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- POWER IS THE ULTIMATE SOCIAL VALUE
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BibliographyJonathan Mac. ed. AFTER FOUCAULT: HUMANISTIC KNOWLEDGE, POSTMODERN CHALLENGES. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1988. Michael Clarke. MICHEL FOUCAULT: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY. New York: Garland Press, 1983. Mark Cousins & Athar Hussain. MICHEL FOUCAULT. New York: St. Martin’s, 1984. Giles Deleuze. “Nomad Thought.” in THE NEW NIETZSCHE, ed. D. Allison. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1984, 141-149. Hubert Dreyfus, & Paul Rabinow. MICHEL FOUCAULT: BEYOND STRUCTURALISM AND HERMENEUTICS. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982. Bernard Glynn. “Sexuality, Knowledge and Power in the Thought of Michel Foucault.” PHILOSOPHY AND SOCIAL CRITICISM 8 (1981): 329-348. Gary Gutting. ed. THE CAMBRIDGE COMPANION TO FOUCAULT. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Michel Foucault. ARCHAEOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE. New York: Harper and Row, 1972. Michel Foucault. BIRTH OF THE CLINIC. New York: Pantheon Books, 1973. Michel Foucault. DISCIPLINE AND PUNISH. New York: Vintage Books, 1979. Michel Foucault. HISTORY OF SEXUALITY. Vol. 1. New York: Pantheon Books, 1980. Michel Foucault. MADNESS AND CIVILIZATION. New York: Vintage Books, 1973. Michel Foucault. MICHEL FOUCAULT: LANGUAGE, COUNTER-MEMORY, PRACTICE. SELECTED ESSAYS AND INTERVIEWS. Ed. D.F. Bouchard. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977. Michel Foucault THE ORDER OF THINGS. New York: Vintage Books, 1973. Michel Foucault. POWERIKNOWLEDGE: SELECTED INTERVIEWS AND OTHER WRITINGS. Ed. Cohn Gordon. New York: Pantheon Books, 1980. Michel Foucault. POLITICS, PHILOSOPHY, CULTURE: INTERVIEWS AND OTHER WRITINGS, 1977-1984. New York: Routledge, 1988. Todd May, BETWEEN GENEALOGY AND EPISTEMOLOGY: PSYCHOLOGY, POLITICS, AND KNOWLEDGE IN THE THOUGHT OF MICHEL FOUCAULT. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993. POWER IS THE ULTIMATE SOCIAL VALUE1. POWER IS INFUSED THROUGHOUT SOCIETY Michel Foucault, Former Chair-College of France, POLITICS, PHILOSOPHY, CULTURE. INTERVIEWS AND OTHER WRITINGS, 1977-1984, 1988, p. 118. First, power in the West is what displays itself the most, and thus what hides itself the best: what we have called “political life” since the 19th century is the manner in which power presents its image (a little like the court in the monarchic era). Power is neither there, nor is that how it functions. The relations of power are perhaps among the best hidden things in the social body.
Michel Foucault, Former Chair-College of France, DISCIPLINE AND PUNISH, 1979, p. 168. It may be that war as strategy is a continuation of politics. But it must not be forgotten that politics has been conceived as a continuation, if not exactly and directly of war, at least of the military model as a fundamental means of preventing civil disorder. Politics as a technique of internal peace and order, sought to implement the mechanism of the perfect army, of the disciplined mass, of the docile useful troop, of the regiment in camp and in the field, on maneuvers and on exercises. In the great eighteenth-century states, the army guaranteed civil peace no doubt because it was a real force, an ever-threatening sword, but also because it was a technique and a body of knowledge that could project their schema over the social body.
Michel Foucault, Former Chair-College of France, POLITICS, PHILOSOPHY, CULTURE. INTERVIEWS AND OTHER WRITINGS, 1977-1984, 1988, p. 107. Indeed, truth is no doubt a form of power. An in saying that, I am only taking up one of the fundamental problems of Western philosophy when it poses these questions: Why, in fact, are we attached to the truth? Why the truth rather than lies? Whey the truth rather than illusion? And I think that, instead of trying to find out what truth, as opposed to error is, it might be more interesting to take up the problem posed by Nietzsche: how is it that, in our societies, “the truth” has been given this value, thus placing us absolutely under its thrall? 4. HUMAN SCIENCES AND POWER ARE INEXTRICABLY LINKED Michel Foucault, Former Chair-College of France, POLITICS, PHILOSOPHY, CULTURE. INTERVIEWS AND OTHER WRITINGS, 1977-1984, 1988, p. 106. Philosophers or even, more generally, intellectuals justify and mark out their identity by trying to establish an almost uncrossable line between the domain of knowledge, seen as that of truth and freedom, and the domain of the exercise of power. What struck me, in observing the human sciences, was that the development of all these branches of knowledge can in no way be dissociated from the exercise of power. POWER IS THE ULTIMATE SOCIAL VALUE Part 21. KNOWLEDGE CREATES NEW MECHANISMS OF POWER Michel Foucault, Former Chair-College of France, POLITICS, PHILOSOPHY, CULTURE. INTERVIEWS AND OTHER WRITINGS, 1977-1984,1988, p.106. But, generally speaking, the fact that societies can become the object of scientific observation, that human behavior became, from a certain point on, a problem to be analyzed and resolved, all that is bound up, I believe, with mechanisms of power--which, at a given moment, indeed, analyzed that object (society, man, etc.) and presented it as a problem to be resolved. So the birth of the human sciences goes hand in hand with the installation of new mechanisms of power.
Michel Foucault, Former Chair-College of France, POLITICS, PHILOSOPHY, CULTURE. INTERVIEWS AND OTHER WRITINGS, 1977-1984, 1988, p.83-84. Power is not a substance. Neither is it a mysterious property whose origin must be delved into. Power is only a certain type of relation between individuals. Such relations are specific, that is, they have nothing to do with exchange, production, communication, even though they combine with them. The characteristic feature of power is that some men can more or less entirely determine other men’s conduct, but never exhaustively or coercively. A man who is chained up and beaten is subject to force being exerted over him. Not power; But if he can be induced to speak, when his ultimate recourse could have been to hold his tongue, preferring death, then he has been caused to behave in a certain way. His freedom has been subjected to power. He has been submitted to government.
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