subject terms added by PASCAL indexers at input to papers published by 5 developped countries working on fourteen Latino-american and African countries.

? Blickenstaff, J. and Moravcsik, M.J. (1982), Scientific output in the third-world. Scientometrics, 4 (2), 135-169.

Full Text: 1982\Scientometrics4, 135.pdf

Abstract: Although such indicators exhibit only certain aspects of the contribution of science to a country, the number of scientific authors in a given year is plotted for every year between 1971 and 1976, inclusive, and the number of scientific authors divided by the population of the country is also given for those years. The number of scientific authors is the number of scientists who published at least one article in a journal in that given year. The data were taken from a survey which, although it covers only about 4000 scientific journals, includes a large fraction of all articles published.

The results are given in 43 graphs, the first 17 of which show the number of authors and the second 16 the authors per capita. The graphs are divided according to geographical areas: Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, and within each region countries with roughly comparable output or output per capita are grouped together.

The last ten graphs show the growth rates of authors and of authors per capita, compared to the 1971 values, for groups of countries aggregated according to various parameters with which correlation is being investigated. Continent, size of population literacy rate about 25 years before, the percentage of gross national product spent on military expenditures, and colonial past.

? Inhaber, H. (1982), Coping with the biomedical literature: Warren, KS. Scientometrics, 4 (2), 171-172.

Full Text: 1982\Scientometrics4, 171.pdf

? Schubert, A. (1982), How to grow science - Moravcsik, MJ. Scientometrics, 4 (2), 172-173.

Full Text: 1982\Scientometrics4, 172.pdf

? Haitun, S.D. (1982), Stationary scientometric distributions: Part III. The role of the Zipf distribution. Scientometrics, 4 (3), 181-194.

Full Text: 1982\Scientometrics4, 181.pdf

Abstract: The non-Gaussian character of scientific activity is discussed. This character makes correct only non-Gaussian approximations of stationary distributions of scientific activity. Deviation of different non-Gaussian approximations from the Zipf distribution can be explained in some cases by distortion introduced by the observer. The hypothesis that latent stationary distributions of scientific (and generally human) activity for separate person are always described by the Zipf distribution is formulated using the considerations connected with the variational entropy and the Zigler principles.

Keywords: Zipf

? Haigh, M.J. (1982), Citation analysis of foreign sources in Japanese geographical serials. Scientometrics, 4 (3), 195-203.

Full Text: 1982\Scientometrics4, 195.pdf

Abstract: A comparison of sources cited in the Japanese language Geographical Review of Japan and six western language, Japanese geographical serials reveals that while both cite the same proportion of foreign sources (a third), authors tend to select Japanese sources which are written in the language of the host publication. Foreign sources in the Japanese literature are overwhelmingly from the English language world, especially the United States, with a small admixture in German, from the F.R. Germany. The proportion of foreign sources in the Japanese literature appears to be in decline.

? Noma, E. (1982), The simultaneous scaling of cited and citing articles in a common space. Scientometrics,