Project on Standards and Regulation regarding a Bird Strike
Factors needed to be taken into account to study bird strike
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- 1.3.2 Effect of bird weights and density on strikes
- 1.3.3Unpredictable bird behavioural response
- 1.4 Bird behaviour that may create aviation hazards
- 1.4.2 Bird flight altitudes
- 1.4.3 Soaring and Gliding
- 1.4.5 Soaring and Gliding
- 1.4.6 Daily bird activities
- 1.4.7 Preventive Strategies
- 1.5 INTERESTING FACTS WE NEED TO KNOE ABOUT BIRD STRIKES
1.3 Factors needed to be taken into account to study bird strike1.3.1 Birds Classification or TaxonomyTaxonomy is the science of the classification of living organisms. It helps in understanding the behaviour of various birds. The birds migrate from one place to another, so the geographic area inhabited by a bird species is called its breeding range [2]. 1.3.2 Effect of bird weights and density on strikesThe damage to the aircraft will be more serious if the striking bird has the heavy weight. The bird sizes vary from an ounce to 300lbs, whereas the majority of birds weigh less than a pound. Whether the birds are small or large, they all are equally hazardous to the aircraft because the multiple strikes by a small bird can equal the impact of on large bird. The recent investigations on bird strikes have shown that the potential damage to the aircraft may be dictated more by the density of the bird that is the ratio of bird weight to its volume-than its weight [2]. 1.3.3Unpredictable bird behavioural responseThe bird behaviour is always unpredictable towards the aircraft. It varies with the individual species, maturity of the birds and the threats facing the birds at that moment. The birds that feed and loaf on airfields usually ignore the aircraft threats. So, they avoid using the busy runways in advance of approaching aircrafts. The immature and migrating species are completely unfamiliar with the airport environments so more prone to strikes. The response of birds in flight is also highly unpredictable and varies greatly by species. For an instance, hawks and eagles will occasionally hit aircraft rather than avoid them [2]. 1.4 Bird behaviour that may create aviation hazards1.4.1 Bird flightThe prime reason behind bird strikes is the daily and migratory activities of the birds. Most of the birds flap their wings to move forward and attain lift. Smaller birds can fly at average speed ranging from 10 to 20 mph whereas the larger birds have the flight speeds of more than 40 mph. The birds make use of trail winds at high altitudes to increase their speed to even 60 mph during migration. 1.4.2 Bird flight altitudesThe bird-flight altitudes vary from 30 to 300 feet above ground level (AGL). So, 80 percent of bird strikes occur when aircrafts are below 1000 ft. AGL whereas others occur below 300 ft. AGL. One of the highest altitude bird strikes on record involved a Boeing 747 that struck a large bird flying over the West African coast at 37000 ft. above sea level (ASL), but high-altitude bird activity generally occurs only during migration [2]. 1.4.3 Soaring and GlidingThere are some other behaviours of birds which causes threat to the aircraft such as soaring, gliding and towering. These three behaviours are always used in the combination. 1.4.4 ToweringIt is the slow circling flight that birds engage in as they harness rising parcels of warm air. With the help of towering, they gain the high altitude effortlessly and use this altitude to soar a loft and then glide down. They are often found near airports. Open and flat airfields contain large expanses of concrete which re-radiate stored heat, creating ideal conditions for the development of local thermals. Due to which towering birds such as hawks and vultures concentrate above airfields [2]. 1.4.5 Soaring and GlidingFlight are energy-efficient behaviours of larger bird species. Soaring birds make movements at greater altitudes as compared to other birds. Soaring also help these birds to cover more lateral distance which saves their energy. As a result, soaring birds covers greater airspace around airports vertically and horizontally giving rise to more hazards to the aircrafts [2]. 1.4.6 Daily bird activitiesThe most of the bird species are diurnal, so remain active during day and sleep at night. Peak diurnal activity occurs in the morning, beginning before sunrise and stretching to 11 a.m. unfortunately, airports are busy during these times, so there is sudden increase in the bird strikes at around 7a.m. according to the bird-strike data. The bird activity is at its peak in the late afternoon and early evenings but its least during midday [2]. 1.4.7 Preventive StrategiesAirports are responsible for bird control and should provide suitable wildlife control measures. If large number of bird flocks are observed near the runway, then the flight crew must follow some measures such as:
1.5 INTERESTING FACTS WE NEED TO KNOE ABOUT BIRD STRIKES
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