Portál španělského jazyka



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Pronouns


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Personal pronouns


Subject ("Nominative case")

  • yo, tú, él/ella, nosotros/nosotras, vosotros/vosotras, ellos/ellas

Direct object ("Accusative case")

  • me, te, lo/le/la/se, nos, os, los/las/se

Indirect object ("Dative case")

  • me, te, le/se, nos, os, les/se

Object of a preposition

  • mí, ti, él/ella/sí, nosotros/nosotras, vosotros/vosotras, ellos/ellas/sí

When the preposition is con the first, second and third person singular take the following forms:

  • con míconmigo = "with me"

  • con tícontigo = "with you"

  • con síconsigo = "with him/her/it"

Possessive ("Genitive case")

  • el mío / la mía / los míos / las mías

  • el tuyo / la tuya / los tuyos / las tuyas,

  • el suyo / la suya / los suyos / las suyas

  • el nuestro / la nuestra / los nuestros / las nuestras

  • el vuestro / la vuestra / los vuestros / las vuestras

  • el suyo / la suya / los suyos / las suyas

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Direct-object le/les


The pronouns le (singular) and les (plural) are used to replace the indirect object of a sentence. As an exception, when the direct object is also replaced by a pronoun (lo/los, la/las) the indirect object is replaced by the pronoun se.

  • Le di el libro. = "I gave the book to her/him."

  • Se lo di. = "I gave it to her/him."

As a rule, the direct object must be replaced by the pronouns lo/los (masculine) or la/las (feminine). However, the use of le for replacing the direct object is allowed when the direct object is an animate of the masculine gender (i. e. usually a male person). This usage is typical of Spain, not of most other Spanish-speaking countries. Many speakers will use le also with a woman, but this is considered to be incorrect (see leísmo).

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Demonstrative pronouns


  • éste, ésta, esto, éstos, éstas

  • ése, ésa, eso, ésos, ésas

  • aquél, aquélla, aquello, aquéllos, aquéllas

N.B.: According to a decision of the Real Academia from the 1960s, the accents on these forms are only to be used when necessary to avoid ambiguity with the demonstrative determiners. However, the normal educated standard is still as above.

Note also that there is never an accent on the neuter forms esto, eso and aquello.

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Relative pronouns


The main relative pronoun in Spanish que, from the Latin quid. Others include el cual, quien and donde.

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Que


Que covers "that", "which", "who", "whom" and the null pronoun in their functions of subject and direct-object relative pronouns.

  • La carta que te envié era larga = "The letter [that] I sent you was long" (defining direct object)

  • La carta, que te envié, era larga = "The letter, which I did send you, was long" (non-defining direct object)

  • La gente que no sabe leer ni escribir se llama analfabeta = "People who can't read or write are called illiterate" (defining subject)

  • Esa persona, que conozco yo muy bien, no es de fiar = "That person, whom I know very well, is not to be trusted"

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El que

When the relative pronoun is the object of a preposition, the definite article is added to que, and this agrees for number and gender, giving us el que, la que, los que, las que and the neuter lo que. Note that in English we have two options: the preposition can go to the end of the sentence, or we can put it right before the relative pronoun "which" or "whom".

  • Ella es la persona a la que le di el dinero = "She's the person [that/who/whom] I gave the money to" / "She's the person to whom I gave the money"

  • Es el camino por el que caminabais = "It's the path [that] you were all walking along" / "It's the path along which you were all walking"

In some people's style of speaking, this definite article may be omitted after a, con and de, particularly when the antecedent is abstract or neuter:

  • La aspereza con [la] que la trataba = "The harshness with which he treated her"

  • No tengo nada en [lo] que creer = "I haven't got anything to believe in" / "I have nothing in which to believe"

After en, the article tends to be omitted if precise spatial location is not intended.

  • Lo hiciste de la misma forma en que lo hizo él = "You did it [in] the same way [that/in which] he did it" (note also how "in" with the word forma is translated as de when used directly, but then changes to en when used with the relative pronoun)

  • La casa en que vivo = "The house I live in" (as opposed to the following:)

  • La casa en la que estoy encerrado = "The house inside which I am trapped"

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El cual


The pronoun el cual can replace [el] que. It is generally more emphatic and formal than [el] que. Note than it always includes the article. It derives from the Latin qualis.

It has the following forms: el cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales and the neuter lo cual.

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For subjects & direct objects

It can be used as a formal, emphatic replacement for que in non-defining clauses, for either subjects or direct objects. The fact that it agrees for gender and number can make it clearer what it refers to. The fact that it cannot be used for defining clauses also makes it clear that a defining clause is not intended.

  • Los niños y sus madres, las cuales eran de Valencia, me impresionaron = "The children and their mothers, who were from Valencia, impressed me" (los cuales would have referred to the children too, and not just their mothers)

When used for direct objects, "personal a" is required if the antecedent is human.

  • Esa persona, a la cual conozco yo muy bien, no es de fiar = "That person, whom I know very well, is not to be trusted"

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As the object of a preposition

It can be used as a formal, emphatic replacement for el que, usually in non-defining clauses, as the object of a preposition (including a representing the indirect object). There are three main situations in which this happens.

Firstly, it can be purely a matter of high style. This is used sparingly in Spanish, and so foreigners should avoid over-using it.



  • Es el asunto al cual se refería Vd. = "It is the matter to which you were referring"

In more everyday style, this might be phrased as:

  • Es el asunto al que te referías = "It's the matter you were referring to"

Secondly, el cual is often preferred after propositions of more than syllable (para, contra, entre, mediante...) and after prepositional phrases (a pesar de, debajo de, a causa de, frente a, en virtud de, gracias a, por consecuencia de...).

  • Un régimen bajo el cual es imposible vivir = "A régime under which it is impossible to live"

  • Estas cláusulas, sin perjuicio de las cuales... = "These clauses, notwithstanding which..."

Thirdly, el cual is preferred when it is separated from its antecedent by intervening words. The more words that intervene, the more the use of el cual is practically obligatory.

  • Es un billete con el que se puede viajar [...] pero por el cual se paga sólo 2€ = "It is a ticket that you can travel with [...] but for which you pay just €2"

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Quien


The pronoun quien comes from the Latin quem, "whom", i.e. the accusative of qui, "who".

It too can replace [el] que in certain circumstances. Like the English pronouns "who" and "whom", it can only be used to refer to people.

It is invariable for gender, and was originally invariable for number. However, by analogy with other words, the form quienes was invented. Quien as a plural form survives as an archaism which is now considered non-standard.

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For subjects

It can represent a subject. In this case it is rather formal and is largely restricted to non-defining clauses.

Unlike el cual, it does not indicate gender, but it does indicate number, and also specifies that a person is referred to.



  • Los niños con sus mochilas, quienes eran de Valencia, me impresionaron = "The children with their rucksacks, who were from Valencia, impressed me" (The use of quienes makes it clear that los niños is referred to. Que could refer to the rucksacks, the children, or both. Los cuales would refer to either the children or both. Las cuales would refer only to the rucksacks.

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For direct objects

"Personal a" is required for direct objects because quien always refers to people.

  • Esa persona, a quien conozco yo muy bien, no es de fiar = "That person, whom I know very well, is not to be trusted" (formal; que would be more usual)

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As the object of a preposition

Quien is particularly common as the object of a proposition when the clause is non-defining, but is also possible in defining clauses.

  • Ella es la persona a quien le di el dinero = "She's the person to whom I gave the money"

  • José, gracias a quien tengo el dinero, es muy generoso = "José, thanks to whom I have the money, is very generous"

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Donde, adonde, como & cuando


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Location & movement

Donde can be used instead of other relative pronouns when location is referred to. Adonde is a variant that can be used when motion to the location is intended.

  • El lugar en que / en el que / en el cual / donde estoy = "The place where I am" / "The place that I'm in"

  • Voy a[l lugar] donde está él = Voy al lugar en el que está él = "I'm going [to the place] where he is"

  • Iré [al lugar] adonde me lleven = Iré al lugar al que me lleven = "I'll go wherever they take me" / "I'll go to whatever place they take me to"

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Manner

Como can be used instead of other relative pronouns when manner is referred to.

  • La forma/manera en que / en la que / como reaccionasteis = "The way that / in which / how you all reacted" (En que is the most common and natural, like "that" or the null pronoun in English; but como is possible, as "how" is in English.)

Note that for some reason mismo tends to require que:

  • Lo dijo del mismo modo que lo dije yo = "She said it the same way [that] I did"

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Time

Cuando tends to replace the use of other relative pronouns when time is referred to, almost always in non-defining clauses.

Non-defining



  • En agosto, cuando la gente tiene vacaciones, la ciudad estará vacía = "In August, when people have their holidays, the town will be empty"

Defining

  • Sólo salgo los días [en] que no trabajo = "I only go out the days I'm not working"

Note that just que, or at the most en que, is normal with defining clauses referring to time. En el que and cuando are rarer.

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Cuyo


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Note on personal a in relative clauses


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Note on relative and interrogative pronouns


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Reflexive pronouns and impersonal se


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Reflexive meaning


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Reciprocal meaning


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Intransitive/passive/impersonal meaning


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