Airframe and Engine Manufacturers

4.5 Airframe and Engine Manufacturers:

• 
  Certification standards
  
• 
  Design and materials and
  
• 
  Testing. _[5]
  

The affirmation benchmarks for the airframe and the engines ought to be inspected at times in view of the unplanned reports created throughout the years. These recommend for the upgrade in the principles and controls that have been created and it ought to be prepared to enhance the gauges for the structure and engines. At that point the prepared tenets is submitted for remarks and afterward embedded into the customary guidelines. It as a rule takes a couple of years to embed another run the show. There are two bodies that characterize the benchmarks and direction with respect to the affirmation of an aircraft, they are the government aeronautics organization and the European joint avionics power. For the most part, an aircraft is institutionalized by these two direction. A standout amongst the most unfriendly approaches to minimize the cruelty in the bird strike is to force more decides that would bring about better nature of the airframes and engines.

The standardization process for a helicopter can be found in the (FAR 27) for the normal category and (FAR 29) for the transport category standards to improve standards for rotorcraft performance, system propulsion and airframes [26]. So when such amendment is proposed, they are reviewed by a group of industries

• 
  Rotorcraft manufacturers
  
• 
  Aerospace Industries Association of America
  
• 
  Association European des Constructers de Material Aerospatiale
  
• 
  Helicopter Association International
  
• 
  European Joint Aviation Authority
  
• 
  Transport Canada
  
• 
  The United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority
  

The figure demonstrates the effect constrains that would come about when a bird strikes an aircraft. As necessities be, we see that a four-lb flying animal striking a windshield at 300 kts creates an impact of up to 55,000 lbs. Meanwhile, a 15-lb goose hitting a windshield at 300 kts delivers an effect constrain of up to 82,000 lbs. A drive that outperforms windshield accreditation measures by 200 to 300 percent. _[2Figure: windshield damaged due to bird strike [2]

In 2000, FAA controlled new principles for the airframe and these new measures fit with the direction that was produced by the JAA, which empowers the makers to outline and grow new structure that would bolster both the controls and that would ingest expanded number of birds and genuine number of birds [26].Taking after the overview, another confirmation standard was set up, updating diagram besides, necessities for every fly engine sizes, and overhauling bird-ingestion test prerequisites for gigantic, high evade extent turbofan engines. The rethought standard addresses strike by single tremendous birds and those by groups of birds, and put forth a number of regulation for evaluations of engine airworthiness.

• 
  The new airframe uses lighter and stronger materials to improve SFC and range than improve impact strength.
  
• 
  Improvements to safeguard the critical components such as fuel lines, hydraulic cables and wiring.
  
• 
  The new control movement system known as fly by wire reduces the much complexity in controlling the surfaces and the only disadvantages will that pilots cannot feel the flutter when a damage occurs [26].
  

• 
  Introduction of high bypass-ratio turbofan due to its increased fuel efficiency and reduced maintenance costs.
  
• 
  Improvement of the thermodynamic efficiency by employing advanced materials and design technology. This improved the structural integrity and thereby minimizing the damage from birds.
  
• 
  New aircrafts employ full-authority digital engine control to control the performance such as marinating thrust even though the engine fail out by sensing the engine flameout [26].
  

CONCLUSION

Bird strikes were underestimated as a threat to aviation safety and the measures. At the end it must be noted that learning lessons from the past to progress towards a safer future is very important. At the same time it must be kept in mind that the challenges and the problems are expected to be different with changing needs and times. So far fowl strike confirmation necessities seem to have been responsive to past events, however new events have demonstrated that there are specific zones of concern. Moreover, there are no bird strike related confirmation prerequisites for light aircrafts. Therefore it depicts the need of setting up of some standards for these too. It is important to avoid the bird strikes but it is also important to do the same in sustainable manner that is without harming the environment. In an attempt to keep the birds away, we sometimes tend to destroy their natural habitat, intensive deforestation is carried out to destroy all the bird sitting zones. This all can create a natural imbalance. So we must undertake least damaging measures and also we must look forward for some damage compensating measures like compensating the deforestation by creating a green zones away from the airport zones, creating artificial arriving spots for migratory birds and strategical planning for the new air stripes is important so that a safer future is ensured without compromising the interests for nature and environment.

REFERENCES

[1]	“Aircraft accident report, File no. 3-0186,” Nation Transport Safety Board, Washington, washington, May 30, 1973.
[2]	B. MacKinnon, Sharing The Skies, Ottawa: Civil Aviation Transport Canada, March, 2004.
[3]	“ Initial Estimates of the Costs of Bird-Aircraft Strikes to Canadian Civil Aviation,” Transport Canada, Montreal, 1997.
[4]	R. W. S. Nicolason R., “Strategies for Prevention of Bird-Strike Events,” Boing, 2011.
[5]	B. S., “ How Birds Pose a Serious Risk to Airplane,” 16 November,2015.
[6]	H. P, “Legal Liability and Bird Hazards at Airports,” Transport Canada, Ottawa, 1997.
[7]	Ashish, “What Really Happens When A Bird Hits An Airplane?,” ScienceABC, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.scienceabc.com/pure-sciences/what-really-happens-when-a-bird-hits-strike-an-airplane.html.
[8]	1.-1. S.E. Wright and R.A. Dolbeer, Wildlife Strikes to Civil Aircraft in the United States, United States. Department of Transportation., 1999.
[9]	D. S. Belant, “Shooting Gulls Reduces Strikes,” Ottawa, 1993.
[10]	Uhlfelder, Bloody Skies: The Fight, November 8, 2013.
[11]	“Wildlife control contractors have shot almost 26, 000 birds at New York JFK airport,” Business Insights: Essentials, 2 Sept. 2015.
[12]	E. P. Constantin, “Methyl Anthranilate Aerosol for,” 2002.
[13]	Uhlfelder, “Bloody Skies: The Fight,” November 8, 2013.
[14]	R. A. Baxter A., Monitoring and influencing feral Canada goose Behaviour to Reduce Birdstrike Risks to Aircraft, vol. 4, p. 53, 2007.
[15]	W. B., “Man vs Goose,” 2009.
[16]	D. T., “Overhead Grid Line Systems to Exclude Waterfowl from Large Bodies of Water,” Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada,, St. Louis, 2006.
[17]	D. A. Montemaggiori, “Bird Strike,” ICAO, 2016.
[18]	C. Walker, “Falconry Used to Secure North American Airports,” National Geographic News, March 25, 2003.
[19]	F. A. A. (. “. C. 150/5220-25., “Airport Avian Radar Systems,” Federal Aviation Administration, 2010.
[20]	2. f. .. .” (1984). Retrieved March 29, “Landscape Management on Airports for Reduction of Bird Populations,” March 29, 2015.
[21]	T. Geoghegan, “Ten ways to prevent plane bird strikes,” BBC News, Washington, 6 November 2013.
[22]	C. R. Steffen, “ANTI-BIRD COLLISION (ABC) LIGHT SYSTEM TO PREVENT BIRD STRIKE IN AVIATION,” Swissair, Germany, 2 Sept, 1994.
[23]	R. A. D. Edward C. Cleary, “Wildlife Hazard Management at Airport,” Federal Aviation Administration.
[24]	“student Pilot Permit or Private Pilot Licence for Foreign and Military Applicants, Aviation Regulation”.
[25]	“CERTIFICATION: AIR CARRIERS AND COMMERCIAL OPERATORS,” Transport Canada, 2015.
[26]	“irworthiness standards Aircraft engines,” Federal Aviation Administration.

Directory: home
home -> 0 1 Integer Linear Programs
home -> Math 4630/5630 Homework 4 Solutions Problem Solving ip
home -> Getting To Outcomes® in Services for Homeless Veterans 10 Steps for Achieving Accountability
home -> Tiger Leaps Progress Update from Tenafly High School March 28, 2012 English
home -> Материалы для подготовки к устному экзамену по английскому языку
home -> Gregory D. Bothun as of 2013 University of Oregon Department of Physics
home -> Peggy schaller saisir le désordre : Expressions littéraires de la catastrophe; modalités et enjeux de sa verbalisation
home -> The Writings of
home -> Eine Bibliographie MÜnchen 2009
home -> T. R. Berkshire Notes and Drafts for History of the College

Download 150.39 Kb.

Share with your friends: