Proposed pebble bed modular reactor
Impact on supply side management
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- Impact on the proposed Plant on Supply Side Management
- Demand Side Management
- The Dsm Rollout Plan for 2002
- Conclusion
Impact on supply side managementIntroductionEskom’s Integrated Strategic Electricity Plan (ISEP) provides for a dualistic approach to the supply and management of electricity, namely:
To diversify the national energy mix for the generation of electricity, a number of new technologies are under consideration for further development. These technologies, which were reported on within the Scoping phase of the proposed demonstration PBMR Plant, include: The objective of this work is not to replace currently used technologies, but to more fully understand their techno-economics. In turn, this will provide guidance on their feature use. Impact on the proposed Plant on Supply Side ManagementThe proposed Plant will generate some 130MW electricity that represents 0.3% of Eskom’s installed nett (operational) capacity of 39810MW (nett capacity excludes the mothballed stations). The installed nominal capacity is 42011MW (Eskom 2001 Annual Report). The contribution to overall capacity is therefore very limited. Although the Plant will be linked to the national transmission grid the purpose of the Plant at this stage is to demonstrate its techno-economic viability and is not intended to supplement overall generation output capacity. Demand Side ManagementThe term “demand side management” (DSM) was first used in the United States in the early 80s to describe the “planning and implementation of utility activities designed to influence the time, pattern and/or amount of electricity demand in ways that would increase customer satisfaction, and co-incidentally produce desired changes in the utility’s load shape” (Gellings 1989). DSM – as an alternative to system expansion as well as a tangible means of providing customers with a valuable services – was later adopted in the United Kingdom, Europe and Australia. Today, DSM associated initiatives are practised worldwide, although not necessarily referred to as DSM programmes. In South Africa, DSM is still a relatively new concept to most. While Eskom formally recognised DSM in 1992 when integrated electricity planning (IEP) was first introduced, the first DSM plan was only produced in 1994. In this plan, the role of DSM was established and a wide range of DSM opportunities and alternatives available to Eskom were identified (Ellman & Alberts 1999). Some municipalities and local service providers currently undertake activities seeking to “produce desired changes in the utility’s load shape”. Some of these activities can be classified as DSM initiatives, others not. The reason for this, generally, is that this latter group of activities tends to focus on achieving load impacts, and are not necessarily geared towards brining about increased customer satisfaction. In the White Paper on Energy Policy, the South African government recognises the importance and potential of energy efficiency, and commits itself to promoting the efficient use of energy in all demand sectors. It also commits itself to investigating the establishment of “appropriate institutional infrastructure and capacity for the implementation of energy efficiency strategies”. Currently, the Department of Minerals and Energy is starting to move in this direction. Within the context of Eskom’s market oriented and customer driven philosophy, it is apparent that much is to be gained by a focused domestic electrification programme. On the one hand, it brings improved quality of life, comfort, convenience, safety, security, education and recreational opportunities. On the other hand it creates a multiplier effect in the domestic electrical appliance and electrical service industries, with multiple benefits to the economy and the labour market.
A goal of 49MW was set by ISEP for Residential Load Management for 2002 with a budget for R83m. To achieve this target in the Residential Load Management area, the overall strategy is to more effectively utilize existing load management systems for Supply Authorities. In areas where the relevant Supply Authority is not currently employing LM systems, but where significant megawatt reductions are foreseen, new LM systems will be introduced. The first projects proposed for 2002 is for both the installation of a complete Load Management System for the Cape Town Unicity and the refurbishment of an existing load management system for the Randburg section of Johannesburg City Power by the TSI Load Management Division of Eskom Enterprises. An upgraded and functional Randburg load management system will deliver 17MWe controllable load. The Western Cape Unicity proposal is for the installation of a new load management system and access to 16 000 geysers to control 10MWe. Residential Energy Efficiency A goal of 36MWe was set by ISEP for Residential Energy Efficiency for 2002 with a budget of R57 m. To achieve this target in the Residential Load Management area for 2002, the overall strategy is to more effectively utilize the targets realized by BONESA, the company managing Eskom’s Efficient Lighting Initiative (ELI). Other pilot projects are being pursued through Eskom Enterprises TSI, in the areas of geyser blankets and heat insulation initiatives.
Demand Side Management’s goal set by ISEP for the year 2002 on the Industrial Commercial Energy Efficiency (ICEE) sector is to reduce 95MWe from the Eskom electricity supply system demand peak with a budget of R208 million. The ICEE sector will initially focus on Eskom’s industrial sites and commercial buildings and then target the industry throughout South Africa in order to realize the forecasted 2002 MWe reduction required. Conclusion
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