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- THE DEHUMANIZATION OF AFRICAN-AMERICANS IS PERVASIVE
- BLACK MALES LOSE SELF-IDENTITY IN SOCIETY
BIBLIOGRAPHYBaldwin, James. Another Country. New York: Dell Publishing Co., 1962. __ Giovanni’s Room. New York: Dell Publishing Co., 1956. _ Go Tell It On The Mountain. New York The Dial Press, 1953. _ Nobody Knows My Name. New York: The Dial Press, 1961. Notes of a Native Son. New York: The Dial Press, 1963. _and Margaret Mead. A Rap on Race. London: Dell Publishing Co., 1961. _ _and Nikki Giovanni. A Dialogue. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1975. Bigsby, C.W.E. “The Divided Mind of lames Baldwin,” Journal of American Studies 14, no. 2 (1980): 325-42.
Eckman, Fern Marja. The Furious Passage of James Baldwin. New York M. Evans and Co., Inc., 1966. Howe, Gregory and W. Scott Nobles. “James Baldwin’s Message for White America,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 58 (1973): 142-151. Kenan, Randall. “James Baldwin: A Biography (book reviews),” The Nation, May 2, 1994, p. 596. Kinnamon, Kenneth, Ed. James Baldwin: A Collection of Critical Essays. Twentieth Century Views. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1974. Lee A. Daniels. “James Baldwin, Eloquent Writer in Behalf of Civil Rights, Is Dead,” The New York Times. December 2, 1987, sec. A, col. 5, p. 1. Macebuh, Stanley. James Baldwin: A Critical Study. New York: Third World Press, 1973. Pratt, Louis. James Baldwin. Boston: Twayne, 1978. Standley, Fred L. and Nancy V. Burt. Critical Essays on James Baldwin. Boston, Massachusetts: G.K. Hall & Co., 1988. THE DEHUMANIZATION OF AFRICAN-AMERICANS IS PERVASIVE1. SOCIETY HAS SOUGHT TO DEHUMANIZE AFRICAN-AMERICANS James Baldwin, Moral Essayist, NOTES OF A NATIVE SON, 1963, p. 24-5. Time has made some changes in the Negro face. Nothing has succeeded in making it exactly like our own, though the general desire seems to be to make it blank if one cannot make it white. When it has become black, the past as thoroughly washed from the black face as it has been for ours, our guilt will be finished—at least it will have ceased to be visible, which we imagine to be much the same thing.
One may say that the Negro in America does not really exist except in the darkness of our minds. This is why his history and his progress, his relationship to all other Americans, has been kept in the social arena. He is a social and not a personal or a human problem; to think of him is to think of statistics, slums, rapes, injustices, remote violence; it is to be confronted with an endless cataloguing of losses, gains, skirmishes; it is to feel virtuous, outraged helpless, as though his continuing status among us were somehow analogous to disease—cancer, perhaps, or tuberculosis—which must be checked, even though it cannot be cured. 3. DEHUMANIZATION OF AFRICAN-AMERICANS DEHUMANIZES ALL AMERICANS James Baldwin, Moral Essayist, NOTES OF A NATIVE SON, 1963, p. 24. Our dehumanization of the Negro then is indivisible for our dehumanization of ourselves: the loss of our own identity is the price we pay for our annulment of his. Time and our own force act as our allies, creating an impossible, a fruitless tension between the traditional master and slave. Impossible and fruitless because, literal and visible as this tension has become, it has nothing to do with reality. 4. THE HISTORY OF AFRICAN-AMERICANS HAS BEEN IGNORED James Baldwin, Moral Essayist, NOTES OF A NATIVE SON, 1963, p. 23. The story of the Negro in America is the story of America—or, more precisely, it is the story of Americans. It is not a very pretty story: the story of a people is never very pretty. The Negro in America, gloomily referred to as that shadow which lies athwart our national life, is far more than that. He is a series of shadows, self created, intertwining, which now we helplessly battle.
allows us little reality, generally speaking, for any of the darker forces in human life, which tends until today to paint moral issues in glaring black and white—owes a great deal to the battle waged by Americans to maintain between themselves and black men a human separation which could not be bridged. It is only now beginning to be borne in on us—very faintly, it must be admitted, very slowly, and very much against our will—that this vision of the world is dangerously inaccurate, and perfectly useless. 6. EFFECT OF AFRICAN-AMERICANS ON CULTURE HAS BEEN BETRAYED James Baldwin, Moral Essayist, NOTES OF A NATIVE SON, 1963, p. 23. As is the inevitable result of things unsaid, we find ourselves until today oppressed with a dangerous and reverberating silence; and the story is told, compulsively, in symbols and signs, in hieroglyphics, it is revealed in Negro speech and in that of the white majority and in their different frames of reference. The ways in which the Negro has affected the American psychology are betrayed in our popular culture and in our morality; in our estrangement from him is the depth of our estrangement form ourselves. BLACK MALES LOSE SELF-IDENTITY IN SOCIETY1. BLACK MALES SEXUALITY IS DESTROYED IN AMERICAN SOCIETY James Baldwin, Essayist, JAMES BALDWIN NIKKI GIOVANNI, A DIALOGUE, 1973, p. 39-40. The price of being a black man in America—the price the black male has had to pay is expected to pay, and which he has to outwit—is his sex. You know a black man is forbidden by definition, since he’s black, to assume the roles, burdens, duties and joys of being a man. In the same way that my child produced from your body did not belong to me but to the mater and could be sold at any moment. This erodes a man’s sexuality, and when you erode a man’s sexuality you destroy his ability to love anyone, despite the fact that sex and love are not the same thing. When a man’s sexuality is gone, his possibility, his hope, of loving is also gone.
James Baldwin, Essayist, JAMES BALDWIN NIKKI GIOVANNI, A DIALOGUE, l973p. 52-3. The standards of the civilization into which you are born are first outside of you, and by the time you get to be a man they’re inside of you. And this is not susceptible to any kind of judgment, its a fact. If you’re treated a certain way you become a certain kind of person. 3. BLACK MALES ARE TREATED AS SLAVES IN SOCIETY James Baldwin, Essayist, JAMES BALDWIN NIKKI GIOVANNI, A DIALOGUE, 19’73p. 53. If certain things are described to you as being real they’re real for you whether they’re real or not. And in this civilization a man who cannot support his wife and child is not a man. The black man has always been treated as a slave and of course he reacts that way, one way or another.
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