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Bibliography

Appel, Fredrick, NIETZSCHE CONTRA DEMOCRACY, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1999.


Belliotti, Raymond A, STALKING NIETZSCHE, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1998.
Conway, Daniel W., NIETZSCHE AND THE POLITICAL, New York: Routledge, 1996.
White, Richard J., NIETZSCHE AND THE PROBLEM OF SOVEREIGNTY, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997.
THE CAMBRIDGE COMPANION TO NIETZSCHE, Edited by Bernd Magnus and Kathleen M. Higgins, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
NIETZSCHE, FEMINISM AND POLITICAL THEORY, Ed by Paul Patton, New York : Routledge, 1993.

NIETZSCHE'S PHILOSOPHY IS RELEVANT TO CURRENT VALUE QUESTIONS

1. CURRENT EVENTS PROVE NIETZSCHE'S CRITIQUE OF MORALITY

Karen Armstrong, Author of A HISTORY OF GOD, NEWSWEEK, July 12, 1999, p. 54.

But it is also true that fundamentalism has endorsed Nietzsche's prophecy. Fundamentalism can be seen as a desperate attempt to resuscitate God. Fundamentalists certainly believe that modern society has tried to kill God. Every single radical religious movement that I have studied has been inspired by a profound fear of annihilation. Rightly or wrongly, fundamentalists in all three of the Abrahamic faiths are convinced that the secularist establishment wants to wipe them out; and they have decided to fight back.


2. WE OUGHT TO EXAMINE OUR BIAS IN FAVOR OF LIBERTY AND INDIVIDUALITY

Michael Pantazakos, Assistant Professor of Law, Benjamin N. Cardozo School Of Law, CARDOZO STUDIES IN LAW AND LITERATURE, Winter 1998, p. 206

The idea of the fundamental liberty of the individual soul, the inalienable value of but one man's life, this peculiar conceptual gift of the West to the progress of the human endeavor, enshrined in our laws in the noblest words imaginable, we have in our actions betrayed again and again -- indeed, so often and with such murderous consequence, that the origin of this recurrent ethical duplicity, played out essentially as a hermeneutic process, demands investigation.
3. NIETZSCHE ARGUES THAT HUMANS "KILL GOD" THROUGH OBJECTIVE MORALITY:

CURRENT EFFORTS TO INSTITUTIONALIZE MORALITY FAIL

Karen Armstrong, Author of A HISTORY OF GOD, NEWSWEEK, July 12, 1999, p. 54.

Nietzsche was right to say that human beings had killed God. Even fundamentalists (whose faith is essentially modern and innovative) bear witness to the fact that men and women can no longer be religious in the same way as their ancestors. In the premodern world, it was generally understood that while reason was indispensable for mathematics, science or politics, it could not, by itself, give human beings access to the divine. But the extraordinary success of scientific rationalism in the modern world has made reason the only path to truth. We assume that God is an objective fact, like the atom, whose existence can be proved empirically. When we find the demonstration unconvincing, we lose faith. Our neglect of the esthetic of prayer, liturgy and mythology has indeed killed our sense of the divine.


NIETZSCHE'S PHILOSOPHY FOSTERS FEMINIST VALUES

1. NIETZSCHE'S PHILOSOPHY OF WOMEN TRANSCENDS THE MIND-BODY SEPARATION

Katrin Froese, University of Calgary, PHILOSOPHY AND SOCIAL CRITICISM, Vol. 26: 1,

2000, p. 25

Nietzsche tries to infuse life back into philosophy by resuscitating a body that has been ravaged in traditional thought. Rather than simply repeating the mind/body and nature/culture dichotomy upon which much of traditional thought is predicated, he insists that in part we reenact what appear to be physical phenomena at the level of culture. The body, like the mind, is an agent of interpretation that must shape "external" stimuli in order to facilitate its growth. Since our first experience of the body is through and in relation to a woman, Nietzsche cannot turn a blind eye to the importance of the feminine in philosophy. Because of her reproductive role, woman had traditionally been associated with a body that was considered inferior to the mind, and so Nietzsche could not resurrect the body without reassessing the role of woman.
2. THE NIETZSCHEAN WOMEN'S STANDPOINT OVERCOMES THE DESIRE TO CAPTURE ALL

Katrin Froese, University of Calgary, PHILOSOPHY AND SOCIAL CRITICISM, Vol. 26: 1,

2000, p. 35

Nietzsche claims that woman uses the rational language of philosophers at a distance, recognizing that it can neither represent nor embrace her entire reality. This realization accounts for her calm pose. Ironically, it is because she is aware of the complexity of the relationship between nature and culture that she is not engulfed by it. Man, on the other hand, is in the "midst of a hubbub" because he tries to capture nature through his cultural interventions. He assumes that the "impurity" of his concepts amounts to the victory of nature over him. He refuses to accept his limitations, whereas she does not, and hence while the two of them are on the same ocean, he is in a hubbub, while she glides off in the distance. She remains in the distance for him, because she refuses either to capture or to be captured.


3. HIS EMPHASIS ON SEXUAL DIFFERENCE IS BASED ON A RESPECT FOR DIFFERENCE

Katrin Froese, University of Calgary, PHILOSOPHY AND SOCIAL CRITICISM, Vol. 26: 1,

2000, p. 40

Sexual difference can become an important reminder of the importance of difference itself. Men and women cannot be reduced to each other, and the continuity of the species depends on the irreconcilable differences between them. At the same time, the differences between them can also impel them to see contradictions within. The woman sees the man in herself, while the man sees the woman in himself.


4. MALE/FEMALE DIFFERENCE REVEALS RECOGNITION OF OTHERNESS IN OURSELVES

Katrin Froese, University of Calgary, PHILOSOPHY AND SOCIAL CRITICISM, Vol. 26: 1,

2000, p. 41

Only by reflecting on each other's differences, can they begin to discover the elements of the other within themselves. The battle between man and woman occurs not only between them but also within them. However, these differences do not simply exist, they are created. To accentuate them, we impose a form on ourselves that muffles internal contradictions. Knowing cannot take place without exclusion. At the same time, without recognizing that the differences between each other are also internal differences, we would not recognize the other. Nietzsche could not recognize woman if she did not represent a part of himself. We recognize the other, because s/he is the self, and because s/he is not the self.




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